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Xu Q, Li P. Preparation, Optimization and Release Behaviour Evaluation of Carbamide Peroxide Microcapsules Integrated with Eudragit RS. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resources & Biotech Applications Shaanxi Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710061, China Department of Chemical Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Pengfei Li
- Upper and Middle Yellow River Bureau Yellow River Conservancy Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources Xi'an 710021 China
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Eachempati P, Kumbargere Nagraj S, Kiran Kumar Krishanappa S, Gupta P, Yaylali IE. Home-based chemically-induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD006202. [PMID: 30562408 PMCID: PMC6517292 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006202.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increased demand for whiter teeth, home-based bleaching products, either dentist-prescribed or over-the-counter products have been exponentially increasing in the past few decades. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2006. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of home-based tooth whitening products with chemical bleaching action, dispensed by a dentist or over-the-counter. SEARCH METHODS Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 12 June 2018), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2018, Issue 6) in the Cochrane Library (searched 12 June 2018), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 12 June 2018), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 12 June 2018). The US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov (12 June 2018) and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (12 June 2018) were searched for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. SELECTION CRITERIA We included in our review randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which involved adults who were 18 years and above, and compared dentist-dispensed or over-the-counter tooth whitening (bleaching) products with placebo or other comparable products.Quasi-randomised trials, combination of in-office and home-based treatments, and home-based products having physical removal of stains were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials. Two pairs of review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We estimated risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous data, and mean differences (MDs) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 71 trials in the review with 26 studies (1398 participants) comparing a bleaching agent to placebo and 51 studies (2382 participants) comparing a bleaching agent to another bleaching agent. Two studies were at low overall risk of bias; two at high overall risk of bias; and the remaining 67 at unclear overall risk of bias.The bleaching agents (carbamide peroxide (CP) gel in tray, hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel in tray, HP strips, CP paint-on gel, HP paint-on gel, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) chewing gum, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) chewing gum, and HP mouthwash) at different concentrations with varying application times whitened teeth compared to placebo over a short time period (from 2 weeks to 6 months), however the certainty of the evidence is low to very low.In trials comparing one bleaching agent to another, concentrations, application method and application times, and duration of use varied widely. Most of the comparisons were reported in single trials with small sample sizes and event rates and certainty of the evidence was assessed as low to very low. Therefore the evidence currently available is insufficient to draw reliable conclusions regarding the superiority of home-based bleaching compositions or any particular method of application or concentration or application time or duration of use.Tooth sensitivity and oral irritation were the most common side effects which were more prevalent with higher concentrations of active agents though the effects were mild and transient. Tooth whitening did not have any effect on oral health-related quality of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found low to very low-certainty evidence over short time periods to support the effectiveness of home-based chemically-induced bleaching methods compared to placebo for all the outcomes tested.We were unable to draw any conclusions regarding the superiority of home-based bleaching compositions or any particular method of application or concentration or application time or duration of use, as the overall evidence generated was of very low certainty. Well-planned RCTs need to be conducted by standardising methods of application, concentrations, application times, and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanti Eachempati
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of ProsthodonticsJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Sumanth Kumbargere Nagraj
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), ManipalDepartment of Oral Medicine and Oral RadiologyJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Salian Kiran Kumar Krishanappa
- Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka‐Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)Department of ProsthodonticsJalan Batu HamparBukit BaruMelakaMalaysia75150
| | - Puneet Gupta
- Government College of Dentistry, IndorePublic Health Dentistry1 Sardar Patel Marg.Opp M Y HospitalIndoreMadhya PradeshIndia452001
