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Coaguila-Llerena H, Raphael da Silva L, Faria G. Research methods assessing sodium hypochlorite cytotoxicity: A scoping review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23060. [PMID: 38192787 PMCID: PMC10772573 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) cytotoxicity has been assessed using different methodologies, which has led to arbitrary interpretations. This scoping review aimed to discuss the different methodological protocols for assessing NaOCl cytotoxicity. A literature review performed in the PubMed and Embase databases up to July 2023 identified manuscripts reporting NaOCl cytotoxicity. The dataset identified 546 publications, further screened by 2 reviewers. Ninety studies were identified and mined methodologically to collect information on cell type, cytotoxicity assay, NaOCl dilution solutions, presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), and NaOCl exposure time. The culture medium used in cytotoxicity assays contains buffering substances that neutralize the pH of NaOCl, thus reducing its cytotoxicity, an approach that may lead to bias when solutions with different pH are compared. For short exposure periods, as in simulations to evaluate the contact between irrigant and periapical tissue cells during chemo-mechanical preparation, NaOCl dilution should be performed with saline, which does not buffer the irrigant. For long exposure periods, as in simulations of irrigant extrusions, NaOCl should be diluted in the culture medium, to reproduce the expected buffering effect occurring in extrusions. The presence of FBS in culture medium can decrease NaOCl toxicity. There is no standardization of NaOCl cytotoxicity methodologies. This poses the risk of arriving at incorrect results and, therefore, pertinent tests must be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Coaguila-Llerena
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Raphael da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Drews DJ, Nguyen AD, Diederich A, Gernhardt CR. The Interaction of Two Widely Used Endodontic Irrigants, Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite, and Its Impact on the Disinfection Protocol during Root Canal Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030589. [PMID: 36978457 PMCID: PMC10044599 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate have been the gold standard of irrigation solutions utilized within the disinfection protocol during root canal treatments. Nowadays, it is known that, during chemical disinfection of the root canal, consecutive application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate leads to the formation of an orange-brown precipitate. This precipitate is described as being chemically similar to para-chloroaniline, which is suspected to have cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Concerns also exist regarding its influence on the leakage of root canal fillings, coronal restorations, and tooth discoloration. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the interaction of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate on the tooth and its surrounding tissues, and to discuss the effect of the precipitate formed during root canal treatment. We further address options to avoid the formation of the precipitate and describe alternative irrigation solutions that should not interact with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine digluconate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Joachim Drews
- Private Dental Practice, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Anh Duc Nguyen
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Antje Diederich
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Christian Ralf Gernhardt
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-3741
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Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Shojazadeh S, Varga G, Németh O, Keremi B. Daily use of chlorine dioxide effectively treats halitosis: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280377. [PMID: 36634129 PMCID: PMC9836286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to conduct a systematic review on published data in order to investigate the efficacy of mouthwash products containing chlorine dioxide in halitosis. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Our search was conducted on 14th October 2021. We searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. We analysed data on adults with halitosis, included only randomised controlled trials and excluded in vitro and animal studies. The interventional groups used chlorine dioxide, and the comparator groups used a placebo or other mouthwash. Our primary outcomes were changes in organoleptic test scores (OLS) and Volatile Sulfur Compound (VSC) levels from baseline to the last available follow-up. RESULTS We found 325 articles in databases. After the selection process, ten articles were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and 7 RCTs with 234 patients were involved in the meta-analysis. Our findings showed a significant improvement in the parameters of the chlorine dioxide group compared to the placebo group in OLS one-day data (mean difference (MD): -0.82; 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs): [-1.04 --0.6]; heterogeneity: I2 = 0%, p = 0.67); and one-week OLS data (MD: -0.24; 95% CIs: [-0.41 --0.07]; I2 = 0%, p = 0.52); and also changes in H2S one-day data (standardised mean difference (SMD): -1.81; 95% CIs: [-2.52 --1.10]); I2 = 73.4%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that chlorine dioxide mouthwash may be a good supportive therapy in oral halitosis without known side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szalai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Tajti
