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Takemori C, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Fukumoto T, Kunisada M, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Hosaka C, Takeuchi S, Kubo A, Aoi T, Nishigori C. Revealing the UV response of melanocytes in xeroderma pigmentosum group A using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 115:111-120. [PMID: 39033075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is characterized by photosensitivity that causes pigmentary disorder and predisposition to skin cancers on sunlight-exposed areas due to DNA repair deficiency. Patients with XP group A (XP-A) develop freckle-like pigmented maculae and depigmented maculae within a year unless strict sun-protection is enforced. Although it is crucial to study pigment cells (melanocytes: MCs) as disease target cells, establishing MCs in primary cultures is challenging. OBJECTIVE Elucidation of the disease pathogenesis by comparison between MCs differentiated from XP-A induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and healthy control iPSCs on the response to UV irradiation. METHODS iPSCs were established from a XP-A fibroblasts and differentiated into MCs. Differences in gene expression profiles between XP-A-iPSC-derived melanocytes (XP-A-iMCs) and Healthy control iPSC-derived MCs (HC-iMCs) were analyzed 4 and 12 h after irradiation with 30 or 150 J/m2 of UV-B using microarray analysis. RESULTS XP-A-iMCs expressed SOX10, MITF, and TYR, and showed melanin synthesis. Further, XP-A-iMCs showed reduced DNA repair ability. Gene expression profile between XP-A-iMCs and HC-iMCs revealed that, numerous gene probes that were specifically upregulated or downregulated in XP-A-iMCs after 150-J/m2 of UV-B irradiation did not return to basal levels. Of note that apoptotic pathways were highly upregulated at 150 J/m2 UV exposure in XP-A-iMCs, and cytokine-related pathways were upregulated even at 30 J/m2 UV exposure. CONCLUSION We revealed for the first time that cytokine-related pathways were upregulated even at low-dose UV exposure in XP-A-iMCs. Disease-specific iPSCs are useful to elucidate the disease pathogenesis and develop treatment strategies of XP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Takemori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiyo Koyanagi-Aoi
- Division of Stem Cell Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Center for Human Resource development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Hyogo Prefectural Harima-Himeji General Medical Center, Himeji, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Chieko Hosaka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Division of Stem Cell Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Center for Human Resource development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Takeuchi S, Fukumoto T, Takemori C, Saito N, Nishigori C, Sato M. Cell migration is impaired in XPA-deficient cells. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:53-61. [PMID: 36816512 PMCID: PMC9927838 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a hereditary disorder characterized by photosensitivity, predisposition to skin cancers, and neurological abnormalities including microcephaly and progressive neurodegeneration. A lack of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in patients with XP can cause hypersensitivity to the sun, leading to skin cancer, whereas the etiology of the neuronal symptoms of XP remains ambiguous. There are various neurological disorders that perturb neuronal migration, causing mislocalization and disorganization of the cortical lamination. Here, we investigated the role of the XP group-A (Xpa) gene in directed cell migration. First, we adopted an in utero electroporation method to transduce shRNA vectors into the murine embryonic cerebral cortex for the in vivo knockdown of Xpa. Xpa-knockdown neurons in the embryonic cerebral cortex showed abnormal cell migration, cell cycle exit, and differentiation. The genotype-phenotype relationship between the lack of XPA and cell migration abnormalities was confirmed using both a scratch assay and time-lapse microscopy in XP-A patient-derived fibroblasts. Unlike healthy cells, these cells showed impairment in overall mobility and the direction of motility. Therefore, abnormal cell migration may explain neural tissue abnormalities in patients with XP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeuchi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Division of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceDepartment of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of FukuiFukuiJapan
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Chihiro Takemori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research CenterKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal RelatedKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Department of iPS cell applicationsGraduate School of Medicine, Kobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Division of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceDepartment of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of FukuiFukuiJapan
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceGraduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
- United Graduate School of Child DevelopmentOsaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui (UGSCD)OsakaJapan
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Tsuji Y, Ueda T, Sekiguchi K, Nishiyama M, Kanda F, Nishigori C, Toda T, Matsumoto R. Progressive length-dependent polyneuropathy in xeroderma pigmentosum group A. Muscle Nerve 2020; 62:534-540. [PMID: 32696477 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to investigate the progression of peripheral nervous system involvement in xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XP-A). METHODS We performed nerve conduction studies in 17 genetically confirmed XP-A patients and conducted follow-ups. Of these patients we also analyzed gray matter volume (GMV) using brain MRI and assessed the severity score of clinical and skin manifestation. RESULTS We found significant reduction in the motor and sensory nerve action potential amplitude and mild reduction in conduction velocity. These findings were predominant in sensory nerves and the lower limbs, were observed since early childhood, and gradually deteriorated with age. CONCLUSIONS The electrophysiological characteristics of XP-A patients are consistent with length-dependent axonal polyneuropathy and there is progressive deterioration from early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Tsuji
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ueda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Sekiguchi
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Aoto S, Katagiri S, Wang Y, Pagnamenta AT, Sakamoto-Abutani R, Toyoda M, Umezawa A, Okamura K. Frequent retrotransposition of endogenous genes in ERCC2-deficient cells derived from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:273. [PMID: 31455402 PMCID: PMC6712803 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrotransposition of protein-coding genes is thought to occur due to the existence of numerous processed pseudogenes in both animals and plants. Unlike retrotransposons including Alu and LINE-1, direct evidence of such retrotransposition events has not been reported to date. Even if such an event occurs in a somatic cell, it is almost impossible to detect it using bulk of cells as a sample. Single-cell analyses or other techniques are needed. METHODS In order to examine genetic stability of stem cells, we have established induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from several patients with DNA repair-deficiency disorders, such as ataxia telangiectasia and xeroderma pigmentosum, along with healthy controls. Performing whole-exome sequencing analyses of these parental and iPSC lines, we compiled somatic mutations accumulated by the deficiency of DNA repair mechanisms. Whereas most somatic mutations cannot be detected in bulk, cell reprogramming enabled us to observe all the somatic mutations which had occurred in the cell line. Patterns of somatic mutations should be distinctive depending on which DNA repair gene is impaired. RESULTS The comparison revealed that deficiency of ATM and XPA preferentially gives rise to indels and single-nucleotide substitutions, respectively. On the other hand, deficiency of ERCC2 caused not only single-nucleotide mutations but also many retrotranspositions of endogenous genes, which were readily identified by examining removal of introns in whole-exome sequencing. Although the number was limited, those events were also detected in healthy control samples. CONCLUSIONS The present study exploits clonality of iPSCs to unveil somatic mutation sets that are usually hidden in bulk cell analysis. Whole-exome sequencing analysis facilitated the detection of retrotransposition mutations. The results suggest that retrotranspositions of human endogenous genes are more frequent than expected in somatic cells and that ERCC2 plays a defensive role against transposition of endogenous and exogenous DNA fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Aoto
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Katagiri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Present address: Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Rie Sakamoto-Abutani
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research team for Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Kohji Okamura
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Nishigori C, Nakano E, Masaki T, Ono R, Takeuchi S, Tsujimoto M, Ueda T. Characteristics of Xeroderma Pigmentosum in Japan: Lessons From Two Clinical Surveys and Measures for Patient Care. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:140-153. [PMID: 30565713 DOI: 10.1111/php.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disease caused by deficiency in repair of DNA lesions generated by ultraviolet radiation and other compounds. Patients with XP display pigmentary change and numerous skin cancers in sun-exposed sites, and some patients show exaggerated severe sunburns even upon minimum sun exposure as well as neurological symptoms. We conducted a nationwide survey for XP since 1980. In Japan, the frequency of the XP complementation group A is the highest, followed by the variant type; while in the Western countries, those of groups C or D are the highest. Regarding skin cancers in XP, basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent cancer that afflicted patients with XP, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. The frequency of these skin cancers in patients with XP has decreased in these 20 years, and the age of onset of developing skin cancers is higher than those previously observed, owing to early diagnosis and education to patients and care takers on strict prevention from sunlight for patients with XP. On the other hand, the effective therapy for neurological XP has not been established yet, and this needs to be done urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nishigori
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taro Masaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ono
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ueda
- Division of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Ueda T, Kanda F, Nishiyama M, Nishigori C, Toda T. Quantitative analysis of brain atrophy in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum group A carrying the founder mutation in Japan. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:103-106. [PMID: 28991657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an inherited congenital disease presenting with dermatological and neurological manifestations. In Japan, XP complementation group A (XP-A) is most frequently observed in eight clinical subtypes, and the homozygous founder mutation, IVS3-1G>C in XPA, suffer from severe manifestations including progressive brain atrophy since childhood. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and applied volumetric analysis to elucidate the start and the progression of the brain atrophy in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve Japanese patients with XP-A carrying the founder mutation and seven controls were included. MRI was performed for each patient once or more. Three-dimensional T1 weighted images were segmented to gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid, and each volume was calculated. RESULTS Conventional MRI demonstrated progressive whole brain atrophy in patients with XP-A. Moreover, volumetric analysis showed that reductions of total gray matter volumes (GMV) and total brain volumes (TBV) started at the age of five. The slope of reduction was similar in all cases. The GMV and TBV values in controls were higher than those in XP-A cases after the age of five. CONCLUSIONS This is the first quantitative report presenting with the progression of brain atrophy in patients with XP-A. It is revealed that the brain atrophy started from early childhood in Japanese patients with XP-A carrying the homozygous founder mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ueda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Fumio Kanda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Tamura D, Khan SG, DiGiovanna JJ. Molecular diagnosis of xeroderma pigmentosum variant in an isolated population: the interface between precision medicine and public health. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:1125-1126. [PMID: 28504392 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Tamura
- DNA Repair Section, Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - S G Khan
- DNA Repair Section, Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - J J DiGiovanna
- DNA Repair Section, Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
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Human DNA repair disorders in dermatology: A historical perspective, current concepts and new insight. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 81:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Understanding Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Groups Using Gene Expression Profiling after UV-Light Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15985-96. [PMID: 26184184 PMCID: PMC4519934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with the recessive genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) have extreme sensitivity to UV-light, a 10,000-fold increase in skin cancers from age 2 and rarely live beyond 30 years. There are seven genetic subgroups of XP, which are all resultant of pathogenic mutations in genes in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway and a XP variant resultant of a mutation in translesion synthesis, POLH. The clinical symptoms and severity of the disease is varied across the subgroups, which does not correlate with the functional position of the affected protein in the NER pathway. The aim of this study was to further understand the biology of XP subgroups, particularly those that manifest with neurological symptoms. Whole genome gene expression profiling of fibroblasts from each XP complementation group was assessed before and after UV-light exposure. The biological pathways with altered gene expression after UV-light exposure were distinct for each subtype and contained oncogenic related functions such as perturbation of cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Patients from the subgroups XP-B and XP-F were the only subgroups to have transcripts associated with neuronal activity altered after UV-light exposure. This study will assist in furthering our understanding of the different subtypes of XP which will lead to better diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease.
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