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Laberge S, Akoum D, Wlodarczyk P, Massé JD, Fournier D, Semlali A. The Potential Role of Epigenetic Modifications on Different Facets in the Periodontal Pathogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1202. [PMID: 37372382 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the supporting structures of teeth. In the literature, the association between the pathogenicity of bacteria and environmental factors in this regard have been extensively examined. In the present study, we will shed light on the potential role that epigenetic change can play on different facets of its process, more particularly the modifications concerning the genes involved in inflammation, defense, and immune systems. Since the 1960s, the role of genetic variants in the onset and severity of periodontal disease has been widely demonstrated. These make some people more susceptible to developing it than others. It has been documented that the wide variation in its frequency for various racial and ethnic populations is due primarily to the complex interplay among genetic factors with those affecting the environment and the demography. In molecular biology, epigenetic modifications are defined as any change in the promoter for the CpG islands, in the structure of the histone protein, as well as post-translational regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs), being known to contribute to the alteration in gene expression for complex multifactorial diseases such as periodontitis. The key role of epigenetic modification is to understand the mechanism involved in the gene-environment interaction, and the development of periodontitis is now the subject of more and more studies that attempt to identify which factors are stimulating it, but also affect the reduced response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Laberge
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Daniel Akoum
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Piotr Wlodarczyk
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Daniel Massé
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Soldati KR, Gutierrez LS, Anovazzi G, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Zandim-Barcelos DL. Impact of smoking on protein levels of beta-defensins in periodontal disease. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:79-86. [PMID: 36043572 PMCID: PMC9645181 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of the host response against invading pathogens. In addition to their direct antimicrobial activity, they can also participate in the immune system modulation. However, the role of AMPs in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease and the risk factors that may influence their expression in the oral cavity are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of smoking on beta-defensin (hBD) 1 and 2 levels analyzing samples from periodontitis patients. Fifty patients with periodontitis, 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers, and 20 periodontally healthy patients were recruited. After periodontal clinical evaluation, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from healthy sites of patients without periodontal disease and from healthy and diseased sites of patients with periodontitis. Peptides quantification was performed by sandwich ELISA technique. Smokers showed reduced GCF hBD 1 levels and increased hBD 2 levels compared to non-smokers in diseased sites (p <0.05). Higher levels of hBD 1 were observed in healthy sites of patients without periodontal disease than in healthy sites of patients with periodontitis (p<0.0001). Diseased sites of non-smokers presented higher levels of hBD 2 than healthy sites (p <0.05). These results reveal that protein levels of hBDs 1 and 2 can be impaired by cigarette smoking in the presence of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahena Rodrigues Soldati
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Silva Gutierrez
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anovazzi
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Mantuaneli Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric
Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP,
Brazil
| | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University
(Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Soldati KR, Toledo FA, Aquino SG, Rossa C, Deng D, Zandim-Barcelos DL. Smoking reduces cathelicidin LL-37 and human neutrophil peptide 1-3 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2020; 92:562-570. [PMID: 32820828 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides are components of innate immune response that have a key role on susceptibility and resistance of the oral cavity to diseases. This study aimed to investigate the influence of smoking on cathelicidin LL-37 and human neutrophil peptides 1 through 3 (HNP 1-3) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontitis. The relationship between levels of these peptides with the periodontal status and selected inflammatory mediators levels in smokers and non-smokers was also evaluated. METHODS Forty patients with periodontitis, 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers were recruited. After a full periodontal clinical assessment, GCF samples were collected from healthy (n = 5) and diseased (n = 5) sites of each patient. Peptides and inflammatory mediators in the GCF were quantitated by sandwich ELISAs and Multiplex assay, respectively. RESULTS Diseased sites had significantly (P <0.05) higher levels of LL-37 and lower levels of HNP 1-3 than healthy sites in both smokers and non-smokers. Diseased sites of smokers presented significantly lower levels of LL-37 and HNP 1-3 when compared with diseased sites of non-smokers. Concentration of LL-37 was directly correlated with the presence of proinflammatory mediators matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and interleukin (IL)-1β and inversely correlated with concentration of IL-10. HNP 1-3 concentration was positively correlated with IL-10 and negatively correlated with concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Smoking was associated with reduced levels of LL-37 and HNP 1-3 in GCF of patients with periodontitis. LL-37 had a distinct expression pattern from HNP 1-3: LL-37 was upregulated in diseased sites, and HNP 1-3 was increased in periodontally healthy sites.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahena R Soldati
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Toledo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina G Aquino
- Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Healthy Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rossa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela L Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang Y, Anderson EP, Tatakis DN. Whole transcriptome analysis of smoker palatal mucosa identifies multiple downregulated innate immunity genes. J Periodontol 2020; 91:756-766. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Division of PeriodontologyCollege of DentistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH
| | - Eric P. Anderson
- Division of PeriodontologyCollege of DentistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH
- Private practice Aurora CO
| | - Dimitris N. Tatakis
- Division of PeriodontologyCollege of DentistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH
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Jourdain M, Velard F, Pierrard L, Sergheraert J, Gangloff SC, Braux J. Cationic antimicrobial peptides and periodontal physiopathology: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:589-600. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Laure Jourdain
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Frédéric Velard
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
| | - Loïc Pierrard
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Johan Sergheraert
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
| | - Sophie C. Gangloff
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Pharmacie Reims France
| | - Julien Braux
- EA 4691 "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux" (BIOS) Université de Reims‐Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- UFR Odontologie Reims France
- Pôle de Médecine Bucco‐Dentaire CHU de Reims Reims France
