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Roberts H, Berzins D, Nicholson J. Long-Term Water Balance Evaluation in Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030807. [PMID: 35160751 PMCID: PMC8836498 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The complex role of water in glass ionomer cement (polyalkenoate) dental restorative materials has been studied, but much of the present understanding concerning water balance within these materials is based on very early studies and short-term experiments. This study evaluated the nature of the water species of six conventional and four resin modified glass ionomer restorative materials over 3 years using thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Materials were prepared, placed in crucibles, and stored in physiologic phosphate buffered saline and evaluated at 24 h, 1 week, and then at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months. All materials demonstrated a significant increase in unbound water percentage content but except for the resin modified materials, the enthalpy required to remove the unbound water species did not significantly change over 36 months. Also, bound water content percentage and removal enthalpy was established at 24 h, as no significant increase was noted in both bound water content and removal enthalpy over the course of this evaluation. This study suggests that unbound water species may increase with time and is loosely held except for the resin modified materials. Protective coatings placement and re-evaluation are prudent to prevent unbound water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Roberts
- Dental Biomaterials Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(847)-910-4255
| | - David Berzins
- Graduate Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA;
| | - John Nicholson
- Bluefield Centre for Biomaterials, UK and Dental Physical Sciences, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
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Bueno LS, Borges AFS, Navarro MFL, Nicholson JW, Hill RG, Sidhu SK. Determination of chemical species of fluoride during uptake mechanism of glass-ionomer cements with NMR spectroscopy. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1176-1182. [PMID: 33962790 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical species formed inside glass-ionomer cements after fluoride uptake and to investigate the depth of penetration of fluoride ions within the cement matrix. METHODS An experimental fluoride-free glass with composition 2SiO2-AlO3-CaO was produced. The glass powder was mixed with aqueous poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and allowed to set. The resulting specimens were stored in 20ml KF solution with 1000ppm fluorine for 24h and then placed into the same amount of water as for 24h. A fluoride selective electrode was used to give the F concentration of the respective solutions. 19F MAS-NMR spectra were recorded on powdered cement specimens using a Bruker AVANCE-NEO 600 spectrometer. In addition, SEM observation and EDX chemical analysis were conducted on the cross-section of a carefully fractured specimen. RESULTS Fluoride was shown to be mainly present in the surface layers of the specimen after placement in the KF solution, and only a small fraction was re-released into water. 19F NMR spectroscopy showed that AlF complexes were formed within the cement. SIGNIFICANCE The fluoride taken up by a free-fluoride glass ionomer cement mostly occupies surface layers and is retained because it bonds to aluminum within the matrix. This finding explains why the majority of fluoride taken up by conventional glass ionomer cements is retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia S Bueno
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Flávia S Borges
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - John W Nicholson
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Turner Street, London, UK; Bluefield Centre for Biomaterials, 67-68 Hatton Garden, London, UK.
| | - Robert G Hill
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Turner Street, London, UK
| | - Sharanbir K Sidhu
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Turner Street, London, UK.
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Yao Y, Wang Y, Wei Q, Cui S, Hao L. Effect of the Formation of Amorphous Networks on the Structure and Hydration Characteristics of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061462. [PMID: 32210189 PMCID: PMC7143658 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The slag obtained in the process of pig iron smelting has been widely used, but the variational hydration activity always is a significant factor affecting its quality. In this experiment, the laboratory simulated slag was prepared by adjusting the chemical composition and cooling method. The experiment primary characterized the structure and hydration process with different types of slag by using MAS NMR, XRD, compressive strength, ICP, SEM, and hydration heat, then obtained the influence of the composition of the network former S/A (the mass ratio of SiO2 and Al2O3 in chemical composition) and amorphous phase content on its structure and hydration activity. The result shows that lowering the S/A value can reduce the degree of vitreous polymerization in the slag; reducing the S/A value of the slag can make the slag hydration time advance, and consequently, the cumulative exotherm increases, the liquid phase Ca/Si and Al/Si ionic ratio increases, and the hydration product changes from C-S-H gel to C-A-S-H gel, which ultimately leads to an increase in compressive strength. In the high S/A value slag, the formation of the trace crystal phase of gehlenite is beneficial to reduce the degree of polymerization of the amorphous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yali Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Industrial Big-Data Application Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qi Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Suping Cui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Industrial Big-Data Application Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6739-6085
| | - Liwei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing 100041, China;
