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Subhiksha SR, Arul B, Natanasabapathy V. Efficiency of a high-speed handpiece with anti-retraction adapter to minimize cross-contamination during the routine dental procedure: A clinical study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:429-433. [PMID: 38779213 PMCID: PMC11108424 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_69_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to detect the efficiency of anti-retraction adapter (ARA) attached to a handpiece (HP). Materials and Methods Two types of dental HP with and without the ARA were used in this study. A total of 30 sets of samples were obtained from two groups and were subjected to a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and microbial culture for quantitative analysis of total bacterial and Legionella count. Statistical Analysis Used The data obtained were tabulated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM version 26.0) for statistical analysis. Results The water samples were analyzed using PCR, Legionella-specific PCR, and culture-based analysis. In Groups 1 and 2, there was no significant difference between bacterial load in the water samples taken from both HP and coupling of the Dental Unit Waterline (DUWL). Conclusions The reduction in bacterial load in DUWLs analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR was similar in both experimental groups. Overall, the bacterial load was lower in the group with ARA when compared to the group without ARA but not statistically significant. ARA was not effective in reducing the Legionella species load in DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Subhiksha
- Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Buvaneshwari Arul
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velmurugan Natanasabapathy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Patil R, Hindlekar A, Jadhav GR, Mittal P, Humnabad V, Di Blasio M, Cicciù M, Minervini G. Comparative evaluation of effect of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine in dental unit waterline on aerosolized bacteria generated during dental treatment. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:865. [PMID: 37964280 PMCID: PMC10647182 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dentistry, nosocomial infection poses a great challenge to clinicians. The microbial contamination of water in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is ubiquitous. Such infected DUWLs can transmit oral microbes in the form of aerosols. Previous studies have suggested treating DUWLs with various disinfectants to reduce cross-contamination. The literature lacks a comparative evaluation of the effect of the use of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in DUWLs on aerosolized bacteria generated during dental procedures. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of NaOCl and CHX in DUWLs on aerosolized bacteria generated during restorative and endodontic procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 132 patients were equally divided into three groups (n = 44 in each group) according to the content of DUWL as follows. Group I-0.1% NaOCl Group II-0.2% CHX Group III-distilled water (Positive control) One-way ANOVA was performed and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for intergroup comparison. RESULTS For the restorative procedure, inter-group comparison of mean colony-forming units (CFU) scores showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p - .001) with the score of group 3 higher than group 2 followed by group 1. For the endodontics, an inter-group comparison of CFU scores showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p - .003) with the mean score in group 1 being the lowest and group 3 being the highest. CONCLUSION The addition of NaOCl or CHX in DUWLs shows an effective reduction in aerosolized bacteria compared to distilled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja Patil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune -18, India
| | - Ajit Hindlekar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune -18, India
| | | | - Priya Mittal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Vamshi Humnabad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune -18, India
| | - Marco Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Minervini
- Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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Hong F, Chen P, Yu X, Chen Q. The Application of Silver to Decontaminate Dental Unit Waterlines-a Systematic Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4988-5002. [PMID: 34997534 PMCID: PMC8741583 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is a major health concern since it can pose cross-infection risks among dental professionals and their patients. Silver is one of the widely used metals in medical fields due to its superior antimicrobial properties. Silver-based agents have been commercially available for the decontamination of dental unit water currently. This systematic review aims to examine the evidence supporting efficacy and safety of application of silver to decontaminate DUWLs. We performed a search of the peer-review literature of studies in six electronic databases using corresponding search terms. Eligibility was restricted to English-language studies exploring the application of silver to decontaminate dental unit water, e.g., silver-based disinfectants and silver-coated dental waterlines tubing. The search identified 148 articles, and 9 articles that met the criteria were synthesized with qualitative narrative analyses. We observed good evidence of antimicrobial efficacy of silver with hydrogen peroxide on diverse microorganism present in DUWLs. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence on the application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an efficient material to control the biofilms in DUWLs. Post-treatment data of either the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of silver or AgNPs, especially the actual clinical efficacy of long-term application, are scarce. More high-quality research is needed to resolve the gap on the optimal dosage and treatment options required to control bacterial and biofilm in DUWLs with silver-containing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiruo Hong