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Márk Czumbel
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Periodontology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gábor Varga
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Németh
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Community Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Keremi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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4
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Kalay TS, Kara Y, Karaoglu SA, Kolaylı S. Evaluation of Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide in Terms of Antimicrobial Activity and Dentin Bond Strength. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1427-1436. [PMID: 34397326 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210816121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial agents are recommended for disinfection of the cavity following mechanical dental caries removal prior to application of restorative material. There is limited information about stabilized chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a cavity disinfectant. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity and effect on dentin bond strength of ClO2 compared to chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethanolic propolis extract (EPE). METHODS Antimicrobial activities of agents against oral pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and analyses of EPE were examined. Seventy-five mandibular third molars were sectioned, prepared and divided into five subgroups (n=15/group). Cavity disinfectants (2% CHX, 2.5% NaOCl, 30% EPE, 0.3% ClO2) were applied to etched dentin prior to adhesive and composite build-up. Shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The SBS data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test (p <0.05). The failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope. RESULTS It was determined that the compared disinfectants were showed different inhibition zone values against oral pathogens. ClO2 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity, followed by CHX, NaOCI and EPE, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in the SBS values between the disinfectant treated groups and control group. The failure modes were predominantly mixed. CONCLUSION The use of 0.3% stabilized ClO2 as a cavity disinfectant agent exhibited high antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and no adverse effects on SBS to etched dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Serin Kalay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Yakup Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sengul Alpay Karaoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Kolaylı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Kerémi B, Márta K, Farkas K, Czumbel LM, Tóth B, Szakács Z, Csupor D, Czimmer J, Rumbus Z, Révész P, Németh A, Gerber G, Hegyi P, Varga G. Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Hygiene - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3015-3025. [PMID: 32410557 PMCID: PMC8383470 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200515134450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Effective and selective oral rinses are required in the daily medical and dental practice. Currently mouthwashes used have substantial side effects. Objectives Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of chlorine dioxide-containing mouthwashes in comparison with other previously established mouth rinses in healthy adults using oral hygiene indices. Methods This work was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018099059) and carried out using multiple databases and reported according to the PRISMA statement. The search terms used were “chlorine dioxide” AND “oral”, and only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The primary outcome was the alteration of the plaque index (PI), while the secondary outcomes were the gingival index (GI) and bacterial counts. For the risk of bias assessment, the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used. Statistical analysis for data heterogeneity was performed by Q-value and I2-tests. Results 364 articles were found in the databases. After the selection process, only five RCTs were eligible for meta-analysis. Data heterogeneity was low. There were no statistical differences in effectiveness between chlorine dioxide and other effective mouth rinses in PI (0.720±0.119 vs 0.745±0.131; 95%; confidence intervals (CIs): 0.487-0.952 vs 0.489-1.001, respectively) and GI (0.712±0.130 vs 0.745±0.131; 95% CIs: 0.457–0.967 vs 0.489–1.001, respectively) and also in bacterial counts. Conclusion Chlorine dioxide reduces both plaque and gingival indices and bacterial counts in the oral cavity similar to other routinely used oral rinses, however, the evidence supporting this outcome is very limited. Therefore, further large scale RCTs are needed to decrease the risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Márta
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Farkas
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary,Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - László M Czumbel
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Tóth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakács
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Czimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rumbus
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Péter Révész
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Németh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gerber
