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Yang JS, Liu TY, Chen YC, Tsai SC, Chiu YJ, Liao CC, Tsai FJ. Genome-Wide Association Study of Alopecia Areata in Taiwan: The Conflict Between Individuals and Hair Follicles. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2597-2612. [PMID: 37752970 PMCID: PMC10519225 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s428788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Alopecia areata (AA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases affecting humans. Given that hair follicles are immune-privileged, autoimmunity can result in disfiguring hair loss. However, the genetic basis for AA in the Taiwanese population remains unknown. Materials and Methods A genome-wide association study was conducted using a cohort of 408 AA cases and 8167 controls. To link variants to gene relationships, we used 882 SNPs (P<1E-05) within 74 genes that were associated with AA group to build the biological networks by IPA software. HLA diplotypes and haplotypes were analyzed using Attribute Bagging (HIBAG)-R package and chi-square analysis. Results Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including LINC02006 (rs531166736, rs187306735), APC (rs112800832_C_CAT), SRP19 (rs139948960, rs144784670), EGFLAM (rs16903975) and LDLRAD3 (rs79874564) were closely associated with the AA phenotype (P<5E-08). Examination of biological networks revealed that these genomic areas are associated with antigen presentation signaling, B cell and T cell development, Th1 and Th2 activation pathways, Notch signaling, crosstalk signaling between dendritic cells and natural killer cells, and phagosome maturation. Based on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype analysis, four HLA genotypes (HLA-B*15:01-*40:01, HLA-DQA1*01:02-*03:03, HLA-DQA1*01:02, and HLA-DQB1*02:01) were found to be associated with AA (adjusted p-value<0.05). HLA-DQA1*01:02 is the most significantly related gene in the Taiwanese population (adjusted p-value = 2.09E-05). Conclusion This study successfully identified susceptibility loci associated with AA in the Taiwanese population. These findings not only shed light on the origins of AA within the Taiwanese context but also contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the genetic factors influencing AA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Liu
- Million-Person Precision Medicine Initiative, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Million-Person Precision Medicine Initiative, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chiu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112201, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chou Liao
- Million-Person Precision Medicine Initiative, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404333, Taiwan
- China Medical University Children’s Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan
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Kincaid CM, Sharma AN, Mesinkovska NA. Alopecia areata is associated with risk of inflammatory arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:422-423. [PMID: 37121482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Kincaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ajay N Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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The Genetics of Pediatric Cutaneous Autoimmunity: The Sister Diseases Vitiligo and Alopecia Areata. Clin Dermatol 2022; 40:363-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rajabi F, Abdollahimajd F, Jabalameli N, Nassiri Kashani M, Firooz A. The Immunogenetics of Alopecia areata. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:19-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hayran Y, Gunindi Korkut M, Öktem A, Şen O, Gür Aksoy G, Özmen F. Evaluation of HLA class I and HLA class II allele profile and its relationship with clinical features in patients with alopecia areata: a case-control study. J DERMATOL TREAT 2021; 33:2175-2181. [PMID: 34057862 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2021.1937478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease where autoimmune dysregulations along with genetic susceptibility are hypothesized to play a role in pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study in to evaluate HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 profile and its relationship with clinical features in AA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-eight patients with AA and 100 healthy controls were included in the study. HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 frequencies were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). RESULTS HLA-B*39 and HLA-HLA-DRB1*15 allele frequencies were increased (p = .022 and p = .023, respectively), HLA-A*11 and HLA-B*35 frequencies were decreased (p = .006 and p = .014, respectively) in AA patients. HLA-B*13 and HLA-DRB1*11 were associated with poor prognostic factors. A class I allele, HLA-B*13 was associated with recurrence (p = .023) and presence of nevus flammeus (p = .022), while the class II allele HLA-DRB1*11 was associated with widespread hair loss (diffuse or universal alopecia) (p = .026), presence of ophiasis (p = .049) and juvenile onset (p = .018). CONCLUSION Belonging to two different classes of HLA family, HLA-B*13 and HLA-DRB1*11 alleles identified separate set of risk factors. In addition to increasing the risk of AA, HLA alleles may affect the prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yıldız Hayran
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşe Öktem
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Şen
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güneş Gür Aksoy
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Füsun Özmen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Afford R, Leung AKC, Lam JM. Pediatric Alopecia Areata. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:45-54. [PMID: 32351186 DOI: 10.2174/1573396316666200430084825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-scarring hair loss disorder of autoimmune etiology. OBJECTIVE To familiarize physicians with the clinical presentation, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of pediatric alopecia areata. METHODS The search term "Alopecia areata" was entered into a Pubmed search. A narrow scope was applied to the categories of "epidemiology", "clinical diagnosis", "investigations", "comorbidities", and "treatment". Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews were included. Only papers published in the English language were included. A descriptive, narrative synthesis was provided of the retrieved articles. RESULTS AA is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. It is the third most common dermatologic presentation in children with a lifetime risk of 1-2%. Diagnosing AA can be made on the basis of the history and clinical findings. Patients will often present with patchy, non-scarring hair loss, generally affecting the scalp. History may reveal a personal or family medical history of autoimmune or atopic disease or a recent stressful event. Tricoscopic examination will classically show "exclamation point hairs" and "yellow dots". Nonspecific nail changes may be present. Other clinical variants include alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis, ophiasis, sisaipho, and Canitis subita. There are multiple treatment options for AA, including conservative treatment, and topical, oral, and injectable medications. CONCLUSION AA is an autoimmune disease with a heterogeneous presentation and unpredictable clinical course. Although there is no cure for AA, there are many current treatment options available to help manage this disfiguring disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Afford