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Loguercio AD, Maran BM, Hanzen TA, Paula AMD, Perdigão J, Reis A. Randomized clinical trials of dental bleaching - Compliance with the CONSORT Statement: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e60. [PMID: 28902240 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the literature to evaluate: a) The compliance of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on bleaching with the CONSORT; and b) the risk of bias of these studies using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool (CCRT). We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed and other electronic databases, to find RCTs focused on bleaching (or whitening). The articles were evaluated in compliance with CONSORT in a scale: 0 = no description, 1 = poor description and 2 = adequate description. Descriptive analyses of the number of studies by journal, follow-up period, country and quality assessments were performed with CCRT for assessing risk of bias in RCTs. 185 RCTs were included for assessment. More than 30% of the studies received score 0 or 1. Protocol, flow chart, allocation concealment and sample size were more critical items, as 80% of the studies scored 0. The overall CONSORT score for the included studies was 16.7 ± 5.4 points, which represents 52.2% of the maximum CONSORT score. A significant difference among journal, country and period of time was observed (p < 0.02). Only 7.6% of the studies were judged at "low" risk; 62.1% were classified as "unclear"; and 30.3% as "high" risk of bias. The adherence of RCTs evaluating bleaching materials and techniques to the CONSORT is still low with unclear/high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dourado Loguercio
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Medeiros Maran
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Taíse Alessandra Hanzen
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Mara de Paula
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jorge Perdigão
- University of Minnesota, Department of Restorative Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
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On the permanence of tooth bleaching. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1281-1288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Luque-Martinez I, Reis A, Schroeder M, Muñoz MA, Loguercio AD, Masterson D, Maia LC. Comparison of efficacy of tray-delivered carbamide and hydrogen peroxide for at-home bleaching: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:1419-33. [PMID: 27290611 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to compare the color change produced by tray-delivered carbamide peroxide [CP] versus hydrogen peroxide products [HP] for at-home bleaching through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE via PubMeb, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database (LILACS), Brazilian Library in Dentistry (BBO), and Cochrane Library and Grey literature were searched without restrictions. The abstracts of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) and unpublished and ongoing trial registries were also searched. Dissertations and theses were explored using the ProQuest Dissertations and Periodicos Capes Theses databases. We included randomized clinical trials that compared tray-delivered CP versus HP for at-home dental bleaching. The color change in shade guide units (SGU) and ΔE were the primary outcomes, and tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation were the secondary outcomes. The risk of bias tool of the Cochrane Collaboration was used for quality assessment. DATA After duplicate removal, 1379 articles were identified. However, only eight studies were considered to be at "low" risk of bias in the key domains of the risk bias tool and they were included in the analysis. For ΔE, the standardized mean difference was -0.45 (95 % CI -0.69 to -0.21), which favored tray-delivered CP products (p < 0.001). The color change in ΔSGU (p = 0.70), tooth sensitivity (p = 0.83), and gingival irritation (p = 0.62) were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Tray-delivered CP gels showed a slightly better whitening efficacy than HP-based products in terms of ΔE, but they were similar in terms of ΔSGU. Both whitening systems demonstrated equal level of gingival irritation and tooth sensitivity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tray-delivered CP gels have a slightly better whitening efficacy than HP-based products in terms of ΔE. This should be interpreted with caution as the data of ΔSGU did not show statistical difference between the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issis Luque-Martinez
- Dentistry Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta, Grossa, PR, Brazil.
- Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Rua Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Bloco M. CEP, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Schroeder
- Department of Dental Materials, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Muñoz
- Dentistry Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Lucianne C Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Susceptibility of enamel treated with bleaching agents to mineral loss after cariogenic challenge. Int J Dent 2011; 2011:953835. [PMID: 23008715 PMCID: PMC3148445 DOI: 10.1155/2011/953835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Controversial reports exist whether bleaching agents cause a susceptibility to demineralization. The aim of this study was to compare the calcium loss of enamel treated with different bleaching agents and activation methods. Method and Materials. The specimens obtained from human premolars were treated in accordance with manufacturer protocols; 10% carbamide peroxide, 38% hydrogen peroxide light-activated, 38% hydrogen peroxide laser-activated, and no treatment (control). After cariogenic challenge calcium concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Results. No differences were found between the calcium loss of the laser-activated group and 10% carbamide peroxide group (p > 0.05). However, the differences between laser-activated and control groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The differences between 10% carbamide peroxide and the control group were not significant (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the light-activated group showed a significantly higher calcium loss compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The results show that bleaching agents may cause calcium loss but it seems to be a negligible quantity for clinical aspects.
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Vidal IG, Dias ILT, Neto GDO, Lanza MRDV, Sotomayor MDPT. Carbamide Peroxide Determination in Tooth Whitening Using a Reagentless HRP-Biosensor. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802507927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xue J, Zhang Z. Preparation and characterization of calcium-shellac spheres as a carrier of carbamide peroxide. J Microencapsul 2008; 25:523-30. [DOI: 10.1080/02652040802049638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Vital tooth whitening, when administered correctly, is by all accounts one of the safest, most conservative, least expensive, and most effective aesthetic procedures currently available to patients. This article traces the evolution of the technology, describes what is known about the mechanism of action and explores such issues as toxicology and side effects associated with tooth whitening. The article also describes the various tooth-whitening systems, which include dentist-supervised night-guard bleaching, in-office or power bleaching, and bleaching with over-the-counter bleaching products. Combination treatments and light-activated treatments are also discussed. Finally, the article summarizes the areas of research needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia W Kihn
- DENTSPLY International, Inc., Susquehanna Commerce Center, 221 West Philadelphia Street, York, PA 17405-0872, USA.
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Ziebolz D, Helms K, Hannig C, Attin T. Efficacy and oral side effects of two highly concentrated tray-based bleaching systems. Clin Oral Investig 2007; 11:267-75. [PMID: 17333304 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-007-0108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the tooth-whitening efficacy and oral side effects of the two tray-based bleaching systems Visalys whitening (VW) and Opalescence PF (OP). A stratified, randomised distribution of the subjects (n = 60) to two treatment groups was performed according to baseline tooth brightness (L* values) as determined by colourimeter and to the criteria smoker/non-smoker. Tooth colour was evaluated by measuring L*a*b* values generated from standardised digital image analysis with Adobe Photoshop of the facial surfaces of the right central maxillary incisor. Tooth hypersensitivity, with intensity graded from 0 (no hypersensitivity) to 10 (high hypersensitivity), was assessed chair-side using an air syringe. After bleaching therapy, both treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in tooth colour (p < or = 0.05). A shift towards less yellow (-Deltab*) and brighter (+DeltaL*) tooth colour was observed. Deltab* was significantly higher in the OP group in comparison to the VW group, DeltaL* showed no significant difference between the both treatment groups (p < or = 0.05). After bleaching, the intensity of tooth hypersensitivity was increased significantly compared to baseline in both groups (p < or = 0.05), with no significant difference between the both groups. Both highly concentrated bleaching systems are effective as tooth-whitening systems, with few reported side effects such as transient tooth hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch Str 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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Zegliński J, Cabaj A, Strankowski M, Czerniak J, Haponiuk JT. Silica xerogel–hydrogen peroxide composites: Their morphology, stability, and antimicrobial activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007; 54:165-72. [PMID: 17125976 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide was incorporated into silica xerogel matrix over the concentration range from 3.8 to 68.0 wt% via the sol-gel route. The obtained composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The release rates of H(2)O(2) from the composites into the aqueous phase were examined. In most cases, a 90% release was attained after ca. 10 min, and it was only slightly dependent on H(2)O(2) concentration and particle size. The antimicrobial activity of the composite containing 3.59% H(2)O(2) was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus. A comparative assay was carried out for aqueous solution of H(2)O(2) of the same concentration. The results demonstrated a potent microbicidal efficacy of the composite. Furthermore, diffusion range of the hydrogen peroxide from the solid composite into an agar medium matched that of the H(2)O(2) in aqueous solution. The stability tests with the xerogels containing 3.8, 26.4, and 68.0% of H(2)O(2) showed that after 63 days respective losses of the H(2)O(2) at 3 degrees C were 8.8, 9.7, and 6.2%. Both the DSC results and the stability tests have shown that the molecular water present in the pores stabilizes the composite, probably through improving the binding of the H(2)O(2) molecules onto the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zegliński