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Serša I. Sequential Diffusion Spectra as a Tool for Studying Time-Dependent Translational Molecular Dynamics: A Cement Hydration Study. Molecules 2019; 25:E68. [PMID: 31878187 PMCID: PMC6982821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The translational molecular dynamics in porous materials are affected by the presence of the porous structure that presents an obstacle for diffusing molecules in longer time scales, but not as much in shorter time scales. The characteristic time scales have equivalent frequency ranges of molecular dynamics, where longer time scales correspond to lower frequencies while the shorter time scales correspond to higher frequencies of molecular dynamics. In this study, a novel method for direct measurement of diffusion at a given frequency of translational molecular dynamics is exploited to measure the diffusion spectra, i.e., distribution of diffusion in a wide range of frequencies. This method utilizes NMR modulated gradient spin-echo (MGSE) pulse sequence to measure the signal attenuation during the train of spin-echoes formed in the presence of a constant gradient. From attenuation, the diffusion coefficient at the frequency equal to the inverse double inter-echo time is calculated. The method was employed to study the white cement hydration process by the sequential acquisition of the diffusion spectra. The measured spectra were also analyzed by the diffusion spectra model to obtain the time-dependence of the best-fit model parameters. The presented method can also be applied to study other similar systems with the time evolution of porous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Serša
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Physical property investigation of contemporary glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1295-1308. [PMID: 29998443 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate selected physical properties of nine contemporary and recently marketed glass ionomer cement (GIC) and four resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) dental restorative materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens (n = 12) were fabricated for fracture toughness and flexure strength using standardized, stainless steel molds. Testing was completed on a universal testing machine until failure. Knoop hardness was obtained using failed fracture toughness specimens on a microhardness tester, while both flexural modulus and flexural toughness was obtained by analysis of the flexure strength results data. Testing was completed at 1 h, 24 h, 1 week, and then at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Mean data was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (p = 0.05). RESULTS Physical properties results were material dependent. Physical properties of the GIC and RMGI products were inferior at 1 h compared to that at 24 h. Some improvement in selected physical properties were noted over time, but development processes were basically concluded by 24 h. A few materials demonstrated improved physical properties over the course of the evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this study: 1. GIC and RMGI physical property performance over time was material dependent; 2. Polyalkenoate maturation processes are essentially complete by 24 h; 3. Although differences in GIC physical properties were noted, the small magnitude of the divergences may render such to be unlikely of clinical significance; 4. Modest increases in some GIC physical properties were noted especially flexural modulus and hardness, which lends support to reports of a maturing hydrogel matrix; 5. Overall, GIC product physical properties were more stable than RMGI; 6. A similar modulus reduction at 6 months for both RMGI and GIC produced may suggest a polyalkenoate matrix change; and 7. Globally, RMGI products demonstrated higher values of flexure strength, flexural toughness, and fracture toughness than GIC materials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As compared to RMGI materials, conventional glass ionomer restorative materials demonstrate more stability in physical properties.
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Cestari A. Sol-gel methods for synthesis of aluminosilicates for dental applications. J Dent 2016; 55:105-113. [PMID: 27773762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amorphous aluminosilicates glasses containing fluorine, phosphorus and calcium are used as a component of the glass ionomer dental cement. This cement is used as a restorative, basis or filling material, but presents lower mechanical resistance than resin-modified materials. The Sol-Gel method is a possible route for preparation of glasses with lower temperature and energy consumption, with higher homogeneity and with uniform and nanometric particles, compared to the industrial methods Glass ionomer cements with uniform, homogeneous and nanometric particles can present higher mechanical resistance than commercial ionomers. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to adapt the Sol-Gel methods to produce new aluminosilicate glass particles by non-hydrolytic, hydrolytic acid and hydrolytic basic routes, to improve glass ionomer cements characteristics. Three materials were synthesized with the same composition, to evaluate the properties of the glasses produced from the different methods, because multicomponent oxides are difficult to prepare with homogeneity. The objective was to develop a new route to produce new glass particles for ionomer cements with possible higher resistance. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS The particles were characterized by thermal analysis (TG, DTA, DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The glasses were tested with polyacrylic acid to form the glass ionomer cement by the setting reaction. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to produce distinct materials for dental applications and a sample presented superior characteristics (homogeneity, nanometric particles, and homogenous elemental distribution) than commercial glasses for ionomer cements. The new route for glass production can possible improve the mechanical resistance of the ionomer cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cestari
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo - IFSP - Campus Matão, Brazil.
