Supervised short-stretch compression therapy in mixed leg ulcers

Haemodynamic effect of a leg compression bandage on the distal posterior tibial artery using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging: A quantitative study

The uncertainty concerning the physiological effects of compression bandaging on the peripheral blood flow is a challenge for healthcare professionals. The main objective was to determine the haemodynamic impact on the distal posterior tibial artery after the application of a high-compression leg multicomponent bandaging system using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging. Leg dominance disparities of the posterior tibial artery before and after the application of the compressive bandage were also analysed. Twenty-eight healthy female volunteers were recruited (mean: 25.71, standard deviation: 4.74 years old) through a non-probability convenience sampling. The 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging of the distal tibial posterior artery was performed in all participants, first under standard resting conditions and after the application of a compression bandage in the leg. When the strong compressive bandage was applied, the area of the assessed artery decreased by 14.2%, whilst the average speed increased by 19.6% and the flow rate increased by 184.8%. There were differences between the haemodynamic parameters of both legs according to dominance, being statistically significantly lower in the dominant leg. The application of strong compressive bandaging significantly increases the arterial flow and mean velocity in the distal segment of the posterior tibial artery, in healthy volunteers by 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, leg dominance influenced some of the haemodynamic parameters. According to the results, leg compression bandages cannot be contraindicated in vascular ulcers with arterial compromise.

Compression therapy in peripheral artery disease: a literature review

OBJECTIVE

Our objective is to examine the pathophysiology of oedema in the ischaemic and post-revascularised limb, compare compression stockings to pneumatic compression devices, and summarise compression regimens in patients with severe peripheral artery disease (PAD) without revascularisation, after revascularisation, and in mixed arterial and venous disease.

METHOD

A scoping literature review of the aforementioned topics was carried out using PubMed.

RESULTS

Compression therapy has been shown to increase blood flow and aid in wound healing through a variety of mechanisms. Several studies suggest that intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices can be used to treat critical limb ischaemia in patients without surgical options. Additionally, compression stockings may have a role in preventing oedema after peripheral artery bypass surgery, thereby diminishing pain and reducing the risk of surgical wound dehiscence.

CONCLUSION

Oedema may occur in the ischaemic limb after revascularisation surgery, as well as in combination with venous disease. Clinicians should not fear using compression therapy in PAD.

Vascular ageing and peripheral pulse: an improved model for assessing their relationship

Objective.Vascular ageing is associated with several alterations, including arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. Such alterations represent an independent factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In our previous works we demonstrated the alterations occurring in the vascular system are themselves reflected in the shape of the peripheral waveform; thus, a model that describes the waveform as a sum of Gaussian curves provides a set of parameters that successfully discriminate betweenunder(≤35 years old) andoversubjects (>35 years old). In the present work, we explored the feasibility of a new decomposition model, based on a sum of exponential pulses, applied to the same problem.Approach.The first processing step extracts each pulsation from the input signal and removes the long-term trend using a cubic spline with nodes between consecutive pulsations. After that, a Least Squares fitting algorithm determines the set of optimal model parameters that best approximates each single pulse. The vector of model parameters gives a compact representation of the pulse waveform that constitutes the basis for the classification step. Each subject is associated to his/her 'representative' pulse waveform, obtained by averaging the vector parameters corresponding to all pulses. Finally, a Bayesan classifier has been designed to discriminate the waveforms of under and over subjects, using the leave-one-subject-out validation method.Main results.Results indicate that the fitting procedure reaches a rate of 96% in under subjects and 95% in over subjects and that the Bayesan classifier is able to correctly classify 91% of the subjects with a specificity of 94% and a sensibility of 84%.Significance.This study shows a sensible vascular age estimation accuracy with a multi-exponential model, which may help to predict CVD.

Compression Therapy Is Not Contraindicated in Diabetic Patients with Venous or Mixed Leg Ulcer

The aim of this study was to investigate if compression therapy (CT) can be safely applied in diabetic patients with Venous Leg Ulcers (VLU), even when a moderate arterial impairment (defined by an Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index 0.5–0.8) occurs as in mixed leg ulcers (MLU). Materials and methods: in one of our previous publications we compared the outcomes of two groups of patients with recalcitrant leg ulcers. Seventy-one patients were affected by mixed venous and arterial impairment and 109 by isolated venous disease. Both groups were treated by tailored inelastic CT (with compression pressure <40 mm Hg in patients with MLU and >60 mm Hg in patients with VLU) and ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) of the superficial incompetent veins with the reflux directed to the ulcer bed. In the present sub analysis of the same patients we compared the healing time of 107 non-diabetic patients (NDP), 69 with VLU and 38 with MLU) with the healing time of 73 diabetic patients (DP), 40 with VLU and 33 with MLU. Results: Twenty-five patients were lost at follow up. The results refer to 155 patients who completed the treatment protocol. In the VLU group median healing time was 25 weeks for NDP and 28 weeks in DP (p = 0.09). In the MLU group median healing time was 27 weeks for NDP and 29 weeks for DP (p = −0.19). Conclusions: when providing leg ulcer treatment by means of tailored compression regimen and foam sclerotherapy for superficial venous refluxes, diabetes has only a minor or no effect on the healing time of recalcitrant VLU or MLU.

Safety of medical compression stockings in patients with diabetes mellitus or peripheral arterial disease

INTRODUCTION

Compression therapy is highly effective in the treatment of many venous diseases, including leg edema. However, its relevance in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or diabetes mellitus is critically discussed. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of compression therapy on microperfusion and its safety in patients with PAD or diabetes mellitus.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A prospective analysis of 94 consecutive patients (44 patients with diabetes, 45 patients with PAD and 5 healthy controls) undergoing medical compression therapy was performed. Microperfusion was assessed by a combined method of white light tissue spectrometry and laser Doppler flowmetry under medical compression therapy (classes I and II), in different body positions (supine, sitting, standing and elevated position of the leg) and at different locations (great toe, lateral ankle and calf).

RESULTS

During the entire study, no compression-related adverse events occurred. Evaluation of microcirculation parameters (oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and flow) at the different locations and in sitting and standing positions (patients with diabetes and PAD) under compression therapy classes I and II revealed no tendency for reduced microperfusion in both groups. In contrast, in the elevated leg position, all mean perfusion values decreased in the PAD and diabetes groups. However, the same effect was seen in the healthy subgroup.

CONCLUSIONS

In consideration of the present inclusion criteria, use of medical compression stockings is safe and feasible in patients with diabetes or PAD. This study did not find relevant impairment of microperfusion parameters under compression therapy in these patient subgroups in physiologic body positions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT03384758.