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Zhang R, Pu W, Zhang X, Di Y, Xu J, Zhu M, Tan Y, Liu W, Krutmann J, Wang J, Ma Y. Blue light protection factor: a method to assess the protective efficacy of cosmetics against blue light-induced skin damage in the Chinese population. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:711-718. [PMID: 38430370 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that visible light (VL), especially blue light (BL), could cause significant skin damage. With the emergence of VL protection products, a harmonization of light protection methods has been proposed, but it has not been widely applied in the Chinese population. OBJECTIVE Based on this framework, we propose an accurate and simplified method to evaluate the efficacy of BL photoprotection for the Chinese population. METHODS All subjects (n = 30) were irradiated daily using a blue LED light for four consecutive days. Each irradiation dose was 3/4 MPPD (minimum persistent pigmentation darkening). The skin pigmentation parameters, including L*, M, and ITA°, were recorded. We proposed the blue light protection factor (BPF) metric based on the skin pigmentation parameters to evaluate the anti-blue light efficacies of different products. RESULTS We found that the level of pigmentation rose progressively and linearly as blue light exposure increased. We proposed a metric, BPF, to reflect the anti-blue light efficacy of products based on the linear changes in skin pigment characteristics following daily BL exposure. Moreover, we discovered that the BPF metric could clearly distinguish the anti-blue light efficacies between two products and the control group, suggesting that BPF is an efficient and simple-to-use metric for anti-blue light evaluation. CONCLUSION Our study proposed an accurate and simplified method with an easy-to-use metric, BPF, to accurately characterize the anti-blue light efficacies of cosmetic products, providing support for further development of anti-blue light cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Skin and Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilin Pu
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Skinshield Clinical Testing and Technological Research Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Di
- SHISEIDO China Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- SHISEIDO China Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Zhu
- SHISEIDO China Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Tan
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Skin and Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jean Krutmann
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Jiucun Wang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Six-Sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Six-Sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Montero P, Roger I, Milara J, Cortijo J. Damaging effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation: in vitro assessment on a reconstructed full-thickness human skin. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1267409. [PMID: 38105899 PMCID: PMC10722227 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1267409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to solar radiation can cause a range of skin damage, including sunburn, erythema, skin carcinogenesis, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, DNA damage, and photoaging. Other wavelengths beyond UVB, such as UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation, can also contribute to the harmful effects of solar radiation. Reconstructed full-thickness human skin has the potential to serve as effective predictive in vitro tools for evaluating the effects of solar radiation on the skin. The aim of this work was to evaluate the damaging effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation in a full-thickness skin model in terms of viability, inflammation, photoaging, tissue damage, photocarcinogenesis. Methods Full thickness skin models were purchased from Henkel (Phenion FT; Düsseldorf, Germany), and irradiated with increasing doses of UVA, blue light, or infrared radiation. Different endpoints were analyzed on the tissues: Hematoxylin-eosin staining, inflammation mediators, photoaging-related dermal markers and oxidative stress marker GPX1, evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR, as well as photocarcinogenesis markers by Western Blot. Results and Discussion The results showed differential responses in cytokine release for each light source. In terms of photoaging biomarkers, collagen, metalloproteinases 1 and 9, elastin, and decorin were modulated by UVA and blue light exposure, while not all these markers were affected by infrared radiation. Furthermore, exposure to UVA and blue light induced loss of fibroblasts and modulation of the photocarcinogenesis markers p53 and p21. In conclusion, the presented results suggest that the various wavelengths of solar light have distinct and differential damaging effects on the skin. Understanding the differential effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation can serve as a valuable tool to investigate the efficacy of photoprotective agents in full thickness skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Neo JRE, Teo CWL, Ung YW, Yap WN. Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Attenuates Blue Light-Induced Oxidative Stress and Melanogenesis in B16-F1 Melanocytes via Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15373. [PMID: 37895053 PMCID: PMC10607579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our skin is constantly exposed to blue light (BL), which is abundant in sunlight and emitted by digital devices. Prolonged exposure to BL can lead to oxidative stress-induced damages and skin hyperpigmentation. For this study, we used a cell line-based model to examine the protective effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on BL-induced oxidative stress and hyperpigmentation in B16-F1 melanocytes. Alpha-tocopherol (αTP) was used as a comparator. Molecular assays such as cell viability assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, fluorescence imaging, melanin and tyrosinase analysis were performed. Our results showed that TRF effectively suppressed the formation of reactive oxygen species and preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, TRF exhibited anti-apoptotic properties by reducing the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase molecule and downregulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, TRF modulated tyrosinase activity, resulting in a lowered rate of melanogenesis and reduced melanin production. In contrast, αTP did not exhibit significant protective effects against skin damages and pigmentation in BL-induced B16-F1 cells. Therefore, this study indicates that TRF may offer superior protective effects over αTP against the effects of BL on melanocytes. These findings demonstrate the potential of TRF as a protective natural ingredient that acts against BL-induced skin damages and hyperpigmentation via its anti-oxidative and anti-melanogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenia Rui En Neo
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Singapore; (J.R.E.N.)
| | - Cheryl Wei Ling Teo
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Singapore; (J.R.E.N.)
| | - Yee Wei Ung
- Research and Development Department, KL-Kepong Oleomas (KLK Oleo), Level 8, Menara KLK, No 1, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia;
| | - Wei Ney Yap
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Singapore; (J.R.E.N.)
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De Tollenaere M, Chapuis E, Martinez J, Paulus C, Dupont J, Don Simoni E, Robe P, Sennelier-Portet B, Auriol D, Scandolera A, Reynaud R. Gardenia jasminoides Extract, with a Melatonin-like Activity, Protects against Digital Stress and Reverses Signs of Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054948. [PMID: 36902379 PMCID: PMC10003113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital stress is a newly identified cosmetic stress that is mainly characterized by blue light exposure. The effects of this stress have become increasingly important with the emergence of personal digital devices, and its deleterious effects on the body are now well-known. Blue light has been observed to cause perturbation of the natural melatonin cycle and skin damage similar to that from UVA exposure, thus leading to premature aging. "A melatonin-like ingredient" was discovered in the extract of Gardenia jasminoides, which acts as a filter against blue light and as a melatonin-like ingredient to prevent and stop premature aging. The extract showed significant protective effects on the mitochondrial network of primary fibroblasts, a significant decrease of -86% in oxidized proteins on skin explants, and preservation of the natural melatonin cycle in the co-cultures of sensory neurons and keratinocytes. Upon analysis using in silico methods, only the crocetin form, released through skin microbiota activation, was found to act as a melatonin-like molecule by interacting with the MT1-receptor, thus confirming its melatonin-like properties. Finally, clinical studies revealed a significant decrease in wrinkle number of -21% in comparison to the placebo. The extract showed strong protection against blue light damage and the prevention of premature aging through its melatonin-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane De Tollenaere
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Route de Bazancourt, 51110 Pomacle, France
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Emilie Chapuis
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Route de Bazancourt, 51110 Pomacle, France
| | - Jessy Martinez
- R&D Department, Naturex France Avignon (Givaudan), 250 Rue Pierre Bayle, 84140 Avignon, France
| | - Chantal Paulus
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Bâtiment Canal Biotech 1, 3 Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Joran Dupont
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Bâtiment Canal Biotech 1, 3 Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Eglantine Don Simoni
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Bâtiment Canal Biotech 1, 3 Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Robe
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Bâtiment Canal Biotech 1, 3 Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Daniel Auriol
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Bâtiment Canal Biotech 1, 3 Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Amandine Scandolera
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Route de Bazancourt, 51110 Pomacle, France
- Correspondence: (M.D.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Romain Reynaud
- R&D Department, Givaudan France SAS, Bâtiment Canal Biotech 1, 3 Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Ceresnie MS, Patel J, Lim HW, Kohli I. The cutaneous effects of blue light from electronic devices: a systematic review with health hazard identification. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:457-464. [PMID: 36245016 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The biologic effects of visible light, particularly blue light, on the skin at doses and irradiances representative of sunlight have been established. Recent research studies investigated the effects of blue light (BL) from electronic screen devices; however, it is unclear if the evidence can be generalized to real life. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate available evidence regarding clinical effects of BL emitted from electronic devices on human skin using the framework established by the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT). A systematic literature search was conducted by two librarians in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase.com, and Web of Science for relevant articles published from 1946 to March 2022. In vitro and in vivo studies that investigated the effects of BL from electronic devices on skin were included. From the 87 articles gathered from database searches and 1 article identified from citation search, only 9 met the inclusion criteria (6 in vitro and 3 in vivo studies). Human and animal literature with the highest level of evidence ratings were considered with mechanistic data to form one of five human hazard identifications for each outcome category using the OHAT protocol: (1) known, (2) presumed, (3) suspected, (4) not classifiable, or (5) not identified to be a hazard to humans. Literature-based evidence integration did not identify exposure to BL from electronic devices as a hazard to skin pigmentation, redness, yellowness, or melasma exacerbation. Exposure to BL from electronic devices was not classified as a skin photoaging hazard. Low confidence in representative exposure characterization drove high OHAT risk-of-bias ratings for the majority of included studies. While these conclusions hold true for the limited existing data, a larger number of future studies with high-confidence evidence are needed to verify and strengthen hazard identification conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S Ceresnie