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Piaopiao Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefen Yu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
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Wu M, Shi Z, Yu X, Xu Y, Jin X, Zhang L, Fu B. Disinfection methods of dental unit waterlines contamination: a systematic review. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35670283 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Severe contamination of dental unit waterlines was found in healthcare settings. The benefits of decontamination methods are controversial. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate disinfection methods in contamination control of dental unit waterlines.Methods. The terms 'dental unit waterline(s) or DUWL(s) or dental unit water line(s)' were searched through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science and Scopusup to 31 May 2021. The DUWLs' output water was incubated on R2A agar at 20-28 °C for 5-7 days to evaluate heterotrophic mesophilic bacteria. The risk of bias was evaluated by a modified Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale.Results. Eighteen papers from the literature were included. One study indicated that water supply played a crucial role in disinfecting DUWLs. Three studies indicated that flushing decreased bacteria counts but did not meet the American CDC standard (500 c.f.u. ml-1). All chlorine- and peroxide-containing disinfectants except sodium hypochlorite in one of 15 studies as well as three mouthrinses and citrus botanical extract achieved the standard (≤500 c.f.u. ml-1). The included studies were of low (1/18), moderate (6/18) and high (11/18) quality.Conclusion. Independent water reservoirs are recommended for disinfecting DUWLs using distilled water. Flushing DUWLs should be combined with disinfections. Nearly all the chlorine-, chlorhexidine- and peroxide-containing disinfectants, mouthrinses and citrus botanical extract meet the standard for disinfecting DUWLs. Alkaline peroxide would lead to tube blockage in the DUWLs. Regularly changing disinfectants can reduce the risk of occurrence of disinfectant-resistant strains of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Shi
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Xuefen Yu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Yuedan Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Xinyang Jin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Baiping Fu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
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Fan C, Gu H, Liu L, Zhu H, Yan J, Huo Y. Distinct Microbial Community of Accumulated Biofilm in Dental Unit Waterlines of Different Specialties. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670211. [PMID: 34222041 PMCID: PMC8248794 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is a serious problem and directly affects the dental care. This study aims to explore the microbial community of biofilm in DUWL from different specialties and investigate the associated factors. A total of 36 biofilm samples from 18 DUWL of six specialties (i.e., prosthodontics, orthodontics, pediatrics, endodontics, oral surgery, and periodontics) at two time points (i.e., before and after daily dental practice) were collected with a novel method. Genomic DNA of samples was extracted, and then 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (V3–V4 regions) and ITS2 gene were amplified and sequenced. Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank test were adopted for statistical analysis. Microbial community with high diversity of bacteria (631 genera), fungi (193 genera), and viridiplantae was detected in the biofilm samples. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacteria (representing over 65.74–95.98% of the total sequences), and the dominant fungi was Ascomycota (93.9–99.3%). Microorganisms belonging to multiple genera involved in human diseases were detected including 25 genera of bacteria and eight genera of fungi, with relative abundance of six genera over 1% (i.e., Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Aspergillus, Candida, and Penicillium). The biofilm microbiome may be influenced by the characteristics of dental specialty and routine work to some extent. The age of dental chair unit and overall number of patients had the strongest impact on the overall bacteria composition, and the effect of daily dental practices (associated with number of patients and dental specialty) on the fungi composition was the greatest. For the first time, biofilm in DUWL related to dental specialty was comprehensively evaluated, with more abundance of bacterial and fungal communities than in water samples. Biofilm accumulation with daily work and multiple kinds of opportunistic pathogen emphasized the infectious risk with dental care and the importance of biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Fan
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijing Gu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Zhu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Yan
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbiao Huo
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Yiek WK, Coenen O, Nillesen M, van Ingen J, Bowles E, Tostmann A. Outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections linked to water-containing hospital equipment: a literature review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:77. [PMID: 33971944 PMCID: PMC8108015 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Water in the environment can be a source of infection linked to outbreaks and environmental transmission in hospitals. Water safety in hospitals remains a challenge. This article has summarized available scientific literature to obtain an overview of outbreaks linked to water-containing hospital equipment and strategies to prevent such outbreaks. METHODS We made a list of water-containing hospital equipment and devices in which water is being used in a semi-closed circuit. A literature search was performed in PubMed with a search strategy containing the names of these medical devices and one or more of the following words: outbreak, environmental contamination, transmission, infection. For each medical device, we summarized the following information: the function of the medical device, causes of contamination, the described