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary,Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Madla-Cruz E, De la Garza-Ramos M, Romo-Sáenz CI, Tamez-Guerra P, Garza-Navarro MA, Urrutia-Baca V, Martínez-Rodríguez MA, Gomez-Flores R. Antimicrobial activity and inhibition of biofilm formation in vitro and on human dentine by silver nanoparticles/carboxymethyl-cellulose composites. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 120:104943. [PMID: 33147550 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a silver nanoparticles/carboxymethyl-cellulose (AgNPs/CMC) composite on in vitro and dentine disc heterogeneous biofilms. DESIGN AgNPs/CMC composite effect on normal human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF) viability was determined by the MTT reduction assay. In addition, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs/CMC composite on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum growth in vitro and heterogeneous biofilms, as well as dentine disc biofilms. RESULTS Quasi-spherical AgNPs/CMC composites, with a mean 22.3 nm particle-size were synthesized. They were not toxic to HGF cells at concentrations tested that were antimicrobial, however they caused significant cytotoxicity (89 %, p < 0.05) at concentrations > 15 μg/mL. In vitro, they inhibited up to 67 %, 66 %, and 96 % C. albicans, E. faecalis, and F. nucleatum growth at concentrations ranging from 1.2 μg/mL to 9.6 μg/mL, as compared with untreated control. We also demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) 58 % biofilm reduction by 4.8 μg/mL AgNPs/CMC composite on human dentine discs. CONCLUSION AgNPs/CMC composite showed anti biofilm activity on monocultures, heterogenous cultures, and dentine discs, resulting a potentially effective alternative to prevent and eliminate infections after endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Madla-Cruz
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Myriam De la Garza-Ramos
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Odontología/Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP. 64460, Mexico
| | - César I Romo-Sáenz
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Marco A Garza-Navarro
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Victor Urrutia-Baca
- CHRISTUS Excellence and Innovation Center, Monterrey, N.L., C.P. 66260, Mexico
| | - María A Martínez-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico.
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Láng O, Nagy KS, Láng J, Perczel-Kovách K, Herczegh A, Lohinai Z, Varga G, Kőhidai L. Comparative study of hyperpure chlorine dioxide with two other irrigants regarding the viability of periodontal ligament stem cells. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2981-2992. [PMID: 33044682 PMCID: PMC8060220 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have an underlined significance as their high proliferative capacity and multipotent differentiation provide an important therapeutic potential. The integrity of these cells is frequently disturbed by the routinely used irrigative compounds applied as periodontal or endodontic disinfectants (e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorhexidine (CHX)). Our objectives were (i) to monitor the cytotoxic effect of a novel dental irrigative compound, chlorine dioxide (ClO2), compared to two traditional agents (H2O2, CHX) on PDLSCs and (ii) to test whether the aging factor of PDLSC cultures determines cellular responsiveness to the chemicals tested. Methods Impedimetry (concentration-response study), WST-1 assays (WST = water soluble tetrazolium salt), and morphology analysis were performed to measure changes in cell viability induced by the 3 disinfectants; immunocytochemistry of stem cell markers (STRO-1, CD90, and CD105) measured the induced mesenchymal characteristics. Results Cell viability experiments demonstrated that the application of ClO2 does not lead to a significant decrease in viability of PLDSCs in concentrations used to kill microbes. On the contrary, traditional irrigants, H2O2, and CHX are highly toxic on PDLSCs. Aging of PLDSC cultures (passages 3 vs. 7) has characteristic effects on their responsiveness to these agents as the increased expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers turns to decreased. Conclusions and clinical relevance While the active ingredients of mouthwash (H2O2, CHX) applied in endodontic or periodontitis management have a serious toxic effect on PDLSCs, the novel hyperpure ClO2 is less toxic providing an environment favoring dental structure regenerations during disinfectant interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Láng
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina S Nagy
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julia Láng
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Perczel-Kovách
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department in Community Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Herczegh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lohinai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kőhidai
