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Shu F, Chen H, Zhang Z, Dun Z, Lv W, Sun W, Liu M. Shear Bond Strength to Enamel, Mechanical Properties and Cellular Studies of Fiber-Reinforced Composites Modified by Depositing SiO 2 Nanofilms on Quartz Fibers via Atomic Layer Deposition. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2113-2136. [PMID: 38476282 PMCID: PMC10929249 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s446584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Poor interfacial bonding between the fibers and resin matrix in fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) is a significant drawback of the composites. To enhance the mechanical properties of FRC, fibers were modified by depositing SiO2 nanofilms via the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ALD treatment of the fibers on the mechanical properties of the FRCs. Methods The quartz fibers were modified by depositing different cycles (50, 100, 200, and 400) of SiO2 nanofilms via the ALD technique and FRCs were proposed from the modified fibers. The morphologies, surface characterizations of nanofilms, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of FRCs were systematically investigated. Moreover, the shear bond strength (SBS) of FRCs to human enamel was also evaluated. Results The SEM and SE results showed that the ALD-deposited SiO2 nanofilms have good conformality and homogeneity. According to the results of FTIR and TGA, SiO2 nanofilms and quartz fiber surfaces had good chemical combinations. Three-point bending tests with FRCs showed that the deposited SiO2 nanofilms effectively improved FRCs' strength and Group D underwent 100 deposition cycles and had the highest flexural strength before and after aging. Furthermore, the strength of the FRCs demonstrated a crescendo-decrescendo tendency with SiO2 nanofilm thickness increasing. The SBS results also showed that Group D had outstanding performance. Moreover, the results of cytotoxicity experiments such as cck8, LDH and Elisa, etc., showed that the FRCs have good cytocompatibility. Conclusion Changing the number of ALD reaction cycles affects the mechanical properties of FRCs, which may be related to the stress relaxation and fracture between SiO2 nanofilm layers and the built-up internal stresses in the nanofilms. Eventually, the SiO2 nanofilms could enhance the FRCs' mechanical properties and performance to enamel by improving the interfacial bonding strength, and have good cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyue Dun
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijin Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangxinyue Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Cengiz S, Bagis B, Külünk Ş, Velioğlu N, Sağlam G. Comparison of fiber reinforcing methods of composite resin: A flexural strength and stereo microscopy study. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:252-257. [PMID: 36408657 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of fiber reinforcing methods on the flexural strength and failure modes of indirect composite resins. Based on the reinforcement methods, the bar specimens (3 × 3 × 25 mm) were divided into five groups (n = 20). Glass or polyethylene fibers were used for reinforcement of indirect composite resins. Fibers were either light polymerized and mixed with indirect composite resin or mixed with indirect composite resin after resin application and polymerized together. Indirect composite resin without fiber reinforcement was used as control. All five types of specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. Half of the specimens were additionally thermocycled. Then the specimens were tested in a three-point bending test. Failure types were examined and categorized by using stereo microscope. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Flexural strength was found to be significantly higher for fiber-reinforced indirect resin composites than control. However, the fiber-reinforced groups did not present any significant difference. Analysis revealed aging does not affect the flexure strength of fiber reinforcement of indirect composite resin. The study concluded that the flexure strength of indirect composite resins was improved with fiber reinforcement. Different fiber reinforcement methods demonstrated similar effects on the flexure strength of indirect composite resin. Reinforcement with glass or polyethylene fibers presented the potential to improve the mechanical properties of indirect composite resins. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Flexural strength of indirect composite resins are affected by the reinforcement of composites with glass or polyethylene fibers. Aging with thermocycling has no effect on the flexural strength of the indirect composite resins, however can cause catastrophic failures in material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Cengiz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Bora Bagis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şafak Külünk
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, 19 Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Neslin Velioğlu
- Navadent Oral and Dental Health Policlinic, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Gaye Sağlam
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Comparison of CAD-CAM and traditional chairside processing of 4-unit interim prostheses with and without cantilevers: Mechanics, fracture behavior, and finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 125:543.e1-543.e10. [PMID: 33461774 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM How processing by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) or traditional chairside fabrication techniques affects the presence of defects and the mechanical properties of interim dental prostheses is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of CAD-CAM versus traditional chairside material processing on the fracture and biomechanical behavior of 4-unit interim prostheses with and without a cantilever. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two types of 4-unit interim prostheses were fabricated with abutments on the first premolar and first mandibular molar, one from a prefabricated CAD-CAM block and one with a traditional chairside polymer-monomer autopolymerizing acrylic resin (n=10). Both groups were assessed by compressive strength testing and additionally with or without a cantilevered second molar by using a universal testing machine with a 5-kN load cell. A finite element model (FEM) was built by scanning both prosthesis designs. Finite element analysis (FEA) replicated the experimental conditions to evaluate the stress distribution through the prostheses. RESULTS Interim fixed prostheses manufactured by CAD-CAM showed significantly higher mean fracture loading values (3126 N to 3136 N) than for conventionally made interim fixed prostheses (1287 N to 1390 N) (P=.001). The presence of a cantilever decreased the fracture loading mean values for CAD-CAM (1954 N to 2649 N), although the cantilever did not influence the traditional prostheses (1268 N to 1634 N). The highest von Mises stresses were recorded by FEA on the occlusal surface, with the cantilever design, and at the transition region (connector) between the prosthetic teeth. CONCLUSIONS Interim partial prostheses produced by CAD-CAM had a higher strength than those manufactured traditionally. The presence of a cantilever negatively affected the strength of the prostheses, although the structures manufactured by CAD-CAM still revealed high strength and homogenous stress distribution on occlusal loading.
