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Frigerio B, Werba JP, Amato M, Ravani A, Sansaro D, Coggi D, Vigo L, Tremoli E, Baldassarre D. Traditional Risk Factors are Causally Related to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression: Inferences from Observational Cohort Studies and Interventional Trials. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:11-24. [PMID: 31838990 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191213120339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, associations between traditional vascular risk factors (VRFs) and carotid intimamedial thickness progression (C-IMTp) as well as the effects of therapies for VRFs control on C-IMTp were appraised to infer causality between each VRF and C-IMTp. Cohort studies indicate that smoking, binge drinking, fatness, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are associated with accelerated C-IMTp. An exception is physical activity, with mixed data. Interventions for the control of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia decelerate C-IMTp. Conversely, scarce information is available regarding the effect of smoking cessation, stop of excessive alcohol intake and management of the metabolic syndrome. Altogether, these data support a causative role of several traditional VRFs on C-IMTp. Shortcomings in study design and/or ultrasonographic protocols may account for most negative studies, which underlines the importance of careful consideration of methodological aspects in investigations using C-IMTp as the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José P Werba
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Amato
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Coggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vigo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Barua L, Faruque M, Chandra Banik P, Ali L. Physical activity levels and associated cardiovascular disease risk factors among postmenopausal rural women of Bangladesh. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S161-S166. [PMID: 30595250 PMCID: PMC6309711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of physical inactivity in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) among postmenopausal women is understudied. The main objective of this study was to measure the physical activity levels (PALs) and evaluate its relation to other CVD risk factors among postmenopausal rural women of Bangladesh. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 265 postmenopausal women aged 40-70 years who visited the outpatient department of a primary health-care center situated in the village Karamtola of Gazipur district. A pretested modified questionnaire of STEP-wise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) of noncommunicable disease risk factors was used to collect data on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. PAL was determined by the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) equation of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) Committee, and association with CVD risk factors was examined by Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS More than half (58.1%) of the postmenopausal women were identified as sedentary with high prevalence of central obesity (73.2%) among them. CVD risk factors including age (r = -0.228, p < 0.01), age at menopause (r = -0.129, p < 0.05), duration of menopause (r = -0.183, p < 0.05), 2-h plasma glucose (r = -0.148, p < 0.05), total cholesterol (r = -0.138, p < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.122, p < 0.05), and triglyceride (r = -0.168, p < 0.01) showed a significant as well as inverse association with Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) of physical activity. CONCLUSION Low PAL and significant inverse correlation with various CVD risk factors demand interventions to maintain higher PAL among postmenopausal women of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingkan Barua
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Bangladesh.
| | - Mithila Faruque
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Bangladesh.
| | - Palash Chandra Banik
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Bangladesh.
| | - Liaquat Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), 125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur-1, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh.
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Guo W, Gong Y, Gu Y, Fu Z, Fan H, Gao B, Zhu X, Fu J, Zhao Y, Sun M, Liu X, Jiang XC, Yang T, Zhou H. Circulating PCSK9 levels and 2-hPG are positively correlated in metabolic diseases in a Chinese Han population. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:15. [PMID: 29343301 PMCID: PMC5772698 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which plays a crucial role in lipoprotein metabolism, has been also regarded as an important marker for atherosclerosis. Available evidence indicated that 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (2-hPG) could be another biomarker for atherosclerosis. However, currently the association between circulating PCSK9 and 2-hPG remains unclear. Here, we explored this potential link in a Chinese Han population. Methods Totally, 600 Chinese Han subjects from Nanjing district, China, were enrolled for the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and they included normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 200), impaired glucose regulation (IGR, n = 200), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM, n = 200). Anthropometric and biochemical determinations such as serum lipid measurements were made. A sandwich ELISA assay was performed to measure serum PCSK9 levels in all subjects. Results Serum PCSK9 concentrations were higher in IGR group (77.63 ± 28.14 ng/ml) and T2DM group (90.62 ± 39.96 ng/ml) than in NGT group (65.33 ± 32.68 ng/ml), and it was significantly higher in T2DM group than in IGR group (p < 0.01). Serum PCSK9 levels