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Berner T, Nakahara K, Kobayashi E, Tanaka A, Taniguchi Y, Iizuka T, Sawada K. Investigating the effect of antiseptic solution on the release of interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor beta 1 from human gingival fibroblasts using wound healing assays. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:293-297. [PMID: 32581176 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the effect of different antiseptics and different concentrations thereof in a model of wound healing using human gingival fibroblasts. The fibroblasts were rinsed with four different antiseptic solutions: sodium hypochlorite (HYP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and benzalkonium chloride (BC). The effect on the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). In addition, the effects of the antiseptics on wound healing at 1, 12, 24, and 48 h were assessed through a wound healing assay. The viability of the fibroblasts rinsed with antiseptics was investigated with respect to the concentrations inhibiting cell growth by 50% (IC50), 25% (IC25), and ≤2% (IC2). A statistically significant increased release of IL-6 was obtained with BC IC25 and IC2 after 12, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.01). For TGF-β1, no significant release was found for CHX IC2 after 24 and 48 h or for IC50 and IC25 after 12 h. There was no significant effect on wound healing capacity for CHX or for BC IC25 and IC2. This study demonstrated that antiseptic rinses of human gingival fibroblasts alter the release of IL-6 and TGF-β1 and impact wound healing capacity, with both BC and CHX conferring neutral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Berner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata.,Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich
| | - Ken Nakahara
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Eizaburo Kobayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
| | - Yoichi Taniguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tateyuki Iizuka
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern
| | - Kosaku Sawada
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata
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9
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Baďurová K, Motola M, Janczura A, Roch T, Satrapinskyy L, Greguš J, Dworniczek E, Plesch G. Structural transformation of Ag3PO4 and Ag3PO4/TiO2 induced by visible light and Cl− ions: its impact on their photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and antifungal performance. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Buyukozer Ozkan H, Terlemez A, Orhan EO. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Analysis of Mixtures of Chlorhexidine with Different Oxidizing Agents Activated by Photon-Induced Photoacoustic Streaming for Root Canal Irrigation. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 38:374-379. [PMID: 32119810 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the possible interactions between photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS™)-activated oxidizing agents and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Background data: There is no information about the safety of laser-activated oxidizing agents in combination usage with chlorhexidine gluconate. Materials and methods: Groups were designed as follows G1: 98% para-chloroaniline (PCA); G2: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); G3: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) +2% CHX; G4: 5.25% NaOCl (30 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX; G5: 5.25% NaOCl (60 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX; G6: 3.5% chlorine dioxide (ClO2) + 2% CHX; G7: 3.5% (ClO2) (30 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX; G8: 3.5% (ClO2) (60 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX. The laser-irrigation protocol was performed with an erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser with a wavelength of 2940 nm equipped with a 140 mm long endodontic fiber tip (PIPS) using 10 mJ at 15 Hz (0.15 W), per pulse operating outputs. Groups were analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, using PCA as an internal standard. Results: No free PCA was formed in any groups of mixtures or after PIPS activation. Conclusions: Mixing of 3.5% ClO2 and 2% CHX does not form bulky precipitates, unlike the mixture NaOCl + CHX. PIPS activation does not cause changes in reactions of oxidizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Buyukozer Ozkan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Arslan Terlemez
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ekim Onur Orhan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Lafaurie GI, Zaror C, Díaz-Báez D, Castillo DM, De Ávila J, Trujillo TG, Calderón-Mendoza J. Evaluation of substantivity of hypochlorous acid as an antiplaque agent: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:527-534. [PMID: 29608039 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a non-antibiotic antimicrobial substance with significant effects on pathogenic oral micro-organisms. The effects of HOCl as an antiplaque agent have not been studied. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the substantivity of HOCl mouthwashes compared with chlorhexidine (CHX) rinses and a placebo. MATERIALS AND METHODS A double-blind randomized controlled trial with 75 participants was conducted. Participants were divided into five groups using block randomization: 0.025% HOCl, 0.05% HOCl, 0.12% CHX, 0.2% CHX, and sterile water as a placebo. Participants were instructed to use each rinse solution for 30 seconds after dental prophylaxis. Samples of saliva were taken at baseline and after 30 seconds, 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours to assess substantivity, and bacterial viability was established by the fluorescence method. Visible plaque in all participants was assessed with the Turesky index at baseline and at 7 hours, and adverse events were also assessed. RESULTS HOCl led to a 33% reduction in bacterial counts in the saliva after 30 seconds compared with a 58% reduction by CHX. HOCl has no substantivity, and bacterial counts returned to baseline after 1 hour. Placebo treatment led to the highest plaque count after 7 hours compared with the CHX and HOCl groups, although the differences were not significant. HOCl rinsing induced the highest percentages of unpleasant taste and dryness sensations. CONCLUSIONS HOCl rinses have an initial effect on bacterial viability in saliva but have no substantivity. Other mechanisms may explain its antiplaque effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Lafaurie