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Bertolini M, McElwee K, Gilhar A, Bulfone‐Paus S, Paus R. Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:703-725. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin McElwee
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
- Dr. Philip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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Alopecia areata susceptibility variant in MHC region impacts expressions of genes contributing to hair keratinization and is involved in hair loss. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102810. [PMID: 32580135 PMCID: PMC7317227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alopecia areata (AA) is considered a highly heritable, T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the hair follicle. However, no convincing susceptibility gene has yet been pinpointed in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a genome region known to be associated with AA as compared to other regions. Methods We engineered mice carrying AA risk allele identified by haplotype sequencing for the MHC region using allele-specific genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Finally, we performed functional evaluations in the mice and AA patients with and without the risk allele. Findings We identified a variant (rs142986308, p.Arg587Trp) in the coiled-coil alpha-helical rod protein 1 (CCHCR1) gene as the only non-synonymous variant in the AA risk haplotype. Furthermore, mice engineered to carry the risk allele displayed a hair loss phenotype. Transcriptomics further identified CCHCR1 as a novel component interacting with hair cortex keratin in hair shafts. Both, these alopecic mice and AA patients with the risk allele displayed morphologically impaired hair and comparable differential expression of hair-related genes, including hair keratin and keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs). Interpretation Our results implicate CCHCR1 with the risk allele in a previously unidentified subtype of AA based on aberrant keratinization in addition to autoimmune events. Funding This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JP16K10177) and the NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research center (BRC84/CN/SB/5984).
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Mingorance Gámez CG, Martínez Chamorro A, Moreno Casares AM, Tercedor Sánchez J, Arias‐Santiago S, García‐Lora E, López‐Nevot MA. Joint study of the associations of HLA‐B and the transmembrane short tandem repeat polymorphism of MICA protein with alopecia areata shows independent associations of both with the disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:699-704. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Mingorance Gámez
- UGC Laboratorio Análisis Clínicos Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves Granada Spain
| | - A. Martínez Chamorro
- UGC Laboratorio Análisis Clínicos Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves Granada Spain
| | - A. M. Moreno Casares
- UGC Laboratorio Análisis Clínicos Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves Granada Spain
| | | | - S. Arias‐Santiago
- UGC Dermatología Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves Granada Spain
| | - E. García‐Lora
- UGC Dermatología Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves Granada Spain
| | - M. A. López‐Nevot
- UGC Laboratorio Análisis Clínicos Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves Granada Spain
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Lee NR, Kim BK, Yoon NY, Lee SY, Ahn SY, Lee WS. Differences in Comorbidity Profiles between Early-Onset and Late-Onset Alopecia Areata Patients: A Retrospective Study of 871 Korean Patients. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:722-6. [PMID: 25473224 PMCID: PMC4252669 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.6.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alopecia areata (AA) is a common dermatologic condition with a broad spectrum of clinical features and age of onset, classically characterized by nonscarring patches of hair loss. In the past, early-onset (before adolescence) AA has been associated with various autoimmune diseases, especially atopic diseases and lupus erythematosus and demonstrates a worse prognosis compared with late onset AA. Objective To evaluate the differences in the comorbidity profile of AA with regard to age at onset. Methods We completed a retrospective study of 871 Korean AA patients seen at our department within the last 10 years. After these patients were subdivided according to onset before or after age 13 years, the two groups were compared on the basis of their comorbid disorders, family history of AA, and hematologic test results. Results Our results demonstrate that significantly more patients in the early-onset group had a personal history of atopic dermatitis or family history of AA. These findings are consistent with previous reports associating early-onset AA with autoimmune diseases and a family history of AA in different ethnic populations. Most of the serologic test values showed no significant differences between the groups and the results were considerably affected by age. Conclusion This study is significant because it is a large group study in Korean AA patients, and Korean AA patients with an onset age before adolescence show similar clinical manifestations to other ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Na Young Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Yul Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Won-Soo Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Estefan JL, Oliveira JC, Abad ED, Saintive SB, Porto LCMS, Ribeiro M. HLA antigens in individuals with down syndrome and alopecia areata. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:541-545. [PMID: 25325065 PMCID: PMC4198407 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i10.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To describe human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in individuals with Down syndrome and alopecia areata.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, which evaluated 109 individuals. Ten with down syndrome (DS) and alopecia areata (AA), ten with DS without AA and ten with AA without DS, and their families. The individuals were matched by gender and age. The following data were computed: gender, age, ethnic group, karyotype, clinical presentation and family history of alopecia areata. Descriptive analysis: measures of central tendency and frequency distribution. Inferential analysis: Fisher’s exact test to compare categorical data between the three groups and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test for numerical data.