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Simmons JO, Meyers EJ, Lien W, Banfield RL, Roberts HW, Vandewalle KS. Effect of surface treatments on the mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of desiccated glass ionomers. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1343-1351. [PMID: 27613394 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.08.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various surface treatments on the mechanical properties and antibacterial activity of desiccated glass-ionomer (GI) and resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) materials. METHODS One hundred GI and RMGI specimens were fabricated in a mold, stored in 100% humidity for 24h, placed in air to desiccate for 24h, and then stored for one week in one of the five media [casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium fluoride (NaF), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or 100% humidity (control)]. Fifty GI and RMGI specimens were tested in flexure to determine flexural strength and modulus, with the fragments used for Knoop hardness testing. The remaining 50 GI and RMGI specimens were covered with a suspension of Streptococcus mutans and incubated for 24h. The bacterial suspension was removed and the specimens were washed. Sterile saline was added, vortex mixed, serially diluted, and plated. CFU/mLs were calculated after 3days of incubation. RESULTS Compared to the 100% humidity control group, surface treatment of the desiccated GI and RMGI materials had a variable effect on the mechanical properties. In general, NaF provided the greatest improvement in flexural strength and modulus. Surface treatment of the desiccated GI or RMGI specimens with CHX or CPC resulted in no growth of the S. mutans. NaF resulted in significantly lower CFU/mL than CPP-ACP, which was significantly lower than the control group. SIGNIFICANCE Surface treatment with 5% NaF provides improved antimicrobial and strength properties of desiccated GI or RMGI materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O Simmons
- United States Air Force, 1615 Truemper St., Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236, USA.
| | - Erik J Meyers
- United States Air Force, 1615 Truemper St., Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236, USA.
| | - Wen Lien
- United States Air Force, 3650 Chambers Pass, Ft. Sam Houston, TX 78023, USA.
| | - Rosalia L Banfield
- United States Air Force, 2200 Bergquist Dr., Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78233, USA.
| | - Howard W Roberts
- United States Air Force, 301 Fisher St., Keesler AFB, MS 39534, USA.
| | - Kraig S Vandewalle
- United States Air Force, 1615 Truemper St., Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236, USA.
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How mobile are protons in the structure of dental glass ionomer cements? Sci Rep 2015; 5:8972. [PMID: 25754555 PMCID: PMC4354011 DOI: 10.1038/srep08972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of dental materials with improved properties and increased longevity can save costs and minimize discomfort for patients. Due to their good biocompatibility, glass ionomer cements are an interesting restorative option. However, these cements have limited mechanical strength to survive in the challenging oral environment. Therefore, a better understanding of the structure and hydration process of these cements can bring the necessary understanding to further developments. Neutrons and X-rays have been used to investigate the highly complex pore structure, as well as to assess the hydrogen mobility within these cements. Our findings suggest that the lower mechanical strength in glass ionomer cements results not only from the presence of pores, but also from the increased hydrogen mobility within the material. The relationship between microstructure, hydrogen mobility and strength brings insights into the material's durability, also demonstrating the need and opening the possibility for further research in these dental cements.