outbreaks and possible prevention strategies. RESULTS The following water-containing medical equipment or devices were identified: heater-cooler units, hemodialysis equipment, neonatal incubators, dental unit waterlines, fluid warmers, nebulizers, water traps, water baths, blanketrol, scalp cooling, and thermic stimulators. Of the latter three, no literature could be found. Of all other devices, one or more outbreaks associated with these devices were reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The water reservoirs in water-containing medical devices can be a source of microbial growth and transmissions to patients, despite the semi-closed water circuit. Proper handling and proper cleaning and disinfection can help to reduce the microbial burden and, consequently, transmission to patients. However, these devices are often difficult to clean and disinfect because they cannot be adequately opened or disassembled, and the manufacturer's cleaning guidelines are often not feasible to execute. The development of equipment without water or fluid containers should be stimulated. Precise cleaning and disinfection guidelines and instructions are essential for instructing healthcare workers and hospital cleaning staff to prevent potential transmission to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kee Yiek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Coenen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mayke Nillesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jakko van Ingen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmée Bowles
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alma Tostmann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Zemouri C, Laheij AMGA, Volgenant CMC, Brandt BW, Crielaard W, Buijs MJ, Zaura E, de Soet JJ. Chlorine-based DUWL disinfectant leads to a different microbial composition of water derived biofilms compared to H 2O 2-based chemical disinfectants in vitro. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9503. [PMID: 32742792 PMCID: PMC7368430 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilm formation in dental unit waterlines (DUWL) may lead to health risks for dental staff and patients. Therefore, dental unit waterlines need to be disinfected, for instance by using chemical disinfectants. However, the application of chemical disinfectants may lead to the selection of specific microorganisms. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the microbial composition of water-derived biofilms, after a continuous exposure to maintenance doses of commercially available chemical disinfectants, in vitro. Methods The AAA-model was used to grow water derived biofilms. The biofilms were subjected to the maintenance dose of each disinfectant. To determine the microbial composition, the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. The sequences were clustered in operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Results The bacterial composition of biofilms in all treatment groups differed significantly (PERMANOVA F = 4.441, p = 0.001). Pairwise comparisons revealed Anoxyl treated biofilms were significantly different from all groups (p = 0.0001). In the Anoxyl-treated biofilms, the relative abundance of Comamonadaceae and Sphingopyxis was high compared to the Dentosept, Green and Clean and Oxygenal groups. Conclusion We concluded that exposure to low doses of the chlorine-based chemical disinfectant Anoxyl led to a substantially different composition of water derived biofilms compared to biofilms exposed to H2O2-based chemical disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charifa Zemouri
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexa M G A Laheij
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M C Volgenant
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd W Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tuvo B, Totaro M, Cristina ML, Spagnolo AM, Di Cave D, Profeti S, Baggiani A, Privitera G, Casini B. Prevention and Control of Legionella and Pseudomonas spp. Colonization in Dental Units. Pathogens 2020; 9:E305. [PMID: 32326140 PMCID: PMC7238104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dental Unit Waterlines (DUWLs) have shown to be a source of Legionella infection. We report the experience of different dental healthcare settings where a risk management plan was implemented. Materials and methods: In a Hospital Odontostomatology Clinic (HOC) and three Private Dental Clinics (PDCs) housing 13 and six dental units (DUs), respectively, an assessment checklist was applied to evaluate staff compliance with guideline recommendations. DUWLs microbial parameters were investigated before and after the application of corrective actions. Results: In the HOC a poor adherence to good practices was demonstrated, whereas protocols were carefully applied in PDCs. L. pneumophila sg 2-15 was isolated in 31% (4/13) and 33% (2/6) of DUs in HOC and PDCs, respectively, mainly from handpieces (32%, 6/19) with counts >102 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/L), often associated with P. aeruginosa (68%, 13/19). The shock disinfection with 3% v/v hydrogen peroxide (HP) showed a limited effect, with a recolonization period of about 4 weeks. Legionella was eradicated only after 6% v/v HP shock disinfection and filters-installation, whilst P. aeruginosa after the third shock disinfection with a solution of 4% v/v HP and biodegradable surfactants. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the presence and persistence of microbial contamination within the DUWLs, which required strict adherence to control measures and the choice of effective disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Tuvo
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Michele Totaro
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Luisa Cristina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.L.C.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Spagnolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.L.C.); (A.M.S.)
| | - David Di Cave
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sara Profeti
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Angelo Baggiani
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Gaetano Privitera
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Beatrice Casini
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (G.P.)
