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Ryan AT, Kim M, Lim K. Immune Cell Migration to Cancer. Cells 2024; 13:844. [PMID: 38786066 PMCID: PMC11120175 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cell migration is required for the development of an effective and robust immune response. This elegant process is regulated by both cellular and environmental factors, with variables such as immune cell state, anatomical location, and disease state that govern differences in migration patterns. In all cases, a major factor is the expression of cell surface receptors and their cognate ligands. Rapid adaptation to environmental conditions partly depends on intrinsic cellular immune factors that affect a cell's ability to adjust to new environment. In this review, we discuss both myeloid and lymphoid cells and outline key determinants that govern immune cell migration, including molecules required for immune cell adhesion, modes of migration, chemotaxis, and specific chemokine signaling. Furthermore, we summarize tumor-specific elements that contribute to immune cell trafficking to cancer, while also exploring microenvironment factors that can alter these cellular dynamics within the tumor in both a pro and antitumor fashion. Specifically, we highlight the importance of the secretome in these later aspects. This review considers a myriad of factors that impact immune cell trajectory in cancer. We aim to highlight the immunotherapeutic targets that can be harnessed to achieve controlled immune trafficking to and within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison T. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.K.)
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.K.)
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.K.)
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Kött J, Hoehne IL, Heidrich I, Zimmermann N, Reese KL, Zell T, Geidel G, Rünger A, Schneider SW, Pantel K, Smit DJ, Gebhardt C. High Serum Levels of CCL20 Are Associated with Recurrence and Unfavorable Overall Survival in Advanced Melanoma Patients Receiving Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1737. [PMID: 38730689 PMCID: PMC11083498 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibition has revolutionized melanoma therapy, but many patients show primary or secondary resistance. Biomarkers are, therefore, urgently required to predict response prior to the initiation of therapy and to monitor disease progression. METHODS In this prospective study, we analyzed the serum C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) concentration using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood was obtained at baseline before the initiation of immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 monotherapy or Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in advanced melanoma patients (stages III and IV) enrolled at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. The CCL20 levels were correlated with clinico-pathological parameters and disease-related outcomes. RESULTS An increased C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) concentration (≥0.34 pg/mL) at baseline was associated with a significantly impaired progression-free survival (PFS) in the high-CCL20 group (3 months (95% CI: 2-6 months) vs. 11 months (95% CI: 6-26 months)) (p = 0.0033) and could be identified as an independent negative prognostic factor for PFS in univariate (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.98, 95% CI 1.25-3.12, p = 0.004) and multivariate (HR: 1.99, 95% CI 1.21-3.29, p = 0.007) Cox regression analysis, which was associated with a higher risk than S100 (HR: 1.74). Moreover, high CCL20 levels were associated with impaired overall survival (median OS not reached for low-CCL20 group, p = 0.042) with an HR of 1.85 (95% CI 1.02-3.37, p = 0.043) in univariate analysis similar to the established prognostic marker S100 (HR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.02-3.88, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS CCL20 may represent a novel blood-based biomarker for the prediction of resistance to immunotherapy that can be used in combination with established strong clinical predictors (e.g., ECOG performance score) and laboratory markers (e.g., S100) in advanced melanoma patients. Future prospective randomized trials are needed to establish CCL20 as a liquid biopsy-based biomarker in advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kött
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Inka Lilott Hoehne
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Isabel Heidrich
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Noah Zimmermann
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Kim-Lea Reese
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Tim Zell
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Glenn Geidel
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Alessandra Rünger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Stefan W. Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Daniel J. Smit
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.L.H.); (I.H.); (N.Z.); (T.Z.); (G.G.); (A.R.); (S.W.S.)
- Fleur Hiege Center for Skin Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.S.)
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Liu J, Lu J, Wu L, Zhang T, Wu J, Li L, Tai Z, Chen Z, Zhu Q. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages: Novel insights into immunotherapy of skin cancer. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00026-2. [PMID: 38242529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of skin cancer is currently increasing, and conventional treatment options inadequately address the demands of disease management. Fortunately, the recent rapid advancement of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has ushered in a new era for numerous cancer patients. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy remains suboptimal due to the impact of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a major component of the TME, play crucial roles in tumor invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune evasion, significantly impacting tumor development. Consequently, TAMs have gained considerable attention in recent years, and their roles have been extensively studied in various tumors. However, the specific roles of TAMs and their regulatory mechanisms in skin cancer remain unclear. AIM OF REVIEW This paper aims to elucidate the origin and classification of TAMs, investigate the interactions between TAMs and various immune cells, comprehensively understand the precise mechanisms by which TAMs contribute to the pathogenesis of different types of skin cancer, and finally discuss current strategies for targeting TAMs in the treatment of skin cancer. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF OVERVIEW With a specific emphasis on the interrelationship between TAMs and skin cancer, this paper posits that therapeutic modalities centered on TAMs hold promise in augmenting and harmonizing with prevailing clinical interventions for skin cancer, thereby charting a novel trajectory for advancing the landscape of immunotherapeutic approaches for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jiaye Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Junchao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Lisha Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China.