positively correlated with 2-hPG and LDL-C in all subgroups, but presented a positive correlation with fasting blood glucose (FBG) only in T2DM group. Using multiple regression model analysis, we also found that PCSK9 levels closely correlated with 2-hPG in all tested groups. According to multinomial logistic regression analysis, PCSK9 levels positively correlated with T2DM (OR = 1.017[1.010–1.025], p < 0.001) even after adjustment for lipid levels. Moreover, in subjects with normal FBG level, 2-hPG gradually and significantly increased across PCSK9 tertiles (6.68 ± 2.01, 7.48 ± 2.10 and 8.27 ± 2.41 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0.01); however, in subjects with normal 2-hPG levels, no such difference was observed. Conclusions PCSK9 levels increase as glucose metabolism deteriorated. Serum PCSK9 levels positively correlated with 2-hPG in patients with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Municipal Hospital for Governmental Organizations, Nanjing, 210018, China
| | - Yingyun Gong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hongqi Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jinxiang Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Ansteel Group Hospital, Anshan, 114001, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, 11203, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Postchallenge hyperglycemia is closely related with early vascular damage in overweight and obese patients. J Hypertens 2011; 30:147-52. [PMID: 22124180 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834e38b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is ongoing discussion on how best to screen for diabetes mellitus. Previous studies suggest that an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is better than fasting glucose levels in predicting cardiovascular mortality, which is largely determined by macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. We examined the relationship between screening methods for diabetes and indices of vascular damage in young individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS Overweight and obese individuals (n = 76, average age 38 ± 6 years) were screened for diabetes by measuring fasting glucose levels, HbA1c and by performing the OGTT. Indices of early vascular damage, including the central augmentation index (cAIx) and pulse pressure amplification (PPA), were assessed by pulse wave analysis (Sphygmocor). Linear regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of vascular damage. RESULTS Central SBP and DBP (BPs) were best predicted by age and by peripheral BP levels. cAIx was independently predicted by age (r = +0.324, P = 0.008), DBP (r = +0.294, P = 0.011) and 2-h glucose values of the OGTT (r = +0.390, P = 0.001). PPA was independently predicted by age (r = -0.445, P < 0.001) and 2-h glucose value of the OGTT (r = -0.353, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The 2-h value of the OGTT was superior to fasting glucose levels and HbA1c in predicting cAIx and PPA in young individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular mortality is largely determined by macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes, and these data suggest that diabetes screening by OGTT may help to identify those individuals with the greatest risk of future vascular complications.
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Lee MS, Kim HJ. Letter: Basal C-peptide Level as a Surrogate Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Patients (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:41-9). Diabetes Metab J 2011; 35:188-9. [PMID: 21738902 PMCID: PMC3122905 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Suk Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Usefulness of lipoprotein ratios in assessing carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:442-7. [PMID: 21146820 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is indicated that total/HDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios have more predictive power for cardiovascular disease compared to classic lipid parameters. However, there have been few reports about the usefulness of these indices for the assessment of early stage atherosclerosis in Japanese type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS We examined the relation between various lipid parameters and carotid atherosclerosis in 934 type 2 diabetic subjects without apparent atherosclerotic diseases (males, 71.7%; age, 59.6 ± 10.5 years (mean ± SD)). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride were measured. LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) level was calculated using the Friedewald formula. The presence of carotid plaque and intima-media thickness (IMT) were evaluated by ultrasonography. RESULTS A stepwise multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that HDL-C (β = -0.110, p<0.001), TC/HDL-C (β = 0.132, p < 0.001) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios (β = 0.132, p < 0.001) were independent determinants of IMT even after adjustment of other conventional risk factors. However, there was no significant correlation between IMT and TC, triglyceride, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels. TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios and non-HDL-C levels were significantly higher, but HDL-C levels were significantly lower in patients with carotid plaque than those without it (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding TC, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, TC/HDL-C (OR; 1.34, p < 0.001) and LDL-C/HDL-C (OR; 1.54, p < 0.001) ratios showed a positive and linear relationship with the prevalence of carotid plaque, whether covariates were adjusted or not. CONCLUSIONS TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios are useful as a tool to assess the risk of early stage atherosclerosis in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.
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