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Zaror
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology, Economics and Oral Public Health (CIEESPO), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia CIGES, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - D Díaz-Báez
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D M Castillo
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J De Ávila
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - T G Trujillo
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
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Ravinanthanan M, Hegde MN, Shetty V, Kumari S. Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Combination Irrigant Regimens with MTAD on Two Different Cell Lines. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:255-259. [PMID: 29875570 PMCID: PMC5968692 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_854_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Effective management of smear layer ensures adequate clinical success. Use of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid regimen has been the gold standard with limitations. Commercial irrigants incorporate surface modifiers to address these drawbacks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of combination regimens on target and nontarget cell lines by trypan blue assay. Materials and Methods: Nonsurfactant combination regimen of chlorhexidine (CHX) and NaOCl (2% CHX + 2.5% NaOCl) and surfactant regimens of CHX with cetrimide (CTR) (2% CHX + 0.5% CTR) and CHX with sodium dodecyl sulfate (2% CHX + 1% SDS) were prepared. 0.9% normal saline (NS) and Biopure MTAD (100%) served as control. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) and Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cell lines by trypan blue assay. Thirty microliter of the cell suspension was treated with 20 μl of irrigants. The cell suspension was loaded into Neubauer chamber after 5 min and cell count was performed under inverted microscope and expressed as viability percentage. Results: Nonsurfactant combination comprising of 2% CHX + 2.5% NaOCl formed a brownish precipitate while surfactant combination regimes were stable without any precipitate formation. NS and 2% CHX + 0.5% CTR had greater viability scores on both cell lines. Two percent CHX + 1% SDS had better viability on HeLa but were severely cytotoxic on HGF. Two percent CHX + 2.5% NaOCl and MTAD were found to be severely cytotoxic on HeLa with limited viability on HGF. Conclusion: The variation in data obtained could be possibly attributed to the difference in the cellular membrane composition and mechanism of action of combination regimens. Experimental surfactant regimen 2% CHX + 0.5% CTR shows lower cytotoxicity than MTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Ravinanthanan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Mithra N Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Veena Shetty
- Department of Microbiology, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchetha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Kamalasanan RR, Devarasanahalli SV, Aswathanarayana RM, Rashmi K, Gowda Y, Nadig RR. Effect of 5% Chlorine Dioxide Irrigant on Micro Push Out Bond Strength of Resin Sealer to Radicular Dentin: An In Vitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC49-ZC53. [PMID: 28658907 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/25519.9857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been recently investigated as a possible root canal irrigant due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial action, tissue dissolution and smear layer removal properties. Literature is scarce on the effect of chlorine dioxide irrigation on the resin sealer dentin bond strength. AIM To compare 5% chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with or without Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) with 3% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and EDTA combination as endodontic irrigants on the adhesion of AH Plus sealer to radicular dentin using micro- Push out Bond Strength (µPBS) test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty freshly extracted central incisors were decoronated and randomly divided into four groups based on the different irrigation regimes followed during irrigation: Group I - 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group II - 5% ClO2 + 17% EDTA, Group III - 5% ClO2 and Group IV - Saline, and canal enlarged till Protaper F3. All the samples were obturated with F3 gutta-percha cones using AH Plus sealer and sectioned perpendicular to long axis to obtain 1mm thick slices from the middle and coronal portions for µPBS measurement in universal testing machine followed by assessment of failure pattern under stereomicroscope. Data was analysed using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni and t-test. RESULTS Bond strength values were in the following order: Group I>Group II>Group III>Group IV, with no statistically significant difference amongst experimental groups on intergroup comparison, except with saline. The µPBS values were more in coronal third than middle third in all specimens, with no statistical significant difference. Mode of failure showed mixed patterns in all experimental groups except saline. CONCLUSION In the present study, the bond strength values of ClO2 were comparable with conventional NaOCl and EDTA combination and hence, ClO2 can be considered as an effective alternative endodontic irrigant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejitha R Kamalasanan
