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Perdigão J. Letter to the Editor regarding, "An experimental study of flexural strength and hardness of zirconia and their relation to crown failure loads" by Alghazzawi et al. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 132:654. [PMID: 38969578 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Perdigão
- Professor, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minn.
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Mayinger F, Ender A, Strickstrock M, Elsayed A, Nassary Zadeh P, Zimmermann M, Stawarczyk B. Impact of the sintering parameters on the grain size, crystal phases, translucency, biaxial flexural strength, and fracture load of zirconia materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 155:106580. [PMID: 38759588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of the zirconia and sintering parameters on the optical and mechanical properties. METHODS Three zirconia materials (3/4Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP, 3Y-TZP) were high-speed (HSS), speed (SS) or conventionally (CS) sintered. Disc-shaped specimens nested in 4 vertical layers of the blank were examined for grain size (GS), crystal phases (c/t'/t/m-phase), translucency (T), and biaxial flexural strength. Fracture load (FL) of three-unit fixed dental prostheses was determined initially and after thermomechanical aging. Fracture types were classified, and data statistically analyzed. RESULTS 4Y-TZP showed a higher amount of c + t'-phase and lower amount of t-phase, and higher optical and lower mechanical properties than 3Y-TZP. In all materials, T declined from Layer 1 to 4. 3/4Y-TZP showed the highest FL, followed by 3Y-TZP, while 4Y-TZP showed the lowest. In 4Y-TZP, the sintering parameters exercised a direct impact on GS and T, while mechanical properties were largely unaffected. The sintering parameters showed a varying influence on 3Y-TZP. Thermomechanical aging resulted in comparable or higher FL. CONCLUSION 3/4Y-TZP presenting the highest FL underscores the principle of using strength-gradient multi-layer blanks to profit from high optical properties in the incisal area, while ensuring high mechanical properties in the lower areas subject to tensile forces. With all groups exceeding maximum bite forces, the examined three-unit FDPs showed promising long-term mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Mayinger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Ender
- Division of Computerized Restorative Dentistry, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Strickstrock
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Material Science and Analysis, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Albrechtstraße 30, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Adham Elsayed
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Parissa Nassary Zadeh
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Zimmermann
- Division of Computerized Restorative Dentistry, Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Yousry M, Hammad I, