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Tunçel O. Optimization of Charpy Impact Strength of Tough PLA Samples Produced by 3D Printing Using the Taguchi Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38399837 PMCID: PMC10893241 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This research employs the Taguchi method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to investigate, analyze, and optimize the impact strength of tough polylactic acid (PLA) material produced through fused deposition modeling (FDM). This study explores the effect of key printing parameters-specifically, infill density, raster angle, layer height, and print speed-on Charpy impact strength. Utilizing a Taguchi L16 orthogonal array experimental design, the parameters are varied within defined ranges. The results, analyzed through signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios and ANOVA, reveal that infill density has the most substantial impact on Charpy impact strength, followed by print speed, layer height, and raster angle. ANOVA identifies infill density and print speed as the most influential factors, contributing 38.93% and 36.51%, respectively. A regression model was formulated and this model predicted the impact strength with high accuracy (R2 = 98.16%). The optimized parameter set obtained through the Taguchi method, namely, a 100% infill density, 45/-45° raster angle, 0.25 mm layer height, and 75 mm/s print speed, enhances the impact strength by 1.39% compared to the experimental design, resulting in an impact strength of 38.54 kJ/m2. Validation experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the optimized parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuz Tunçel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Siirt University, Siirt 56000, Türkiye
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Yiannakopoulos C, Vlastos I, Koutserimpas C, Gianzina E, Dellis S, Kalinterakis G. Comparison of Glenoid Dimensions Between 3D Computed Tomography and 3D Printing. Cureus 2024; 16:e53133. [PMID: 38420064 PMCID: PMC10899810 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glenoid dimensions can be measured in vivo with various imaging methods including two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging scans. Printing of three-dimensional (3D) models of the glenoid using imaging data is feasible and can be used to better understand skeletal trauma and complex skeletal deformations such as glenoid bone loss in patients with shoulder instability. The purpose of this study was to compare measurements of glenoid dimensions on 3D CT scan reconstructed models and 3D printed models of the glenoid. METHODS CT scans from 62 young, male adults acquired for non-trauma-related causes were evaluated. Following volume rendering, a stereolithography model of each scapula was constructed and a 3D model was printed. Additionally, 3D CT models of each glenoid were reconstructed using dedicated software. Measurements of the maximum glenoid height and width were performed on both the 3D printed and the 3D reconstructed models. To assess intra- and interrater reliability, measurements of 15 glenoids were repeated by two observers after three weeks. The measurements of the 3D printed and 3D reconstructed models were compared. RESULTS Inter- and intra-rater reliability was excellent or perfect. Analysis of height and width values demonstrated a strong correlation of 0.91 and 0.89 respectively (p<0.001) for both the 3D printed models and the 3D reconstructed models. There was a strong correlation between the height and width, but no significant difference between the glenoid width and height in both models. There was no statistical significance between height and width when measurements on the two models were examined (p=0.12 and 0.23 respectively). CONCLUSION 3D printed glenoid models can be used to evaluate the glenoid dimensions, width, and height, as they provide similar accuracy with 3D reconstructed models as provided from CT scan data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Yiannakopoulos
- Orthopaedics, IASO General Hospital, Athens, GRC
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Iakovos Vlastos
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | | | - Elina Gianzina
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Spilios Dellis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Georgios Kalinterakis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
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Subei MO, Kumar I, Kapuria A, Ayvaz B, Vestal M, Bobbert C, Zafar MS. A feasibility study of several 3D printing methods for applications in epilepsy surgery. Epileptic Disord 2023; 25:845-855. [PMID: 37698298 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the process of three-dimensional printing in epilepsy surgery using three different methods: low-force stereolithography (SLA), filament deposition modeling (FDM), and Polyjet Stratasys, while comparing them in terms of printing efficiency, cost, and clinical utility. MRI and CT images of patient anatomy have been limited to review in the two-dimensional plane, which provides only partial representation of intricate intracranial structures. There has been growing interest in 3D printing of physical models of this complex anatomy to be used as an educational tool and for surgical visualization. One specific application is in epilepsy surgery where there are challenges in visualizing complex intracranial anatomy in relation to implanted surgical tools. METHODS MRI and CT data from patients with refractory epilepsy from a single center that underwent surgery are converted into 3D volumes, or stereolithography files. These were then printed using three popular 3D printing methods: SLA, FDM, and Polyjet. Faculty were surveyed on the impact of 3D modeling on the surgical planning process. RESULTS All three methods generated physical models with an increasing degree of resolution, transparency, and clinical utility directly related to cost of production and accurate representation of anatomy. Polyjet models were the most transparent and clearly represented intricate implanted electrodes but had the highest associated cost. FDM produced relatively inexpensive models that, however, were nearly completely opaque, limiting clinical utility. SLA produced economical and highly transparent models but was limited by single material capacity. SIGNIFICANCE Three-dimensional printing of patient-specific anatomy is feasible with a variety of printing methods. The clinical utility of lower-cost methods is limited by model transparency and lack of multi-material overlay respectively. Polyjet successfully generated transparent models with high resolution of internal structures but is cost-prohibitive. Further research needs to be done to explore cost-saving methods of modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhd Omar Subei
- Neurology/Epilepsy, Duke University Medical Center Ringgold Standard Institution, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ishaan Kumar
- Neurology, Duke University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Ringgold Standard Institution, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abhi Kapuria
- Neurology, Duke University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Ringgold Standard Institution, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bilal Ayvaz
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Matthew Vestal
- Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine Ringgold Standard Institution, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chip Bobbert
