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Targeting Lysyl Oxidase Family Meditated Matrix Cross-Linking as an Anti-Stromal Therapy in Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030491. [PMID: 33513979 PMCID: PMC7865543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To improve efficacy of solid cancer treatment, efforts have shifted towards targeting both the cancer cells and the surrounding tumour tissue they grow in. The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes underpin the fibrotic remodeling of the tumour microenvironment to promote both cancer growth, spread throughout the body and modulate response to therapies. This review examines how the lysyl oxidase family is involved in tumour development, how they can be targeted, and their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in solid tumours. Abstract The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes are a major driver in the biogenesis of desmoplastic matrix at the primary tumour and secondary metastatic sites. With the increasing interest in and development of anti-stromal therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes of cancer patients, the Lox family has emerged as a potentially powerful clinical target. This review examines how lysyl oxidase family dysregulation in solid cancers contributes to disease progression and poor patient outcomes, as well as an evaluation of the preclinical landscape of LOX family targeting therapeutics. We also discuss the suitability of the LOX family as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in solid tumours.
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Ko HH, Lee JJ, Chen HM, Kok SH, Yen-Ping Kuo M, Cheng SJ, Chiang CP. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA level is significantly related to progression and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 114:605-11. [PMID: 26058869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor. This study evaluated whether the VEGF mRNA level in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue could be a biomarker to predict the progression and prognosis of OSCCs in Taiwan. METHODS This study used quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (quantitative RT-PCR) to detect the VEGF mRNA levels in 60 OSCC specimens. Threshold cycle (CT) was defined as the PCR cycle number needed to generate a predetermined amount of DNA (threshold). The relative amount of tissue VEGF mRNA, standardized against the amount of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA, was expressed as ΔCT = (VEGF CT - GAPDH CT). For a chosen threshold, a smaller starting copy number of mRNA results in a higher CT value. Thus, the lower the ΔCT, the greater the copy number of VEGF mRNA in tissues. RESULTS The lower mean VEGF mRNA ΔCT value was significantly associated with OSCCs with larger tumor size (p = 0.040), positive lymph node metastasis (p = 0.023), and more advanced clinical stages (p = 0.008). VEGF mRNA ΔCT value < 4.2 (p = 0.026) was identified as an independent unfavorable prognosis factor using multivariate regression analyses. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier curve showed that OSCC patients with a VEGF mRNA ΔCT value < 4.2 had a significantly poorer overall survival than those with a VEGF mRNA ΔCT value ≥4.2 (log-rank test, p = 0.0427). CONCLUSION The OSCC tissue VEGF mRNA level can be used to predict the progression and prognosis of OSCCs in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Ko
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Deparment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jaer Lee
- Deparment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Deparment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Heng Kok
- Deparment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark Yen-Ping Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Deparment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Deparment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Deparment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yang DF, Lee JW, Chen HM, Huang Z, Hsu YC. Methotrexate enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy-induced killing of human SCC4 cells by upregulation of coproporphyrinogen oxidase. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113:88-93. [PMID: 24485831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is effective for treatment of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. This in vitro study tried to examine whether the SCC4 cell killing by ALA-PDT was enhanced by pretreatment of methotrexate (MTX). METHODS To measure the SCC4 cell killing abilities by MTX-pretreated ALA-PDT (MTX-ALA-PDT), the SCC4 cells were pretreated with 0 mg/L, 0.001 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, or 1 mg/L of MTX for 72 hours, then incubated with 0 mM, 0.0625 mM, 0.125 mM, 0.187 mM, 0.25 mM, or 0.375 mM ALA for 4 hours, and subsequently illuminated with a 640-nm light-emitting diode array at a light dose of 10 J/cm(2). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was conducted at 24 hours to quantify SCC4 cell survival rates after MTX-ALA-PDT treatment. Western blot analyses were used to examine the MTX-mediated enhancement in the expressions of the heme production-related enzymes, coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX), and ferrochelatase, in the MTX-preconditioned SCC4 cells. RESULTS Pretreatment of SCC4 cells by 0.001 mg/L MTX for 72 hours resulted in a significant augmentation in MTX-ALA-PDT-induced killing of SCC4 cells (p < 0.05). The SCC4 cells treated with 0.001 mg/L MTX for 72 hours showed a significant and 1.65-fold increase in CPOX expression compared with the control SCC4 cells without MTX treatment (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes in the expressions of PPOX and ferrochelatase were observed in the SCC4 cells pretreated with different concentrations of MTX. CONCLUSION MTX enhances ALA-PDT-induced SCC4 cell killing through upregulation of CPOX expression and subsequent increase in intracellular protoporphyrin IX production in SCC4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fu Yang
- Graduate Program, Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Woei Lee
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zheng Huang
- Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver Cancer Center, CO, USA
| | - Yih-Chih Hsu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Center of Biomedical Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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