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 700, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Western Michigan University College of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 700, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 700, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Park JI, Kim SJ, Kim YJ, Lee SJ. Protective role of Caesalpinia sappan extract and its main component brazilin against blue light-induced damage in human fibroblasts. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:7025-7034. [PMID: 36057446 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a well-known factor that causes skin aging. Recently, with the development of technology, the skin has been exposed to not only the UV radiation but also the blue light from electronic devices. Blue light is a high-energy visible light that penetrates deep into the dermal layer, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulting in skin aging. In this study, we searched for candidate materials that can inhibit blue light-induced skin aging and found Caesalpinia sappan extract (CSE) to be effective. METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were treated with various concentrations of CSE and brazilin and exposed to blue light. We measured that antioxidant activity, MMP-1 levels using MMP-1 ELISA, changes in collagen type 1, collagen type 3, MMP-1, and MMP-3 mRNA expressions, and ROS generation. RESULTS We confirmed that CSE has high absorption of blue light and antioxidant activity. Blue light irradiation at 30 J/cm2 decreased the expression of collagen types 1 and 3, increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and 3, and decreased the production of ROS in human dermal fibroblasts as compared to those of the nonirradiated group. However, pretreatment with CSE protected against the damage caused by the blue light. Brazilin, a major constituent of C. sappan, had high absorbance in the blue light region and antioxidant activities. Pretreatment with brazilin also inhibited the damage caused by the blue light in the cells. CONCLUSION CSE and brazilin are potential agents for inhibiting skin aging caused by blue light-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Il Park
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
| | - Yong Jae Kim
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
| | - Seung Ji Lee
- Creation & Innovation Research Center, IN2BIO, Hwaseong-si, Korea
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Kittigul L, Meephansan J, Sirithanabadeekul P, Hanvivattanakul S, Deenonpoe R, Yingmema W, Tantisantisom K, Thongma S, Rayanasukha Y, Boonkoom T, Adulyaritthikul P, Khanchaitit P. The efficacy of LED microneedle patch on hair growth in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:971-982. [PMID: 36416978 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Light penetration depth in the scalp is a key limitation of low-level light therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). A novel light emitting diode (LED) microneedle patch was designed to achieve greater efficacy by enhancing the percutaneous light delivery. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of this device on hair growth in mice. Thirty-five male C57BL/6 mice which their dorsal skin was split into upper and lower parts to receive either LED irradiation alone or LED irradiation with a microneedle patch. Red (629 nm), green (513 nm), and blue light (465 nm) at an energy dose of 0.2 J/cm2 were applied once daily for 28 days. Outcomes were evaluated weekly using digital photographs. Histopathological findings were assessed using a 6 mm punch biopsy. A significant increase in hair growth was observed in the green light, moderate in the red light, and the lowest in the blue light group. The addition of the microneedle patch to LED irradiation enhanced greater and faster anagen entry in all the groups. Histopathology showed an apparent increase in the number of hair follicles, collagen bundles in the dermis, angiogenesis, and mononuclear cell infiltration after treatment with the green-light LED microneedle patches. No serious adverse effects were observed during the experiment. Our study provides evidence that the newly developed green-light LED microneedle patch caused the optimal telogen-to-anagen transition and could lead to new approaches for AGA. Microneedle stimulation may aid percutaneous light delivery to the target hair follicle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leelawat Kittigul
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jitlada Meephansan
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Punyaphat Sirithanabadeekul
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sirashat Hanvivattanakul
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Raksawan Deenonpoe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Werayut Yingmema
- Laboratory Animal Centers, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Tantisantisom
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sattra Thongma
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Yossawat Rayanasukha
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thitikorn Boonkoom
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Punyanuch Adulyaritthikul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Paisan Khanchaitit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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8
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Lim HG, Kerns ML, Brown ID, Kang S, Chien AL. Skin type specific photobiological response to visible light is mediated by constitutional melanin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L. Kerns
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Isabelle D. Brown
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Sewon Kang
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Anna L. Chien
- Department of Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