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar, College of Dental Sciences/Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Swapna V Devarasanahalli
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences/Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ranjini M Aswathanarayana
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences/Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Rashmi
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences/Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Yashwanth Gowda
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences/Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa R Nadig
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences/Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Quantitative reverse transcription PCR to determine the inactivation of Human Rotavirus by chlorine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:719-725. [PMID: 28292642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the rotaviral VP4 gene (VP4-RT-qPCR) was established to evaluate the inactivation of HRV upon chlorine disinfection, based on a previous report that damage to the 1227-2354bp region of the VP4 gene was associated with eliminated HRV infectivity by chlorine. In this study, inactivation of HRV by 0.6mg/L free chlorine was assessed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2), and tap and river water samples, using both TCID50 and RT-qPCR (VP2- and VP4-RT-qPCR) assays, respectively. Among the samples tested, the VP2-RT-qPCR method did not show significant inactivation after chlorine disinfection; however, the reduction in VP4-RT-qPCR signal was correlated with decreased HRV infectivity. Moreover, the higher sensitivity of the VP4-RT-qPCR assay allowed for assessment of chlorine HRV inactivation at longer exposure times compared with the conventional TCID50 assay. Collectively, these results indicated that the VP4-RT-qPCR assay is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool to detect infectious HRV following chlorine inactivation, and highlights the potential for further development of qPCR/RT-qPCR assays to provide information regarding viral infectivity from drinking water plants.
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Viola KS, Rodrigues EM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Carlos IZ, Ramos SG, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Faria G. Cytotoxicity of peracetic acid: evaluation of effects on metabolism, structure and cell death. Int Endod J 2017; 51 Suppl 4:e264-e277. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Viola
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Araraquara School of Dentistry; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - E. M. Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Araraquara School of Dentistry; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - M. Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Araraquara School of Dentistry; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - I. Z. Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis; Araraquara School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - S. G. Ramos
- Department of Pathology; Ribeirão Preto Medical School; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - J. M. Guerreiro-Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Araraquara School of Dentistry; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - G. Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Araraquara School of Dentistry; UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista; Araraquara SP Brazil
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Taneja S, Mishra N, Malik S. Comparative evaluation of human pulp tissue dissolution by different concentrations of chlorine dioxide, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:541-5. [PMID: 25506141 PMCID: PMC4252927 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.144590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irrigation plays an indispensable role in removal of tissue remnants and debris from the complicated root canal system. This study compared the human pulp tissue dissolution by different concentrations of chlorine dioxide, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pulp tissue was standardized to a weight of 9 mg for each sample. In all,60 samples obtained were divided into 6 groups according to the irrigating solution used- 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5.25% NaOCl, 5% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), 10% Ca(OCl)2, 5%chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and 13% ClO2. Pulp tissue was placed in each test tube carrying irrigants of measured volume (5ml) according to their specified subgroup time interval: 30 minutes (Subgroup A) and 60 minutes (Subgroup B). The solution from each sample test tube was filtered and was left for drying overnight. The residual weight was calculated by filtration method. RESULTS Mean tissue dissolution increases with increase in time period. Results showed 5.25% NaOCl to be most effective at both time intervals followed by 2.5% NaOCl at 60 minutes, 10%Ca(OCl)2 and 13% ClO2 at 60 minutes. Least amount of tissue dissolving ability was demonstrated by 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 5% ClO2 at 30 minutes. Distilled water showed no pulp tissue dissolution. CONCLUSION Withinthe limitations of the study, NaOCl most efficiently dissolved the pulp tissue at both concentrations and at both time intervals. Mean tissue dissolution by Ca(OCl)2 and ClO2 gradually increased with time and with their increase in concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Taneja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Malik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Singh