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Nurzat Y, Dai D, Hu J, Zhang F, Lin Z, Huang Y, Gang L, Ji H, Zhang X. Prognostic biomarker CCR6 and its correlation with immune infiltration in cutaneous melanoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1162406. [PMID: 37182147 PMCID: PMC10166847 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1162406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive type of skin cancer. Even after standard treatment, the recurrence and malignant progression of CM were almost inevitable. The overall survival (OS) of patients with CM varied widely, making it critical for prognostic prediction. Based on the correlation between CCR6 and melanoma incidence, we aimed to investigate the prognostic role of CCR6 and its relationship with immune infiltration in CM. Methods We obtained RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to analyze the CM expression. Functional enrichment analyses, immune infiltration analyses, immune checkpoint analyses, and clinicopathology analyses were performed. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify independent prognostic factors. A nomogram model had been developed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test were used to estimate the relationship between OS and CCR6 expression. Results CCR6 was significantly upregulated in CM. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that CCR6 was correlated with immune response. Most immune cells and immune checkpoints were positively correlated with CCR6 expression. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that high CCR6 expression was associated with a good outcome in CM and its subtypes. Cox regression showed that CCR6 was an independent prognostic factor in patients with CM (HR = 0.550, 95% CI = 0.332-0.912, p<0.05). Conclusions CCR6 is considered to be a new prognostic biomarker for patients with CM, and our study provides a potential therapeutic target for CM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeltai Nurzat
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Damao Dai
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Julong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaihuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Operating Room, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Gang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Ji
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cancer, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Adams R, Moser B, Karagiannis SN, Lacy KE. Chemokine Pathways in Cutaneous Melanoma: Their Modulation by Cancer and Exploitation by the Clinician. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225625. [PMID: 34830780 PMCID: PMC8615762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma is rising globally and is projected to continue to rise. Advances in immunotherapy over the last decade have demonstrated that manipulation of the immune cell compartment of tumours is a valuable weapon in the arsenal against cancer; however, limitations to treatment still exist. Cutaneous melanoma lesions feature a dense cell infiltrate, coordinated by chemokines, which control the positioning of all immune cells. Melanomas are able to use chemokine pathways to preferentially recruit cells, which aid their growth, survival, invasion and metastasis, and which enhance their ability to evade anticancer immune responses. Aside from this, chemokine signalling can directly influence angiogenesis, invasion, lymph node, and distal metastases, including epithelial to mesenchymal transition-like processes and transendothelial migration. Understanding the interplay of chemokines, cancer cells, and immune cells may uncover future avenues for melanoma therapy, namely: identifying biomarkers for patient stratification, augmenting the effect of current and emerging therapies, and designing specific treatments to target chemokine pathways, with the aim to reduce melanoma pathogenicity, metastatic potential, and enhance immune cell-mediated cancer killing. The chemokine network may provide selective and specific targets that, if included in current therapeutic regimens, harbour potential to improve outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Adams
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK;
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- Guy’s Cancer Centre, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Correspondence: (S.N.K.); (K.E.L.); Tel.: +44-0-20-7188-6355 (K.E.L.)
| | - Katie E. Lacy
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.N.K.); (K.E.L.); Tel.: +44-0-20-7188-6355 (K.E.L.)
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Huang L, Guo Y, Liu S, Wang H, Zhu J, Ou L, Xu X. Targeting regulatory T cells for immunotherapy in melanoma. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:11. [PMID: 34806028 PMCID: PMC8591697 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential in the maintenance of immunity, and they are also a key to immune suppressive microenvironment in solid tumors. Many studies have revealed the biology of Tregs in various human pathologies. Here we review recent understandings of the immunophenotypes and suppressive functions of Tregs in melanoma, including Treg recruitment and expansion in a tumor. Tregs are frequently accumulated in melanoma and the ratio of CD8+ T cells versus Tregs in the melanoma is predictive for patient survival. Hence, depletion of Tregs is a promising strategy for the enhancement of anti-melanoma immunity. Many recent studies are aimed to target Tregs in melanoma. Distinguishing Tregs from other immune cells and understanding the function of different subsets of Tregs may contribute to better therapeutic efficacy. Depletion of functional Tregs from the tumor microenvironment has been tested to induce clinically relevant immune responses against melanomas. However, the lack of Treg specific therapeutic antibodies or Treg specific depleting strategies is a big hurdle that is yet to be overcome. Additional studies to fine-tune currently available therapies and more agents that specifically and selectively target tumor infiltrating Tregs in melanoma are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Yeye Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Lingling Ou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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