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Wikramanayake TC, Chéret J, Sevilla A, Birch-Machin M, Paus R. Targeting mitochondria in dermatological therapy: Beyond oxidative damage and skin aging. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:233-259. [PMID: 35249436 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2049756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of the role of the mitochondria in oxidative damage and skin aging is a significant aspect of dermatological research. Mitochondria generate most reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, excessive ROS are cytotoxic and DNA-damaging and promote (photo-)aging. ROS also possesses key physiological and regulatory functions and mitochondrial dysfunction is prominent in several skin diseases including skin cancers. Although many standard dermatotherapeutics modulate mitochondrial function, dermatological therapy rarely targets the mitochondria. Accordingly, there is a rationale for "mitochondrial dermatology"-based approaches to be applied to therapeutic research. AREAS COVERED This paper examines the functions of mitochondria in cutaneous physiology beyond energy (ATP) and ROS production. Keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal barrier maintenance, appendage morphogenesis and homeostasis, photoaging and skin cancer are considered. Based on related PubMed search results, the paper evaluates thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, Vitamin D3 derivatives, retinoids, cannabinoid receptor agonists, PPARγ agonists, thyrotropin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone as instructive lead compounds. Moreover, the mitochondrial protein MPZL3 as a promising new drug target for future "mitochondrial dermatology" is highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Future dermatological therapeutic research should have a mitochondrial medicine emphasis. Focusing on selected lead agents, protein targets, in silico drug design, and model diseases will fertilize a mito-centric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu C Wikramanayake
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A.,Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - Alec Sevilla
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - Mark Birch-Machin
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, and The UK National Innovation Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
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Violet-blue light exposure of the skin: is there need for protection? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:615-625. [PMID: 33893982 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advocates of skin protection against blue light express concern about exposure to indoor lighting and electronic screens as well as natural outdoor exposure. However, the nature of adverse effects in skin is unclear and the doses to induce effects are unknown. We aimed to reveal whether there is a scientific basis for promoting skin protection against violet-blue light (400-500 nm, VBL). Based on published literature, we determined the time to reach a threshold dose that induced a biological response in human skin. In the absence of an action spectrum for effects on skin, we used a hand held probe with a defined spectral response and measurements of the unweighted exposure between 400 and 500 nm to estimate the exposure by a selection of artificial light sources and solar light. For comparison, an outdoor threshold erythemally weighted UV dose was set to 1 SED (standard erythema dose). Outdoor, weighted irradiances were obtained using a radiative transfer model. Induction of pigmentation in human skin tissue was the only consistently reported endpoint after VBL exposure of about 65 Jcm-2. This threshold dose was reached in 0.5 to 20 months of exposure to indoor lighting sources. In comparison, specialised medical sources reached this dose in 0.5 min to 45 h. The time outdoors to reach 1 SED was shorter than the time to reach a VBL threshold dose throughout all seasons. Skin protection against VBL is superfluous for exposures to domestic lighting sources or screens and for solar radiation; however, it may be advantageous for patients suffering from photosensitive diseases or taking photosensitising medication.
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Wortzman M, Nelson DB. A comprehensive topical antioxidant inhibits oxidative stress induced by blue light exposure and cigarette smoke in human skin tissue. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:1160-1165. [PMID: 33560573 PMCID: PMC8248093 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skin damage from visible light predominantly results from exposure to the blue light spectrum (400-500 nm) which generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) causing a cascade of harmful effects to skin. Topical antioxidants reduce the effects of free radical damage caused by environmental exposures. This study evaluated a comprehensive topical antioxidant's ability to inhibit ROS production induced by blue light and cigarette smoke (CS) in human skin. METHODS Two experiments were conducted utilizing human skin (Fitzpatrick Skin Types III and V; N = 3, each). After confirmed reactivity of untreated tissues at 412 nm, 20J/cm2 , untreated and pretreated (WEL-DS, 2 mg/cm2 ) skin tissue was exposed to blue light and blue light plus CS and left overnight. A nonfluorescent probe (DCFH-DA) was added to skin and exposed to blue light (412 nm, 20J/cm2 ) and blue light plus CS. Fluorescent 2',7'-DCF was generated upon enzymatic reduction and subsequent oxidation by ROS. RESULTS ROS increased at least tenfold following initial exposure to blue light and blue light plus CS in untreated skin. Pretreatment with WEL-DS decreased ROS in FST III exposed to blue light by 51% and 46% in skin exposed to blue light plus CS vs. untreated skin (both, P < .001). In FST V, pretreatment with WEL-DS decreased ROS exposed to blue light by 54% (P < .001) and 50% in skin exposed to blue light plus CS vs. untreated skin (P < .0001). CONCLUSION WEL-DS demonstrated significant reduction in ROS induced by blue light and blue light in combination with CS compared with untreated, exposed skin.