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Efficacy of BRS ® and Alpron ®/Bilpron ® Disinfectants for Dental Unit Waterlines: A Six-Year Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082634. [PMID: 32290533 PMCID: PMC7215904 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms in dental unit waterlines (DUWL) are a potentially significant source of contamination posing a significant health risk as these may come into contact with patients and dental staff during treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of DUWL water treated by Biofilm-Removing-System® (BRS®) and Alpron®/Bilpron® disinfectant solutions for six years in a French university hospital. The microbiological quality of water supplied by 68 dental units—initially shock treated with BRS®, then continuously treated by Alpron® with sterile water during working days and Bilpron® during inactivity period, and combined with purging every morning and after each patient—was assessed biannually during six years for total culturable aerobic bacteria at 22 °C and 36 °C, Legionella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and total coliforms. A total of 628 samples were analyzed, 99.8% were compliant with extended microbiological levels, and we never detected pathogen bacteria like Legionella sp. and P. aeruginosa. Only one sample (0.2%) was noncompliant with the level of total culturable aerobic bacteria at 36 °C, which exceeded 140 colony forming units per mL. The protocol implemented in our university hospital gives excellent results and enables control of the microbiological quality of DUWL water in the long term.
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Hoogenkamp MA, Brandt BW, de Soet JJ, Crielaard W. An in-vitro dynamic flow model for translational research into dental unit water system biofilms. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 171:105879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Baudet A, Lizon J, Martrette JM, Camelot F, Florentin A, Clément C. Dental Unit Waterlines: A Survey of Practices in Eastern France. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214242. [PMID: 31683783 PMCID: PMC6862618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is essential during dental care. Physical and chemical techniques should be used to maintain a good water quality with respect to bacteria, and to ensure the safety of exposed patients and dental staff. The aim of this survey was to assess the modalities used by dental practitioners in Eastern France to maintain the water quality of their dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). A questionnaire about water quality maintenance practices was sent to 870 dental offices in 2016. The questionnaires were completed by 153 dental offices, covering about 223 dental care units. The majority of units were fed by mains water (91.0%), which is generally unfiltered (71.3%). One-third (33.6%) of the units had an independent water bottle reservoir. Flushing, a basic physical technique to improve the quality of units’ outflow water, was practiced in 65.4% of dental offices. Concerning the chemical treatment of water, it was used for 62.1% of the units. An analysis of the microbiological quality of the DUWL water was only carried out in 2.6% of the offices. In conclusion, providing better training to dental staff seems necessary to improve their practices and to generalize procedures that improve the microbiological quality of the water used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Baudet
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- Department of Dentistry, University Hospital, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Julie Lizon
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Analysis, University Hospital, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Martrette
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- Department of Dentistry, University Hospital, 54000 Nancy, France.
- EA 3450 DevAH, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | | | - Arnaud Florentin
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Analysis, University Hospital, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- EA 4360 APEMAC, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Céline Clément
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- Department of Dentistry, University Hospital, 54000 Nancy, France.