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decade tooth whitening products have become widely available in the USA for sale over-the-counter or dispensed by dentists for use at home. With the current rapid growth in demand for tooth whitening it is imperative that the dental community base its recommendations to patients on sound scientific evaluations conducted in well-designed and independent studies. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness (versus a placebo or another active product) and side effects of over-the-counter or dentist-dispensed chemically-based tooth whitening products designed for home use. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 3); MEDLINE (January 1966 to September week 2 2005); and EMBASE (1988 to week 39 2005). The tables of content of selected dental journals published since 1995 were searched for additional references. Written requests for additional studies and information were mailed to experts in this area of research. After a final set of studies was identified, the list of references reported in the included reports was reviewed to identify additional studies. Studies published in English and non-English were considered in this review. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials of dentist-dispensed or over-the-counter tooth whitening products with a chemical action (rather than abrasive action), for home use. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Screening of titles and abstracts, data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken independently and in duplicate. MAIN RESULTS A total of 416 articles were identified, 25 of which met the inclusion criteria and presented data that could be used in the analysis. All included trials measured effectiveness immediately after 2 weeks of product application. Only 13 studies reported outcome data 1 week after the 2-week application period, and of those only six reported outcome data after 1 month or longer. Four of the included trials were assessed as at moderate risk of bias and the remainder at high risk of bias. All trials were sponsored by the manufacturers of tooth whitening products. Six trials compared different whitening products (gel in trays, paint-on films and whitening strips) with placebo/no treatment and all analyses showed the products to be effective, although most comparisons were based on single trials. Nineteen trials compared different whitening products with each other. There was only one meta-analysis which included more than one trial which showed statistically significant differences between the different whitening products. Strips (5.5% to 6.5% hydrogen peroxide(HP)) are more effective than gel in tray at 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) mean difference 1.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 3.38). All of these trials were assessed as of high risk of bias. 'Mild' to 'moderate' tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation were the most common side effects. The whitening strips and products with high concentrations of HP caused more users to complain from tooth sensitivity. The protocols for preparation of participants prior to bleaching were inconsistent among the studies. Data on baseline scores of whiteness were not reported by the majority of the studies. The current evidence base on tooth whitening products suffers from methodological and publication biases. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that whitening products work when compared with placebo/no treatment. There are differences in efficacy between the products, mainly due to the levels of active ingredients, hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide. All trials were however short term and the majority of the studies were judged to be at high risk of bias and were either sponsored or conducted by the manufacturers. There is a need for pragmatic long-term and independent clinical studies that include participants representing diverse populations. There is also a need to evaluate long-term harms. Several studies reported (where measured) the common side effects of tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation, and people should be informed of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hasson
- University of Michigan, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics,1011 N University, D2361, Cariology/Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients seeking the expertise of facial plastic surgeons for facial aesthetic improvement may also desire or benefit from dental aesthetic procedures. This paper reviews current treatment options available in cosmetic dentistry. RECENT FINDINGS Many techniques exist to improve dental aesthetics in color, position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance. Although orthodontic therapy is still an important modality for smile aesthetics, some simpler procedures can provide acceptable aesthetic results. Comparison of external dental bleaching techniques reveals similar long-term results for in-office and at-home bleaching; in-office treatments, however, may provide the benefit of faster results. Internal dental bleaching is an effective method for correcting nonvital teeth coloration. Enamel shaping via either direct tooth contouring or the application of resins or veneers to tooth surfaces can correct defects, asymmetries and shape or rotation problems. Veneers or crowns are also options to correct intrinsic dental stains not amenable to bleaching techniques. Treatments to refine gingival margins and borders are another proven beneficial cosmetic procedure. SUMMARY A myriad of techniques exist to correct a patient's particular concerns. Correction of discoloration is usually feasible as is the improvement of a patient's smile and overall dental aesthetics.
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