- Neurology, Duke University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Ringgold Standard Institution, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Zafar
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine Ringgold Standard Institution, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Abad-Coronel C, Ruano Espinosa C, Ordóñez Palacios S, Paltán CA, Fajardo JI. Comparative Analysis between Conventional Acrylic, CAD/CAM Milled, and 3D CAD/CAM Printed Occlusal Splints. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6269. [PMID: 37763547 PMCID: PMC10532716 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of digital technologies has allowed for the fabrication of new materials; however, it makes it difficult to choose the best methods to obtain occlusal splints with optimal properties, so it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of these materials. The aim of the study is to compare the fracture resistance of occlusal splints made of different materials after thermo-mechanical aging. METHODS A total of 32 samples were made from 4 materials (two 3D printed polymeric materials, a PMMA disc for CAD/CAM, and a conventional heat-cured acrylic resin); subsequently, the fracture test was performed using the load compression mode applied occlusally on the splint surface. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Four statistical tests were used (Shapiro-Wilk, Levene's test, ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test). RESULTS The following study showed that there are differences in fracture strength among the four materials investigated, where the highest strength was observed in the milled splint, with a mean of 3051.2 N (newton) compared to the strength of the flexible splint with 1943.4 N, the printed splint with 1489.9 N, and the conventional acrylic splint with 1303.9 N. CONCLUSIONS The milled splints were the most resistant to fracture. Of the printed splints, the splint made with flexural rigid resin withstood the applied forces in acceptable ranges, so its clinical indication may be viable. Although the results of this research indicated differences in the mechanical properties between the CAD/CAM and conventional fabrication methods, the selection may also be influenced by processing time and cost, since with a CAD/CAM system there is a significant reduction in the production time of the splint material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Abad-Coronel
- CAD/CAM Materials and Digital Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010204, Ecuador
| | | | | | - César A. Paltán
- New Materials and Transformation Processes Research Group GiMaT, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (C.A.P.); (J.I.F.)
| | - Jorge I. Fajardo
- New Materials and Transformation Processes Research Group GiMaT, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (C.A.P.); (J.I.F.)
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Wang X, Shujaat S, Shaheen E, Ferraris E, Jacobs R. Trueness of cone-beam computed tomography-derived skull models fabricated by different technology-based three-dimensional printers. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:397. [PMID: 37328901 PMCID: PMC10273646 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a novel innovation in the field of craniomaxillofacial surgery, however, a lack of evidence exists related to the comparison of the trueness of skull models fabricated using different technology-based printers belonging to different cost segments. METHODS A study was performed to investigate the trueness of cone-beam computed tomography-derived skull models fabricated using different technology based on low-, medium-, and high-cost 3D printers. Following the segmentation of a patient's skull, the model was printed by: (i) a low-cost fused filament fabrication printer; (ii) a medium-cost stereolithography printer; and (iii) a high-cost material jetting printer. The fabricated models were later scanned by industrial computed tomography and superimposed onto the original reference virtual model by applying surface-based registration. A part comparison color-coded analysis was conducted for assessing the difference between the reference and scanned models. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction was applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS The model printed with the low-cost fused filament fabrication printer showed the highest mean absolute error ([Formula: see text]), whereas both medium-cost stereolithography-based and the high-cost material jetting models had an overall similar dimensional error of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Overall, the models printed with medium- and high-cost printers showed a significantly ([Formula: see text]) lower error compared to the low-cost printer. CONCLUSIONS Both stereolithography and material jetting based printers, belonging to the medium- and high-cost market segment, were able to replicate the skeletal anatomy with optimal trueness, which might be suitable for patient-specific treatment planning tasks in craniomaxillofacial surgery. In contrast, the low-cost fused filament fabrication printer could serve as a cost-effective alternative for anatomical education, and/or patient communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang, 150001 Harbin China
| | - Sohaib Shujaat
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 14611 Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Shaheen
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Eleonora Ferraris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Huddinge, Sweden
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Swanson AK, Duqum IS, Heimisdóttir LH, Wright JT. Digital restorative workflows for developmental dental defects in young patients: A case series. J Am Dent Assoc 2023; 154:340-348. [PMID: 36641328 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital technology is rapidly changing the provision of oral health care, although its adoption for the oral health care of young patients has lagged. The authors describe digitally supported treatment approaches for managing treatment of developmental dental defects in the early permanent dentition. CASE DESCRIPTION Four adolescent patients with amelogenesis imperfecta received transitional anterior restorations for esthetic and functional rehabilitation using a variety of digital workflows. Combinations of restoration type, materials, and fabrication methods were selected to meet the needs of each patient on the basis of their specific amelogenesis imperfecta phenotype and chief symptoms. These cases highlight the application of digital technology in pediatric and adolescent dentistry for managing the treatment of developmental dental defects. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Digitally supported restorative approaches, as described in this report, offer broad applicability of materials and techniques directed at treating the complex restorative needs of young patients in the transitional and early permanent dentition.
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Accuracy of orthodontic models prototyped for clear aligners therapy: a 3D Imaging analysis comparing different market segments 3D printing protocols. J Dent 2022; 124:104212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ishida Y, Miura D, Shinya A. Application of fused deposition modeling technology for fabrication jigs of three-point bending test for dental composite resins. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 130:105172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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