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Ji XY, Fei CN, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu H, Song J. Three key factors influencing the bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines: a 6-year survey from 2012 to 2017. Int Dent J 2018; 69:192-199. [PMID: 30565215 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contaminated output water from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is a potential risk to both patients and dental personnel who are frequently exposed to this water or aerosols. AIM The purpose was to evaluate the contamination level and prevalence of bacteria in the output water of DUWLs, and to identify key factors to provide technical support for formulating relevant policies. METHODS We developed a special sampling connector designed for collecting dental handpiece output water and a measurement device to assess retraction of a dental chair unit (DCU). Output water from dental handpieces and air/water syringes were collected as representative of DUWLs. Water samples were tested with reference to China's national standard. FINDINGS From 2012 to 2017, 318 DCUs were randomly selected from 64 hospitals in Tianjin, China. Of these DCUs, 78.93% had no disinfection to prevent DUWL contamination. Three-hundred and forty-three (56.14%) samples complied with the guidelines on DUWL output water. The highest concentration of bacteria was 1.8 × 106 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL. The three key factors of influence were as follows: daily or weekly disinfection of DUWLs; water supply source being hospital self-made purified water or purchased purified bottled water; and DCU with a valid anti-retraction valve. Potential infectious agents, including Bacillus cereus, Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were isolated. CONCLUSION There was a high rate of contamination in DUWLs. This highlights the need to develop national standards. There is a need to disinfect the DUWLs periodically and use a cleaner source of water; more attention should be paid to the efficacy of DCU anti-retraction valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yue Ji
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Nan Fei
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
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Zhang Y, Ping Y, Zhou R, Wang J, Zhang G. High throughput sequencing-based analysis of microbial diversity in dental unit waterlines supports the importance of providing safe water for clinical use. J Infect Public Health 2017; 11:357-363. [PMID: 28988812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the water quality of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) and the diversity of microbial communities in DUWLs. Water samples from 33 dental chair units (DCUs) were collected, diluted and then spread on sterilized R2A plate for incubation. Subsequently, the microbial colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) were recorded by an automatic colony analyzer. Total DNA extracted from the rest of the samples was tested on the Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform. T-test and Kruskal-Wallis rank test were adopted for statistical analysis. Significance was assumed at a P<0.05. After incubation, the average total microbial count was 21,413.13±17,861.00CFU/ml. High-throughput sequencing revealed 10 bacterial phyla, including 9 identified and 1 unclassified phyla. Totally 63 sequences were identified at the genus level, including 42 genera, 3 tentative species and 18 unclassified genera. In addition, 7 potential human pathogenic bacteria were detected. In summary, department, brand and service life of DCUs do not influence the water quality of DUWLs significantly. The diversity of microbial communities in DUWLs is abundant and includes both pathogenic and some unknown bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruyu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Cataldi ME, Al Rakayan S, Arcuri C, Condò R. Dental unit wastewater, a current environmental problem: a sistematic review. ORAL & IMPLANTOLOGY 2017; 10:354-359. [PMID: 29682252 DOI: 10.11138/orl/2017.10.4.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dental unit waters are divided in two different groups, because of their chemical and microbial composition proprieties: in the first there is the "incoming dental unit water", drinking water that arrived directly in the dental chair unit through the municipal water system; in the second there is the "waste water", that represents the whole dental unit waste water. Regarding the lack of a complete systematic review on the quality of dental unit wastewater, the aim of the current research was to systematically study the incoming dental unit water and the waste one, focusing the attention on the problem of the wastewater contamination and its regulations. Materials and methods A systematic literature review of the last 17 years was conducted on the topic of dental unit wastewater. Italian and English were the languages chosen for the papers research.Studies were searched in PubMed, Medline and Cochrane, with regard to inclusion criteria. Results The investigation and analysis of the two papers group revealed the presence of many information and scientific studies on the incoming dental unit water contamination, in contrast not much in literature about dental unit waste-water. Conclusions The results revealed that dental unit wastewater is a problem underestimated by the scientific community, with the exception of dental amalgam wastes.In Italy there is a sentence of "Corte di Cassazione Penale, sez III, sentenza 17 gennaio 2013, n 2340" that regularized dental wastewaters as industrial ones, so they are inadequate to be disposed as domestic waters; but, at the same time, there isn't a specific law that regulates this king of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cataldi
- PhD in Materials for Health, Environment and Energy, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - S Al Rakayan
- PhD in Materials for Health, Environment and Energy, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - C Arcuri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - R Condò
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter sp. clonal selection leads to successive waves of contamination of water in dental care units. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7509-24. [PMID: 26296724 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01279-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental care unit waterlines (DCUWs) consist of complex networks of thin tubes that facilitate the formation of microbial biofilms. Due to the predilection toward a wet environment, strong adhesion, biofilm formation, and resistance to biocides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major human opportunistic pathogen, is adapted to DCUW colonization. Other nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli, such as members of the genus Achromobacter, are emerging pathogens found in water networks. We reported the 6.5-year dynamics of bacterial contamination of waterlines in a dental health care center with 61 dental care units (DCUs) connected to the same water supply system. The conditions allowed the selection and the emergence of clones of Achromobacter sp. and P. aeruginosa characterized by multilocus sequence typing, multiplex repetitive elements-based PCR, and restriction fragment length polymorphism in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial susceptibility. One clone of P. aeruginosa and 2 clones of Achromobacter sp. colonized successively all of the DCUWs: the last colonization by P. aeruginosa ST309 led to the closing of the dental care center. Successive dominance of species and clones was linked to biocide treatments. Achromobacter strains were weak biofilm producers compared to P. aeruginosa ST309, but the coculture of P. aeruginosa and Achromobacter enhanced P. aeruginosa ST309 biofilm formation. Intraclonal genomic microevolution was observed in the isolates of P. aeruginosa ST309 collected chronologically and in Achromobacter sp. clone A. The contamination control was achieved by a complete reorganization of the dental health care center by removing the connecting tubes between DCUs.