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Tanaka CB, Ershad F, Ellakwa A, Kruzic JJ. Fiber reinforcement of a resin modified glass ionomer cement. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1516-1523. [PMID: 33010942 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understand how discontinuous short glass fibers and braided long fibers can be effectively used to reinforce a resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) for carious lesion restorations. METHODS Two control groups (powder/liquid kit and capsule) were prepared from a light cured RMGIC. Either discontinuous short glass fibers or braided polyethylene fiber ribbons were used as a reinforcement both with and without pre-impregnation with resin. For the former case, the matrix was the powder/liquid kit RMGIC, and for the latter case the matrix was the capsule form. Flexural strength was evaluated by three-point beam bending and fracture toughness was evaluated by the single-edge V-notch beam method. Compressive strength tests were performed on cylindrical samples. Results were compared by analysis of variances and Tukey's post-hoc test. Flexural strength data were analyzed using Weibull statistical analysis. RESULTS The short fiber reinforced RMGIC both with and without pre-impregnation showed a significant increase of ∼50% in the mean flexural strength and 160-220% higher fracture toughness compared with the powder/liquid RMGIC control. Reinforcement with continuous braided fibers gave more than a 150% increase in flexural strength, and pre-impregnation of the braided fibers with resin resulted in a significant flexural strength increase of more than 300% relative to the capsule control. However, for the short fiber reinforced RMGIC there was no significant benefit of resin pre-impregnation of the fibers. The Weibull modulus for the flexural strength approximately doubled for the fiber reinforced groups compared to the control groups. Finally, compressive strength was similar for all the groups tested. SIGNIFICANCE By using a RMGIC as a matrix, higher flexural strength was achieved compared to reported values for short fiber reinforced GICs. Additionally, the short fibers provided effective toughening of the RMGIC matrix by a fiber bridging mechanism. Finally, continuous braided polyethylene fibers gave much higher flexural strength than discontinuous glass fibers, and their effectiveness was enhanced by pre-impregnation of the fibers with resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina B Tanaka
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Frances Ershad
- School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ayman Ellakwa
- School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jamie J Kruzic
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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Alp G, Murat S, Yilmaz B. Comparison of Flexural Strength of Different CAD/CAM PMMA-Based Polymers. J Prosthodont 2018; 28:e491-e495. [PMID: 29377319 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the flexural strength of different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) poly(methyl methacrylate)-based (PMMA) polymers and conventional interim resin materials after thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rectangular-shaped specimens (n = 15, for each material) (25 × 2 × 2 mm3 ) were fabricated from 3 CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymers (Telio CAD [T]; M-PM-Disc [M]; Polident-PMMA [P]), 1 bis-acrylate composite resin (Protemp 4 [PT]), and 1 conventional PMMA (ArtConcept Artegral Dentine [C]) according to ISO 10477:2004 Standards (Dentistry-Polymer-Based Crown and Bridge Materials). The specimens were subjected to 10,000 thermocycles (5 to 55°C). Three-point flexural strength of the specimens was tested in a universal testing machine at a 1.0 mm/min crosshead speed, and the flexural strength data (σ) were calculated (MPa). The flexural strength values were statistically analyzed using 1-way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD post-hoc test for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05). RESULTS Flexural strength values ranged between 66.1 ± 13.1 and 131.9 ± 19.8 MPa. There were significant differences among the flexural strengths of tested materials, except for between T and P CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymers (p > 0.05). CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymer M had the highest flexural strength and conventional PMMA had the lowest (p < 0.05). CAD/CAM PMMA-based T and P polymers had significantly higher flexural strength than the bis-acrylate composite resin (p < 0.05), and conventional PMMA (p < 0.0001), and significantly lower flexural strength compared to CAD/CAM PMMA-based M (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The flexural strength of CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymers was greater than the flexural strength of bis-acrylate composite resin, which had a greater flexural strength compared to conventional PMMA resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Alp
- Department of Prosthodontics, Okan University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Murat
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Division of Restorative Sciences and Prosthodontics, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH
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Mangoush E, Säilynoja E, Prinssi R, Lassila L, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Comparative evaluation between glass and polyethylene fiber reinforced composites: A review of the current literature. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e1408-e1417. [PMID: 29410756 PMCID: PMC5794118 DOI: 10.4317/jced.54205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) is a promising class of material that gives clinicians alternative treatment options. There are many FRC products available in the market based on either glass or polyethylene fiber type. The aim of this study was to present a comparison between glass and polyethylene fiber reinforced composites based on available literature review. MATERIAL AND METHODS A thorough literature search, with no limitation, was done up to June 2017. The range of relevant publications was surveyed using PubMed and Google Scholar. From the search results, articles related to our search terms were only considered. An assessment of these articles was done by two individuals in order to include only articles directly compare between glass and polyethylene FRCs. The search terms used were "fiber reinforced dental composites" and "glass and polyethylene fibers in dentistry". RESULTS The search provided 276 titles. Full-text analysis was performed for 29 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Most were laboratory-based research with various test specimen designs prepared according to ISO standard or with extracted teeth and only three articles were clinical studies. Most of studies (n=23) found superior characteristics of glass FRCs over polyethylene FRCs. CONCLUSIONS Significant reinforcement differences between commercial glass and polyethylene fiber reinforced composites were found. Key words:Fiber reinforced composite, glass fiber, polyethylene fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Mangoush
- Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Säilynoja
- Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Reseach Development and Production Department, Stick Tech Ltd - Member of GC Group, Turku, Finland
| | - Roosa Prinssi
- Reseach Development and Production Department, Stick Tech Ltd - Member of GC Group, Turku, Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
| | - Pekka K Vallittu
- Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
- City of Turku Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, Turku, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Turku Clinical Biomaterial Center -TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku
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Almeida CS, Amaral M, de Cássia Papaiz Gonçalves F, de Arruda Paes-Junior TJ. Effect of an experimental silica-nylon reinforcement on the fracture load and flexural strength of bisacrylic interim partial fixed dental prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 115:301-5. [PMID: 26548883 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Materials used in the fabrication of interim restorations usually have mechanical properties inferior to those used in definitive prostheses. Various techniques may be used to reinforce these materials. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the fracture strength of interim partial fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) with and without an experimental silica-nylon reinforcement placed in different orientations (horizontal or vertical) before and after thermocycling and to evaluate the flexural strength of the bisacrylic resin used for fabricating these prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS For fracture strength testing, 72 four-unit interim partial FDPs were fabricated from bisacrylic resin and divided into 3 groups: no reinforcement, horizontal reinforcement, and vertical reinforcement. Half of the specimens from each group were thermocycled before testing (1000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C) (n=12). An increasing load was applied to the center of the prosthesis until fracture. The flexural strength of bisacrylic resin reinforced with the experimental mesh was measured by using a 3-point bending test with 25×10.5×3.3 mm bars of resin, with or without thermocycling. The results were evaluated with analysis of variance and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (α=.05). RESULTS The results showed that incorporating the experimental silica-nylon reinforcement in a horizontal orientation provided the highest values of fracture strength for the 4-unit partial FDPs. Reinforcement also enhanced the flexural strength values of bisacrylic resin bars. CONCLUSION Silica-nylon reinforcement is an effective method of increasing the strength of interim restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Souza Almeida
- Graduate student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos Dental School, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Marina Amaral
- Researcher, Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, University of Taubate (UNITAU), Taubate, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Cássia Papaiz Gonçalves
- Doctoral student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos Dental School, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Tarcisio José de Arruda Paes-Junior
- Associate Professor, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos Dental School, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Shi X, Bin Y, Hou D, Matsuo M. Surface characterization for ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/hydroxyapatite gradient composites prepared by the gelation/crystallization method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1768-1780. [PMID: 23414054 DOI: 10.1021/am3030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To establish implant longevity of hip prosthesis in orthopedics, a new approach was proposed to improve dramatically the wear resistance and to reduce the surface friction of the acetabular cup as a bearing material in the femoral head. To do so, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and hydroxyapatite (HA) composites with four amounts of HA content were prepared by a sol-gel process, and the four composites were hot-molded to make a composite with HA gradient content. When the resultant UHMWPE/HA agglomerates by the sol-gel method were molded in the narrow temperature range of 145-153 °C, the (110) planes with highest density of atoms in the PE crystal unit were oriented predominantly parallel to the resultant film surface. Such an unusual planar orientation contributed excellent wear resistance and low friction on the surface. Polarized light-scattering patterns, SEM images, and FTIR spectra of the specimens with such unusual planar orientation supported that the narrow molding temperature range achieves good dispersion of HA particles and high crystallinity of the UHMWPE matrix on the surface layer. Negative complex Poisson's ratio reduced from complex tensile and shear moduli was attributed to spongy-like tissue formation under crystallization of UHMWPE chains on the HA particle surface. The gradient composite molded maintained the spongy-like structure, which played an important role to avoid the cracking under bending stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Shi
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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