S, Arora V, Majithia I, Dhiman RK, Kumar D, Ather A. Comparative evaluation of 15% ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid plus cetavlon and 5% chlorine dioxide in removal of smear layer: A scanning electron microscope study. Contemp Clin Dent 2013; 4:67-70. [PMID: 23853455 PMCID: PMC3703697 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of smear layer removal by 5% chlorine dioxide and 15% Ethylenediamine Tetra-Acetic Acid plus Cetavlon (EDTAC) from the human root canal dentin. Materials and Methods Fifty single rooted human mandibular anterior teeth were divided into two groups of 20 teeth each and control group of 10 teeth. The root canals were prepared till F3 protaper and initially irrigated with 2% Sodium hypochlorite followed by 1 min irrigation with 15% EDTAC or 5% Chlorine dioxide respectively. The control group was irrigated with saline. The teeth were longitudinally split and observed under Scanning electron microscope SEM (×2000). Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical analysis was done using General Linear Mixed Model. Results: At the coronal thirds, no statistically significant difference was found between 15% EDTAC and 5% Chlorine dioxide in removing smear layer. In the middle and apical third region 15% EDTAC showed better smear layer removal ability than 5% Chlorine dioxide. Conclusion: Final irrigation with 15% EDTAC is superior to 5% chlorine dioxide in removing smear layer in the middle and apical third of radicular dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Command Military Dental Centre, Central Command, Lucknow, India
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18
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Singh S, Sinha R, Kar SK, Ather A, Limaye SN. Effect of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite on the dissolution of human pulp tissue - An in vitro study. Med J Armed Forces India 2012; 68:356-9. [PMID: 24532904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic tissue dissolution is an important property of an irrigant which aids in the success of root canal treatment. Recent studies have advocated the use of Chlorine dioxide as an endodontic irrigant. The aim of this study is to compare the dissolution efficacy of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite on human pulp tissue. METHODS In this study, 2% Sodium hypochlorite, 5% Chlorine dioxide and isotonic saline solution (control) were used. Thirty human pulp tissue specimens were exposed to three test solutions (n = 10) for 30 min following which the loss of weight was compared from the original weight by using a digital analytical balance. RESULTS Sodium hypochlorite was more efficient in dissolving human pulp tissue when compared to Chlorine dioxide. Isotonic saline solution failed to dissolve any of the specimens. CONCLUSION 5% Chlorine dioxide is capable of dissolving human pulp tissue but sodium hypochlorite was more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Dental Officer, 336 Field Hospital, C/O 56 APO, Saugor 470001, India
| | - Ramen Sinha
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Kothrepally, Vikarabad, Hyderabad 501101, India
| | - S K Kar
- Commanding Officer, 336 Field Hospital, C/O 56 APO, Saugor 470001, India
| | - Amber Ather
- Assistant Professor, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - S N Limaye
- Professor, Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Saugor 470001, India
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Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N. Root canal irrigants. J Conserv Dent 2011; 13:256-64. [PMID: 21217955 PMCID: PMC3010032 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.73378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful root canal therapy relies on the combination of proper instrumentation, irrigation, and obturation of the root canal. Of these three essential steps of root canal therapy, irrigation of the root canal is the most important determinant in the healing of the periapical tissues. The primary endodontic treatment goal must thus be to optimize root canal disinfection and to prevent reinfection. In this review of the literature, various irrigants and the interactions between irrigants are discussed. We performed a Medline search for English-language papers published untill July 2010. The keywords used were ‘root canal irrigants’ and ‘endodontic irrigants.’ The reference lists of each article were manually checked for additional articles of relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivanayagam Kandaswamy
- Journal of Conservative Dentistry Editor (2005-2007), Department of Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur - 116, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Brocker C, Cantore M, Failli P, Vasiliou V. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) attenuates reactive aldehyde and oxidative stress induced cytotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:269-77. [PMID: 21338592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) is homologous to plant ALDH7B1 which protects against various forms of stress such as increased salinity, dehydration and treatment with oxidants or pesticides. Deleterious mutations in human ALDH7A1 are responsible for pyridoxine-dependent and folinic acid-responsive seizures. In previous studies, we have shown that human ALDH7A1 protects against hyperosmotic stress presumably through the generation of betaine, an important cellular osmolyte, formed from betaine aldehyde. Hyperosmotic stress is coupled to an increase in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO). In this study, cell viability assays revealed that stable expression of