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16
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Leoni E, Dallolio L, Stagni F, Sanna T, D'Alessandro G, Piana G. Impact of a risk management plan on Legionella contamination of dental unit water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2344-58. [PMID: 25711357 PMCID: PMC4377905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the prevalence of Legionella spp. in dental unit waterlines of a dental clinic and to verify whether the microbiological parameters used as indicators of water quality were correlated with Legionella contamination. A risk management plan was subsequently implemented in the dental health care setting, in order to verify whether the adopted disinfection protocols were effective in preventing Legionella colonization. The water delivered from syringes and turbines of 63 dental units operating in a dental clinic, was monitored for counts of the heterotrophic bacteria P. aeruginosa and Legionella spp. (22 °C and 37 °C). At baseline, output water from dental units continuously treated with disinfection products was more compliant with the recommended standards than untreated and periodically treated water. However, continuous disinfection was still not able to prevent contamination by Legionella and P. aeruginosa. Legionella was isolated from 36.4%, 24.3% and 53.3% of samples from untreated, periodically and continuously treated waterlines, respectively. The standard microbiological parameters used as indicators of water quality proved to be unreliable as predictors of the presence of Legionella, whose source was identified as the tap water used to supply the dental units. The adoption of control measures, including the use of deionized water in supplying the dental unit waterlines and the application of a combined protocol of continuous and periodic disinfection, with different active products for the different devices, resulted in good control of Legionella contamination. The efficacy of the measures adopted was mainly linked to the strict adherence to the planned protocols, which placed particular stress on staff training and ongoing environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Leoni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Hygiene, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Dallolio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Hygiene, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Stagni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Bologna, via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Sanna
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giovanni D'Alessandro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Bologna, via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gabriela Piana
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Bologna, via San Vitale 59, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
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17
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Kadaifciler DG, Cotuk A. Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines and effect on quality of indoor air. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:3431-3444. [PMID: 24469014 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological quality in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is considered to be important because patients and dental staff with suppressed immune systems are regularly exposed to water and aerosols generated from dental units (DUs). Opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas, Legionella, Candida, and Aspergillus can be present in DUWLs, while during consultations, bioaerosols can be dispersed in the air, thus resulting in effects on microbiological quality of indoor air. This present study represents microbiological air and water quality in dental offices (DOs) and also concerns the relationship between the quality of DO air and dental unit water. This study aimed to assess both the microbial quality of dental unit water and the indoor air in 20 DOs and to survey the effect on the quality of the indoor air with the existing microorganisms in dental unit water. Fourteen out of 20 (70 %) DUWLs were found to be contaminated with a high number of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria. In terms of bacterial air contamination levels, in 90 % of DOs, a medium level (<500 colony-forming units (CFU)/m(3)) of contamination was determined, while in terms of microfungal air contamination, in all DOs, a low level (<100 CFU/m(3)) of contamination was determined. Potential infection or allergen agents, such as Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Paecilomyces were isolated from water and air samples. This study's determination of contamination sources and evaluation of microbial load in DOs could contribute to the development of quality control methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Göksay Kadaifciler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey,
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18
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Lal S, Singhrao SK, Bricknell M, Pearce M, Morton LHG, Ahmed W, Crean SJ. Monitoring Dental-Unit-Water-Line Output Water by Current In-office Test Kits. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vanessa B, Virginie M, Nathalie Q, Marie-Hélène R, Christine I. Hartmannella vermiformis can promote proliferation of Candida spp. in tap-water. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:5707-5714. [PMID: 22951330 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Candida yeasts colonize humans' oral cavities as commensals or opportunistic pathogens. They may be isolated from water circulating in dental unit waterlines mixed with saliva traces mainly because of dysfunction of anti-retraction valves. Free-living amoebae (FLA), like Hartmannella vermiformis, are frequently found in aquatic environments and they have also been already isolated from dental unit waterlines. They can be implicated as reservoir for pathogens or directly in infections. This work deals with the survival of three species of Candida (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis), in co-cultivation with FLA in tap-water. One strain of each Candida species was studied. Microbiological and microscopic approaches were used; amoebae-yeasts co-cultivation assays were performed at different temperatures of incubation. Results have shown that H. vermiformis were able to internalize Candida yeasts and promote their proliferation in tap-water with or without saliva traces (2% v/v). Amoebae interact differently with Candida depending on the temperature used and the studied species of yeasts. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the survival of yeasts and/or FLA in tap-water. The ability of yeasts and amoebae to interact should be taken into account because it could lead to candidiasis infection for the frailest patients after a dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbot Vanessa
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 6 Rue de la Milétrie, BP 199, 86034 Poitiers Cedex, France.