RESULTS: Seventy per cent of evaluated individuals in the DS and AA group were male; presented mean age of 18.6 (SD ± 7.2) years and 70% were Caucasian. We observed involvement of the scalp, with a single lesion in 10% and multiple in 90% of subjects. It was observed that there is no significant difference in the frequency distributions of the alleles HLA loci A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1 of subjects studied. However, according to Fisher’s exact test, there is a trend (P = 0.089) of DS group to present higher proportions of HLA-A 36 and HLA-B 15 than the AA group and AA and DS group.
CONCLUSION: There was a tendency for the DS group, to present proportion of HLA-A 36 and HLA-B 15 higher than the AA group and group of individuals with AA and DS. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency distribution of the alleles.
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Association analysis of the HLA-C gene in Japanese alopecia areata. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:553-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Forstbauer LM, Brockschmidt FF, Moskvina V, Herold C, Redler S, Herzog A, Hillmer AM, Meesters C, Heilmann S, Albert F, Alblas M, Hanneken S, Eigelshoven S, Giehl KA, Jagielska D, Blume-Peytavi U, Garcia Bartels N, Kuhn J, Hennies HC, Goebeler M, Jung A, Peitsch WK, Kortüm AK, Moll I, Kruse R, Lutz G, Wolff H, Blaumeiser B, Böhm M, Kirov G, Becker T, Nöthen MM, Betz RC. Genome-wide pooling approach identifies SPATA5 as a new susceptibility locus for alopecia areata. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 20:326-32. [PMID: 22027810 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a common hair loss disorder, which is thought to be a tissue-specific autoimmune disease. Previous research has identified a few AA susceptibility genes, most of which are implicated in autoimmunity. To identify new genetic variants and further elucidate the genetic basis of AA, we performed a genome-wide association study using the strategy of pooled DNA genotyping (729 cases, 656 controls). The strongest association was for variants in the HLA region, which confirms the validity of the pooling strategy. The selected top 61 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in an independent replication sample (454 cases, 1364 controls). Only one SNP outside of the HLA region (rs304650) showed significant association. This SNP was then analyzed in a second independent replication sample (537 cases, 657 controls). The finding was not replicated on a significant level, but showed the same tendency. A combined analysis of the two replication samples was then performed, and the SNP rs304650 showed significant association with P=3.43 × 10(-4) (OR=1.24 (1.10-1.39)). This SNP maps to an intronic region of the SPATA5 (spermatogenesis-associated protein 5) gene on chromosome 4. The results therefore suggest the SPATA5 locus is a new susceptibility locus for AA.
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Gilhar A, Paus R, Kalish RS. Lymphocytes, neuropeptides, and genes involved in alopecia areata. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2019-27. [PMID: 17671634 PMCID: PMC1934574 DOI: 10.1172/jci31942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lessons in autoimmunity - particularly relating to the role of immune privilege and the interplay between genetics and neuroimmunology - can be learned from the study of alopecia areata, the most common cause of inflammation-induced hair loss. Alopecia areata is now understood to represent an organ-restricted, T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of hair follicles. Disease induction is associated with collapse of hair follicle immune privilege in both humans and in animal models. Here, the role of HLA associations, other immunogenetic factors, and neuroendocrine parameters in alopecia areata pathogenesis are reviewed. This instructive and clinically significant model disease deserves more widespread interest in the immunology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology and Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Skin Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology and Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Richard S. Kalish
- Skin Research Laboratory, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology and Flieman Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Xiao FL, Yang S, Lin GS, Gao M, Cui Y, Yin XY, Wang PG, Xu S, Zhang XJ. HLA haplotypic association with different phenotype of alopecia areata in Chinese Hans. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 45:206-9. [PMID: 17134879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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