mitochondrial ALDH7A1 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells provides significant protection against treatment with the LPO-derived aldehydes hexanal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) implicating a protective function for the enzyme during oxidative stress. A significant increase in cell survival was also observed in CHO cells expressing either mitochondrial or cytosolic ALDH7A1 treated with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or 4HNE, providing further evidence for anti-oxidant activity. In vitro enzyme activity assays indicate that human ALDH7A1 is sensitive to oxidation and that efficiency can be at least partially restored by incubating recombinant protein with the thiol reducing agent β-mercaptoethanol (BME). We also show that after reactivation with BME, recombinant ALDH7A1 is capable of metabolizing the reactive aldehyde 4HNE. In conclusion, ALDH7A1 mechanistically appears to provide cells protection through multiple pathways including the removal of toxic LPO-derived aldehydes in addition to osmolyte generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brocker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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21
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Alcaide P, Merinero B, Ruiz-Sala P, Richard E, Navarrete R, Arias A, Ribes A, Artuch R, Campistol J, Ugarte M, Rodríguez-Pombo P. Defining the pathogenicity of creatine deficiency syndrome. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:282-91. [PMID: 21140503 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This work examined nine patients with creatine deficiency syndrome (CDS): six with a creatine transport (CRTR) defect and three with a GAMT defect. Eleven nucleotide variations were detected: six in SLC6A8 and five in GAMT. These changes were analyzed at the mRNA level and specific alleles (most of which bore premature stop codons) were selected as nulls because they provoked nonsense-mediated decay activation. The impact of these CDS mutations on metabolic stress (ROS production, p38MAPK activation, aberrant proliferation and apoptosis) was analyzed in patient fibroblast cultures. Oxidative stress contributed toward the severe form of CDS, with increases seen in the intracellular ROS content and the percentage of apoptotic cells. An altered cell cycle was also seen in a number of CRTR and GAMT fibroblast cell lines (mostly those carrying null alleles). p38MAPK activation only correlated with oxidative stress in the CRTR cells. Based on intracellular creatine levels, the contribution of energy depletion toward metabolic stress was demonstrable only in selected CRTR cells. Together, these findings suggest that the apoptotic response to genotoxic damage in the present CDS cells may have been triggered by different cell signaling pathways. They also suggest that reducing oxidative stress could be helpful in treating CDS. Hum Mutat 32:1-10, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alcaide
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Li D, Gu AZ, Zeng S, Yang W, He M, Shi H. Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1691-8. [PMID: 22432265 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log10 reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (ESPC) State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Bahri R, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Rouabhia M. Cytokine release and cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1-methylpyrene and perylene). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:552-564. [PMID: 20391135 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903566617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (1-methyplyrene and perylene) were investigated on human skin keratinocytes. Normal human keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of 1-methylpyrene and perylene either alone or in combination. Following incubation, keratinocyte adhesion, viability, proliferation, colony-forming efficiency, and apoptosis/necrosis level were examined. The effects of PAH on wound healing were also determined in vitro using a scrape-wound healing assay on epidermis-like tissue. In addition, the inflammatory cell response to PAH insult was examined through interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion. Each individual PAH significantly decreased keratinocyte adhesion and viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with a reduced ability of keratinocytes to proliferate and form colonies. When PAH were combined, a greater effect on keratinocyte adhesion, viability, and proliferation was noted. Decreased cell proliferation/colony-forming efficiency was accompanied by increased cell apoptosis following incubation with either PAH. This effect was enhanced by the inhibitory influence on keratinocyte migration, as assessed by culture scratching. Each PAH also exerted a significant effect on keratinocyte immune functions by modulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Indeed, 1-methylpyrene or perylene, individually or when combined, significantly upregulated IL-1alpha and IL-6 secretion. This effect was greater and was concentration dependent when the PAH combination was used. Overall results indicate that 1-methylpyrene and perylene exerted a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes. Our findings may shed light on mechanisms underlying potential adverse effects of 1-methylpyrene and perylene on human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Bahri
- Groupe de recherche en ecologie buccale, Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Pavillon de Medecine dentaire, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
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