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Jourdain ML, Pierrard L, Kanagaratnam L, Velard F, Sergheraert J, Lefèvre B, Gangloff SC, Braux J. Antimicrobial peptide gene expression in periodontitis patients: A pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:524-537. [PMID: 29446150 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the most active components of innate immunity and have characteristics that could place them at the heart of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study investigated differences in the expression of AMP coding genes obtained using a simple harvesting technique, gingival smear, between two groups of patients: chronic periodontitis subjects versus healthy ones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three patients were enrolled in two groups: 12 were diagnosed with moderate or severe generalized chronic periodontitis, and 11 were diagnosed as clinically healthy. Gingival smears were retrieved and studied using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) after mRNA purification. RESULTS Fifteen gene expressions were obtained using real-time RT-qPCR. Three AMP genes, histatin 3 (HTN3), α-defensin 4 (DEFA4) and lysozyme C (LYZ), presented different expression levels in periodontitis patients compared with healthy subjects. The relative expression level of DEFA4 appeared to be a protective factor against periodontitis. CONCLUSION Gingival smears studied by RT-qPCR may be used to assess the expression of AMPs coding genes. A lack of expression of DEFA4 could be a potential indicator of periodontitis status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Jourdain
- EA 4691 Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Odontologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Loïc Pierrard
- UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Odontologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France.,EA 3797 Santé Publique, Vieillissement, Qualité de Vie et Réadaptation des Sujets Fragiles, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Lukshe Kanagaratnam
- Pôle Odontologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France.,EA 3797 Santé Publique, Vieillissement, Qualité de Vie et Réadaptation des Sujets Fragiles, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frédéric Velard
- EA 4691 Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR Odontologie, Reims, France
| | - Johan Sergheraert
- EA 4691 Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Pôle Odontologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Benoît Lefèvre
- UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Odontologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- EA 4691 Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Julien Braux
- EA 4691 Biomatériaux et inflammation en site osseux (BIOS), SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Odontologie, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
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Ghattas Ayoub C, Aminoshariae A, Bakkar M, Ghosh S, Bonfield T, Demko C, Montagnese TA, Mickel AK. Comparison of IL-1β, TNF-α, hBD-2, and hBD-3 Expression in the Dental Pulp of Smokers Versus Nonsmokers. J Endod 2017; 43:2009-2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li S, Schmalz G, Schmidt J, Krause F, Haak R, Ziebolz D. Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:145-155. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Li
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - G. Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Schmidt
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - F. Krause
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - D. Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Wang WM, Ye P, Qian YJ, Gao YF, Li JJ, Sun FF, Zhang WY, Wang X. Effects of whole cigarette smoke on human beta defensins expression and secretion by oral mucosal epithelial cells. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:3. [PMID: 25635179 PMCID: PMC4310021 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoke a recognized risk factor for many systemic diseases and also oral diseases. Human beta defensins (HBDs), a group of important antimicrobial peptides expressed by the epithelium, are crucial for local defense and tissue homeostasis of oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential effects of whole cigarette smoke (WCS) exposure on the expression and secretion of HBDs by oral mucosal epithelial cells. Methods Immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cells were exposed to WCS for various time periods. HBD-1, -2 and -3 expression and subcellular localization were detected by real time qPCR, immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy. According to the relative fluorescent intensity, the expression levels of HBD-1, -2 and -3 were evaluated by digital image analysis system. The alteration of HBD-1, -2 and -3 secretion levels was measured by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results WCS exposure remarkably attenuated HBD-1 expression and secretion while clearly enhanced HBD-2, -3 expression levels and HBD-2 secretion by Leuk-l cells. It appeared that there was no significant effect of WCS exposure on HBD-3 secretion. Conclusions WCS exposure could modulate expression and secretion of HBDs by oral mucosal epithelial cells, establishing a link between cigarette smoke and abnormal levels of antimicrobial peptides. The present results may give a new perspective to investigate smoking-related local defense suppression and oral disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Mei Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Pei Ye
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Ya-Jie Qian
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Ya-Fan Gao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Fang-Fang Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 21008 China.,Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Wei-Yun Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093 China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008 China.,Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093 China
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Wang X, Qian YJ, Zhou Q, Ye P, Duan N, Huang XF, Zhu YN, Li JJ, Hu LP, Zhang WY, Han XD, Wang WM. Caspase-12 silencing attenuates inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke extract on NOD1 signaling and hBDs expression in human oral mucosal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115053. [PMID: 25503380 PMCID: PMC4263745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure is associated with increased risk of various diseases. Epithelial cells-mediated innate immune responses to infectious pathogens are compromised by cigarette smoke. Although many studies have established that cigarette smoke exposure affects the expression of Toll-liked receptor (TLR), it remains unknown whether the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) expression is affected by cigarette smoke exposure. In the study, we investigated effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on NOD1 signaling in an immortalized human oral mucosal epithelial (Leuk-1) cell line. We first found that CSE inhibited NOD1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, CSE modulated the expression of other crucial molecules in NOD1 signaling and human β defensin (hBD) 1, 2 and 3. We found that RNA interference-induced Caspase-12 silencing increased NOD1 and phospho-NF-κB (p-NF-κB) expression and down-regulated RIP2 expression. The inhibitory effects of CSE on NOD1 signaling can be attenuated partially through Caspase-12 silencing. Intriguingly, Caspase-12 silencing abrogated inhibitory effects of CSE on hBD1, 3 expression and augmented induced effect of CSE on hBD2 expression. Caspase-12 could play a vital role in the inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke on NOD1 signaling and hBDs expression in oral mucosal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-jie Qian
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Ye
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Duan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-feng Huang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-nan Zhu
- Department of Endodontics, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-jing Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-ping Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-yun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-dong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XDH)
| | - Wen-mei Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XDH)
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