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Abdelaziz M. Detection, Diagnosis, and Monitoring of Early Caries: The Future of Individualized Dental Care. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3649. [PMID: 38132233 PMCID: PMC10742918 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries remains a significant global health issue. It was highlighted by the World Health Organization's 2022 reports that despite the efforts and scientific advancements in caries detection and management, the situation has only marginally improved over the past three decades. The persistence of this problem may be linked to outdated concepts developed almost a century ago but are still guiding dentists' approach to caries management today. There is a need to reconsider professional strategies for preventing and managing the disease. Contemporary dentistry could benefit from embracing new concepts and technologies for caries detection and management. Dentists should explore, among others, alternative methods for caries detection such as optical-based caries detection. These tools have been established for over a decade and they align with current disease understanding and international recommendations, emphasizing early detection and minimally invasive management. This narrative review presents the current state of knowledge and recent trends in caries detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and management, offering insights into future perspectives for clinical applications and research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abdelaziz
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Preventive Dental Medicine and Primary Care, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Heck K, Kunzelmann KH, Walter E, Kaisarly D, Hoffmann L, Litzenburger F. Proximal Caries Detection Using Short-Wave Infrared Transillumination at Wavelengths of 1050, 1200 and 1300 nm in Permanent Posterior Human Teeth. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3257. [PMID: 37892078 PMCID: PMC10606242 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to investigate the diagnostic potential of short-wave infrared transillumination (SWIRT) at 1050, 1200 and 1300 nm for the detection of proximal caries in molars and premolars. It was compared to the diagnostic performance of bitewing radiography (BWR) and micro-computed tomography (µCT) as the reference standard. 250 sound or decayed proximal surfaces of permanent posterior extracted teeth were examined using (1) SWIRT at 1050, 1200 and 1300 nm with two camera systems of different resolutions, (2) BWR and (3) µCT. Thresholds were defined for both test methods and the reference standard for caries in general, enamel caries and dentin caries. All images were assessed by two examiners twice, at an interval of two weeks. SWIRT at wavelengths of 1050, 1200 and 1300 nm achieved sensitivity values more than 2.5 times higher than BWR (enamel caries 3.2-4.4 times; dentin caries 3.25-4.25 times) for the detection of proximal caries. Sensitivity values of SWIRT improved with the higher wavelength. No significant difference was found in diagnostic quality between the two camera systems. SWIRT at 1300 nm imaged proximal enamel caries with the highest accuracy, while the physical optimum for transillumination in dentin was located at a lower wavelength (<1000 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Heck
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (K.-H.K.); (E.W.); (D.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Karl-Heinz Kunzelmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (K.-H.K.); (E.W.); (D.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Elias Walter
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (K.-H.K.); (E.W.); (D.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Dalia Kaisarly
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (K.-H.K.); (E.W.); (D.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Lea Hoffmann
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Friederike Litzenburger
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (K.-H.K.); (E.W.); (D.K.); (F.L.)
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Ishida Y, Miura D, Shinya A. Effect of resin composite shade on digital fiber-optic transillumination imaging in vitro. Odontology 2023; 111:854-862. [PMID: 36797498 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Digital imaging fiber-optic transillumination (DIFOTI) devices have been used to detect caries, a technique without using X-rays. However, the effects of resin composites (RCs) shades on the images acquired with DIFOTI devices have not been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the influence of RC shade on the images obtained with DIFOTI technique. Three shades (A1, A3, and Opaque) for each of four flowable RCs were filled on a cavity prepared in a left mandibular first premolar obtained from a donated body. Then, transmission images with a DIFOTI device (DIAGNOcam; KaVo, Biberach, Germany) were acquired, and the average lightness values of the images in the RC and enamel were used to calculate differences between those areas. To clarify the influence of the optical translucency and color on DIFOTI images, the color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of each RC were obtained with black and white backgrounds. The color differences between the backgrounds were calculated as transparency parameter (TP) values. The number of repetitions was set to 10. Differences in the lightness value of the shades varied in each RC. The difference in lightness was significantly associated with the TP value and color parameters of L* (p < 0.01), with negative (R = - 0.81) and positive (R = 0.84) correlations, respectively. In conclusion, DIFOTI images of RCs with high optical translucency resembled those of the natural tooth structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Ishida
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0071, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miura
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0071, Japan
| | - Akikazu Shinya
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0071, Japan.