| | - Migeot Virginie
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 6 Rue de la Milétrie, BP 199, 86034 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Quellard Nathalie
- Unité de pathologie ultrastructurale et expérimentale, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Rodier Marie-Hélène
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 6 Rue de la Milétrie, BP 199, 86034 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Imbert Christine
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 6 Rue de la Milétrie, BP 199, 86034 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Barbot V, Robert A, Rodier MH, Imbert C. Update on infectious risks associated with dental unit waterlines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:196-204. [PMID: 22469485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modern dental chair units consist of a network of interconnected narrow-bore plastic tubes called dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). The water delivered by these DUWLs acts as both a coolant for a range of instruments and an irrigant during dental treatments. The quality of water is of considerable importance because both patients and dental team are regularly exposed to water and aerosols generated by dental equipment. Studies have demonstrated that DUWLs provide a favourable environment for microbial proliferation and biofilm formation, and that water is consequently often contaminated with high densities of various microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses). The presence of high levels of microbial contamination may be a health problem for dentists and patients, especially those who are immunocompromised. The current status of knowledge on microbial contamination of DUWLs is presented, with an emphasis on the infectious risk associated with DUWLs and on the various approaches for disinfecting and protecting DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Barbot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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21
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Fischer S, Meyer G, Kramer A. Economic comparison of conventional maintenance and electrochemical oxidation to warrant water safety in dental unit water lines. GMS KRANKENHAUSHYGIENE INTERDISZIPLINAR 2012; 7:Doc08. [PMID: 22558042 PMCID: PMC3334949 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preparation for implementation of a central water processing system at a dental department, we analyzed the costs of conventional decentralized disinfection of dental units against a central water treatment concept based on electrochemical disinfection. METHODS The cost evaluation included only the costs of annually required antimicrobial consumables and additional water usage of a decentralize conventional maintenance system for dental water lines build in the respective dental units and the central electrochemical water disinfection system, BLUE SAFETY™ Technologies. RESULTS In total, analysis of costs of 6 dental departments reviled additional annual costs for hygienic preventive measures of € 4,448.37. For the BLUE SAFETY™ Technology, the additional annual total agent consumption costs were € 2.18, accounting for approximately 0.05% of the annual total agent consumption costs of the conventional maintenance system. For both water processing concepts, the additional costs for energy could not be calculated, since the required data was not obtainable from the manufacturers. DISCUSSION For both concepts, the investment and maintenance costs were not calculated due to lack of manufacturer's data. Therefore, the results indicate the difference of costs for the required consumables only. Aside of the significantly lower annual costs for required consumables and disinfectants; a second advantage for the BLUE SAFETY™ Technology is its constant and automatic operation, which does not require additional staff resources. This not only safety human resources, but add additionally to cost saving. CONCLUSION Since the antimicrobial disinfection capacity of the BLUE SAFETY™ was demonstrated previously and is well known, this technology, which is comparable or even superior in its non-corrosive effect, may be regarded as method of choice for continuous disinfection and prevention of biofilm formation in dental units' water lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fischer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Meyer
- Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Axel Kramer, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Greifswald, University Medicine, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, D- 17489 Greifswald, Germany, Phone: +49-3834-515542 Fax: +49-3834-515541, E-mail:
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O’Donnell MJ, Boyle MA, Russell RJ, Coleman DC. Management of dental unit waterline biofilms in the 21st century. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1209-26. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental chair units (DCUs) use water to cool and irrigate DCU-supplied instruments and tooth surfaces, and provide rinsewater during dental treatment. A complex network of interconnected plastic dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) supply water to these instruments. DUWLs are universally prone to microbial biofilm contamination seeded predominantly from microorganisms in supply water. Consequently, DUWL output water invariably becomes contaminated by high densities of microorganisms, principally Gram-negative environmental bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella species, but sometimes contain human-derived pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Patients and staff are exposed to microorganisms from DUWL output water and to contaminated aerosols generated by DCU instruments. A wide variety of approaches, many unsuccessful, have been proposed to control DUWL biofilm. More recently, advances in biofilm science, chemical DUWL biofilm treatment agents, DCU design, supply water treatment and development of automated DUWL biofilm control systems have provided effective long-term solutions to DUWL biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J O’Donnell