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Fareed MA, Stamboulis A. Effect of nanoclay dispersion on the properties of a commercial glass ionomer cement. Int J Biomater 2014; 2014:685389. [PMID: 25210518 PMCID: PMC4158556 DOI: 10.1155/2014/685389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The reinforcement effect of polymer-grade montmorillonite (PGV and PGN nanoclay) on Fuji-IX glass ionomer cement was investigated. Materials and Method. PGV and PGV nanoclays (2.0 wt%) were dispersed in the liquid portion of Fuji-IX. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to quantify acid-base reaction and the liquid portion of GIC. The mechanical properties (CS, DTS, FS, and E f ) of cements (n = 20) were measured at 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 month. The microstructure was examined by cryo-SEM and TEM. Results. FTIR shows that the setting reaction involves the neutralisation of PAA by the glass powder which was linked with the formation of calcium and aluminium salt-complexes. The experimental GICs (C-V and C-N) exhibited mechanical properties in compliance to ISO standard requirement have higher values than Fuji-IX cement. There was no significant correlation of mechanical properties was found between C-V and C-N. The average Mw of Fuji-IX was 15,700 and the refractive index chromatogram peak area was 33,800. TEM observation confirmed that nanoclays were mostly exfoliated and dispersed in the matrix of GIC. Conclusion. The reinforcement of nanoclays in GICs may potentially produce cements with better mechanical properties without compromising the nature of polyacid neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Fareed
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Artemis Stamboulis
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Zainuddin N, Karpukhina N, Law RV, Hill RG. Characterisation of a remineralising Glass Carbomer® ionomer cement by MAS-NMR Spectroscopy. Dent Mater 2012; 28:1051-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Maturation affects fluoride uptake by glass-ionomer dental cements. Dent Mater 2011; 28:e1-5. [PMID: 22100725 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Four commercial glass-ionomer cements have been studied for their ability to take up fluoride from aqueous solution following variable maturation times in the dry at 37°C. METHODS Sets of five specimens of four different materials were cured for times of 10 min, 24 h and 1 month, then transferred to a neutral solution of NaF at approximately 1000 ppm in fluoride. Fluoride concentration was then measured at regular time intervals up to 1 month using a fluoride ion selective electrode. RESULTS Specimens cured for 1 month showed little or no uptake over 24 h, specimens cured for 24 h showed fluctuating uptake over time, and specimens cured for 10 min showed the greatest fluoride uptake. For the latter specimens, simple kinetic models were found to apply in two cases (pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order for Chemflex and Ketac Molar Quick respectively). SIGNIFICANCE The ability to take up fluoride has been shown to decline with age of cement which suggests that in clinical use glass-ionomers may become less effective at undergoing fluoride recharge than has been previously assumed.
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Composition–structure–property (Zn2+ and Ca2+ ion release) evaluation of Si–Na–Ca–Zn–Ce glasses: Potential components for nerve guidance conduits. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Despite the advantages of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) restorative materials, they exhibit low mechanical properties and are susceptible to dissolution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence of self-reparability of a GIC material. Thirty Fuji IX discs were fabricated and subjected to desiccation. The discs were randomly separated into three groups: one group was kept in air, a second group was soaked in water, and a third group was placed in casein phosphoprotein-amorphous calcium phosphate-containing solution (Dentacal; NSI, Hornsby, Australia). After 21 d of incubation, all specimens were subjected to biaxial flexure testing. One-way ANOVA revealed a statistical difference in the biaxial flexure strength between the groups. Weibull statistics revealed that the Dentacal group demonstrated a lower probability of failure than the other groups. The air group exhibited the highest probability of failure. The difference between the specimens was expected as a result of enhanced cross-linking between the polyalkenoate chains and the GIC particles, and the diffusion of ionic components to the set GIC. Therefore, perhaps a form of reparative mechanism exists for precrazed GIC when it is exposed to a remineralizing solution. In addition to the benefit on natural tooth structures, this study indicates that remineralizing solutions are also beneficial for maintaining the mechanical integrity of GIC restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaafar Abduo
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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Setting of commercial glass ionomer cement Fuji IX by 27Al and 19F MAS-NMR. J Dent 2010; 38:325-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zainuddin N, Karpukhina N, Hill RG, Law RV. A long-term study on the setting reaction of glass ionomer cements by (27)Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy. Dent Mater 2008; 25:290-5. [PMID: 18789520 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective is the characterization of the setting reaction in glass ionomer cements (GICs) based on experimental glasses using the (27)Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy in order to understand the crosslinking process during the setting reaction. METHODS Three types of GICs which are based on fluoro-alumino-silicate glasses (LG125, ART10, and LG26Sr) were studied using (27)Al MAS-NMR to monitor the setting reaction of the cements. RESULTS The result showed clearly the formation of six coordinate, aluminium Al(VI), that crosslink the carboxyl groups in the PAA. The deconvolution study was performed to quantify the amount of each Al species in the cements. The finding showed that composition of original glass has a substantial effect on the setting behavior of the cements. SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrate that the setting reaction of GICs can be followed by (27)Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy discovering the conversion of Al(IV) to Al(VI). Considerable amount of the five coordinate aluminium, Al(V), species was found in the cements aged up to one year. The presence of phosphorus has a strong influence on the setting reaction. The formation of Al-O-P species was postulated to be present in the cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhazlin Zainuddin
- Department of Materials, Imperial College, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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