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Zhu Y, Fried D. Measurement of the Depth of Lesions on Proximal Surfaces with SWIR Multispectral Transillumination and Reflectance Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:597. [PMID: 35328150 PMCID: PMC8947190 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of dual short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) transillumination and reflectance multispectral imaging devices for imaging interproximal lesions with radiography using extracted teeth that had been imaged with micro-computed tomography (microCT). Thirty-six extracted teeth with 67 lesions on the proximal surfaces were imaged using a newly fabricated SWIR multispectral proximal transillumination and reflectance imaging device along with an existing SWIR multispectral occlusal transillumination and reflectance device. The ability of SWIR imaging and radiography to detect lesions and accurately assess lesion dimensions were compared using microCT as a standard. Occlusal and proximal transillumination and occlusal reflectance performed best for imaging interproximal lesions while proximal reflectance was not useful for imaging interproximal lesions from tooth buccal and lingual surfaces. There was high correlation of the lesion dimensions measured in occlusal and proximal transillumination images compared to microCT and moderate correlation in occlusal reflectance images. The correlation between the lesion depth measured in radiographs and the lesion depth measured with microCT was not significant. This study demonstrates that SWIR occlusal and proximal transillumination and SWIR occlusal reflectance images are useful for imaging interproximal lesions and they provide more accurate measurements of lesion severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Fried
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
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Zhu Y, Abdelaziz M, Simon J, Le O, Fried D. Dual short wavelength infrared transillumination/reflectance mode imaging for caries detection. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200352SSR. [PMID: 33515220 PMCID: PMC7844424 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.043004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE We have developed a clinical probe capable of acquiring near-simultaneous short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) reflectance and occlusal transillumination images of lesions on tooth proximal and occlusal surfaces. We hypothesize that dual images will aid in differentiating between shallow and deep occlusal lesions and reduce the potential of false positives (FPs). AIM The aim of this study was to test the performance of the dual reflectance and occlusal transillumination probe on extracted teeth prior to commencing clinical studies. APPROACH The dual probe was 3D printed and the imaging system uses an InGaAs camera and broadband superluminescent diode light sources that emit broadband light at 1300 nm for occlusal transillumination and 1600-nm light for cross-polarization reflectance. The diagnostic performance of the dual probe was assessed using 120 extracted teeth with approximal and occlusal lesions. Reflectance and transillumination images were fused into single images to enhance the contrast between sound and lesion areas. The lesion contrast in both modes did not increase significantly with either the lesion depth or the distance from the occlusal surface for approximal lesions. In addition, the diagnostic performance of radiography, the individual reflectance and transillumination images, dual images, and fused images were compared using micro-computed tomography as the gold standard. RESULTS Reflectance imaging at 1600 nm yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy for lesions on both occlusal and proximal surfaces while radiography yielded the lowest number of FPs. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that simultaneous acquisition of both reflectance and transillumination SWIR images is possible with a single clinical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Zhu
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Marwa Abdelaziz
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jacob Simon
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Oanh Le
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Daniel Fried
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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3D imaging of proximal caries in posterior teeth using optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15754. [PMID: 32978464 PMCID: PMC7519687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can create cross-sectional images of tooth without X-ray exposure. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of 3D imaging of OCT for proximal caries in posterior teeth. Thirty-six human molar teeth with 51 proximal surfaces visibly 6 intact, 16 slightly demineralized, and 29 distinct carious changes were mounted to take digital radiographs and 3D OCT images. The sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of enamel caries and dentin caries were calculated to quantify the diagnostic ability of 3D OCT in comparison with digital radiography. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by the agreement with histology using weighted Kappa. OCT showed significantly higher sensitivity, AUC and Kappa values than radiography. OCT can be a safer option for the diagnosis of proximal caries in posterior teeth that can be applied to the patients without X-ray exposure.
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Li Z, Holamoge YV, Li Z, Zaid W, Osborn ML, Ramos A, Miller JT, Li Y, Yao S, Xu J. Detection and analysis of enamel cracks by ICG-NIR fluorescence dental imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1475:52-63. [PMID: 32519363 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cracked teeth are the third most common cause of tooth loss, but there is no reliable imaging tool for the diagnosis of cracks. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence (ICG-NIRF) dental imaging for the detection of enamel cracks and enamel-dentin cracks in vitro in the first (ICG-NIRF-I, 700-950 nm) and second (ICG-NIRF-II, 950-1700 nm) imaging windows with transmission excitation light, and compared ICG-NIRF with conventional NIR illumination-II (NIRi-II) and X-ray imaging. Dentin cracks were detected by CT scan, while most enamel cracks, undetectable under X-ray imaging, were clearly visible in NIR images. We found that ICG-NIRF-II detected cracks more effectively than NIRi-II, and that light orientation is an important factor for crack detection: an angled exposure obtained better image contrast of cracks than parallel exposure, as it created a shadow under the crack. Crack depth could be evaluated from the crack shadow in ICG-NIRF and NIRi-II images; from this shadow we could determine crack depth and discriminate enamel-dentin cracks from craze lines. Cracks could be observed clearly from ICG-NIRF images with 1-min ICG tooth immersion, although longer ICG immersion produced images with greater contrast. Overall, our data show that ICG-NIRF dental imaging is a useful tool for diagnosing cracked teeth at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Li
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Yoshita V Holamoge
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Waleed Zaid
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Michelle L Osborn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Alexandra Ramos
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jacob T Miller
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Yanping Li
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shaomian Yao
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jian Xu
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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