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Maria A Boyle
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ronnie J Russell
- The Department of Microbiology, The Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
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23
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Molobela IP, Ilunga FM. Impact of bacterial biofilms: the importance of quantitative biofilm studies. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Walker JT. Decontamination in dentistry - the times they are a changing. J Infect Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1757177410386513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- JT Walker
- Biosafety Unit, HPA Porton Down, Salisbury, UK,
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25
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Boyle M, O’Donnell M, Russell R, Coleman D. Lack of cytotoxicity by Trustwater Ecasol™ used to maintain good quality dental unit waterline output water in keratinocyte monolayer and reconstituted human oral epithelial tissue models. J Dent 2010; 38:930-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Coleman DC, O'Donnell MJ, Boyle M, Russell R. Microbial biofilm control within the dental clinic: reducing multiple risks. J Infect Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1757177410376845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This short review focuses on biofilms in the dental clinic environment. Microbial biofilms are potentially a significant source of cross-contamination and cross-infection in the dental clinic. Biofilms in dental chair unit waterlines (DUWLs), suction hoses and fittings pose the most significant risk as these may come into contact with the patient during treatment. These can be managed effectively by regular disinfection using chemical disinfectants and procedures that have proven efficacy. As dental chair units (DCUs) are classified as medical devices, there is a requirement for DCU manufacturers to provide detailed guidance for their decontamination. Planned routine preventive maintenance of the dental clinic water network and good quality water will considerably minimise infection risks from microorganisms in tap water and has benefits for the operation of other clinic equipment. Regular and effective cleaning and disinfection of taps, sinks and splash-backs will help to minimise reservoirs and disseminators of potentially pathogenic bacteria from these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Coleman
- Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - Mary J O'Donnell
- Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Boyle
- Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronnie Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Türetgen I, Göksay D, Cotuk A. Comparison of the microbial load of incoming and distal outlet waters from dental unit water systems in Istanbul. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 158:9-14. [PMID: 18843542 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional study of the incoming and distal outlet water quality from 41 dental units in Istanbul, carried out to compare the total microbial loads using traditional culture method versus epifluorescence microscopy. The possible presence of Legionella pneumophila using traditional culture method was also analyzed. One hundred and twenty three samples were taken from the high-speed handpiece lines, air-water syringe lines and source (incoming) water supplies from 41 dental units. The samples were assayed for live/dead bacteria, heterotrophic bacterial counts and presence of L. pneumophila bacteria. Thirty nine out of 41 dental units (91%) were not able to meet the standard limit of 200 CFU/ml in dental unit waters. The live bacterial counts were 1-1.5 orders of magnitude higher than aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria. L. pneumophila (serogroup 2-14) was isolated from five out of 41 units. Some dental units were using commercially bottled (19 l) drinking water as a source. The source water of eight dental unit was heavily contaminated which were fed up by commercially bottled drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Türetgen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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O’Donnell M, Boyle M, Swan J, Russell R, Coleman D. A centralised, automated dental hospital water quality and biofilm management system using neutral Ecasol™ maintains dental unit waterline output at better than potable quality: A 2-year longitudinal study. J Dent 2009; 37:748-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Coleman DC, O'Donnell MJ, Shore AC, Russell RJ. Biofilm problems in dental unit water systems and its practical control. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1424-37. [PMID: 19187140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental School & Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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