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Portillo M, Mataix M, Alonso-Juarranz M, Lorrio S, Villalba M, Rodríguez-Luna A, González S. The Aqueous Extract of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock ®) Regulates Opsin 3 and Prevents Photooxidation of Melanin Precursors on Skin Cells Exposed to Blue Light Emitted from Digital Devices. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030400. [PMID: 33800784 PMCID: PMC7998284 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of sun exposure on the skin and specifically those related to pigmentation disorders are well known. It has recently been shown that blue light leads to the induction of oxidative stress and long-lasting pigmentation. The protective effect of an aqueous extract of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock®) is known. Our aim was to investigate the action mechanism of Fernblock® against pigmentation induced by blue light from digital devices. Human fibroblasts (HDF) and murine melanocytes (B16-F10) were exposed to artificial blue light (a 400–500 nm LED lamp). Cell viability, mitochondrial morphology, and the expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, known markers involved in the melanogenesis pathway, were evaluated. The activation of Opsin-3, a membrane protein sensitive to blue light that triggers the activation of the enzyme tyrosinase responsible for melanogenesis in melanocytes, was also analyzed. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with Fernblock® prevents cell death, alteration of mitochondrial morphology, and phosphorylation of p38 in HDF exposed to blue light. In addition, Fernblock® significantly reduced the activation of Opsin-3 in melanocytes and the photo-oxidation of melanin, preventing its photodegradation. In sum, Fernblock® exerts beneficial effects against the detrimental impact of blue light from digital devices and could prevent early photoaging, while maintaining skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Portillo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (M.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Manuel Mataix
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (M.M.); (S.L.)
| | | | - Silvia Lorrio
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (M.M.); (S.L.)
| | - María Villalba
- Medical Affairs Department, Cantabria Labs, 28043 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Azahara Rodríguez-Luna
- Innovation and Development, Cantabria Labs, 28043 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-L.); (S.G.)
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá de Henares University, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.-L.); (S.G.)
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Cios A, Ciepielak M, Szymański Ł, Lewicka A, Cierniak S, Stankiewicz W, Mendrycka M, Lewicki S. Effect of Different Wavelengths of Laser Irradiation on the Skin Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052437. [PMID: 33670977 PMCID: PMC7957604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The invention of systems enabling the emission of waves of a certain length and intensity has revolutionized many areas of life, including medicine. Currently, the use of devices emitting laser light is not only an indispensable but also a necessary element of many diagnostic procedures. It also contributed to the development of new techniques for the treatment of diseases that are difficult to heal. The use of lasers in industry and medicine may be associated with a higher incidence of excessive radiation exposure, which can lead to injury to the body. The most exposed to laser irradiation is the skin tissue. The low dose laser irradiation is currently used for the treatment of various skin diseases. Therefore appropriate knowledge of the effects of lasers irradiation on the dermal cells’ metabolism is necessary. Here we present current knowledge on the clinical and molecular effects of irradiation of different wavelengths of light (ultraviolet (UV), blue, green, red, and infrared (IR) on the dermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cios
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Martyna Ciepielak
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Łukasz Szymański
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Science, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Aneta Lewicka
- Laboratory of Food and Nutrition Hygiene, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Szczepan Cierniak
- Department of Patomorphology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wanda Stankiewicz
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Mariola Mendrycka
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
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Bernstein EF, Sarkas HW, Boland P. Iron oxides in novel skin care formulations attenuate blue light for enhanced protection against skin damage. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:532-537. [PMID: 33210401 PMCID: PMC7894303 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a main cause of aging of sun‐exposed skin, but greater attention is being focused on the damaging effects of high‐energy visible (HEV) light (400 and 500 nm). HEV light exposure has increased with expanding use of consumer electronics, such as smartphones, which have a peak emission in the 400‐490 nm range. Sunscreens containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide protect against UVA and UVB radiation but provide limited protection against HEV light. Aim Iron oxides including red iron oxide (Fe2O3), yellow iron oxide (Fe(OH)3/FeOOH), and black iron oxide (Fe3O4) effectively block HEV light, each with a different attenuation profile. Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides with patented skin care ingredients have been incorporated into several formulations to provide enhanced skin protection (Colorescience, Inc). Methods The percent of HEV light attenuation from 400 nm to 490 nm light was measured in vitro using a technique known as diffuse transmittance spectroscopy using a Perkin Elmer Lambda™ 750 UV/Vis/NIR Spectrophotometer equipped with a 100‐mm integrating Labsphere® and PbS detector. Results Products formulated with zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides demonstrated 71.9%‐85.6% attenuation across the tested wavelengths of 415‐465 nm. Conclusion Sunscreens formulated with iron oxides provide enhanced protection against blue light, especially when combined with zinc oxide. To our knowledge, similar studies with iron oxides have not been performed.
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Protective Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Deschampsia antarctica (EDAFENCE ®) on Skin Cells against Blue Light Emitted from Digital Devices. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030988. [PMID: 32024276 PMCID: PMC7038134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is being increasingly exposed to artificial blue light due to the extensive use of electronic devices. This, together with recent observations reporting that blue light—also known as high-energy visible light—can exert cytotoxic effects associated with oxidative stress and promote hyperpigmentation, has sparked interest in blue light and its potential harmful effects on skin. The photoprotective properties of new extracts of different botanicals with antioxidant activity are therefore being studied. Deschampsia antarctica (Edafence®, EDA), a natural aqueous extract, has shown keratinocyte and fibroblast cell protection effects against ultraviolet radiation and dioxin toxicity. In this regard, we studied the protective capacity of EDA against the deleterious effects of artificial blue light irradiation in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and melanocytes. We analyzed the impact of EDA on viability, cell morphology, oxidative stress, melanogenic signaling pathway activation and hyperpigmentation in HDF and melanocytes subjected to artificial blue light irradiation. Our results show that EDA protects against cell damage caused by artificial blue light, decreasing oxidative stress, melanogenic signaling pathway activation and hyperpigmentation caused by blue light irradiation. All these findings suggest that EDA might help prevent skin damage produced by artificial blue light exposure from screen of electronic devices.
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Zheng Z, Xiang S, Wang Y, Dong Y, Li Z, Xiang Y, Bian Y, Feng B, Yang B, Weng X. NR4A1 promotes TNF‑α‑induced chondrocyte death and migration injury via activating the AMPK/Drp1/mitochondrial fission pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:151-161. [PMID: 31746366 PMCID: PMC6889925 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1)-induced chondrocyte death plays a critical role in the development of osteoarthritis through poorly defined mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the role of NR4A1 in regulating chondrocyte death in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cycloheximide (CHX) treatment, with a focus on mitochondrial fission and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. The results demonstrated that NR4A1 was significantly upregulated in TNF-α and CHX exposed chondrocytes. Increased NR4A1 triggered mitochondrial fission via the AMPK/dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) pathway, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening-related cell death. Furthermore, excessive mitochondrial fission impaired chondrocyte migration through imbalance of F-actin homeo-stasis. Inhibiting NR4A1 attenuated TNF-α and CHX-induced mitochondrial fission and, thus, reduced mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes, mPTP opening-related cell death and migration injury. Altogether, the present data confirmed that mitochondrial fission was involved in NR4A1-mediated chondrocyte injury via regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, mPTP opening-induced cell death and F-actin-related migratory inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yulei Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yongbo Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Blue Light Induces Down-Regulation of Aquaporin 1, 3, and 9 in Human Keratinocytes. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110197. [PMID: 30400272 PMCID: PMC6262559 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development in digital screen technology has exponentially increased in the last decades, and many of today’s electronic devices use light-emitting diode (LED) technology producing very strong blue light (BL) waves. Long-term exposure at LED-BL seems to have an implication in the dehydration of the epidermis, in the alterations of shape and number of the keratinocytes, and in the aging of the skin. Aquaporins (AQPs) are water membrane channels that permeate both water and glycerol and play an important role in the hydration of epidermis, as well as in proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Thus, we have hypothesized that AQPs could be involved in the aging of the skin exposed to LED-BL. Therefore, we have examined the expression of AQPs in human keratinocytes exposed to LED-BL at dose of 45 J/cm2, used as an in vitro model to produce the general features of photo aging of the skin. The aim was to verify if LED-BL induces changes of the basal levels of AQPs. The keratinocytes exposure to LED-BL produced an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an activation of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an alteration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and a down-regulation of AQP1, 3 and 9. These findings are preliminary evidences that may be used as starting points for further investigations about the mechanistic involvement of AQP1, 3, and 9 in LED-BL-induced skin aging.
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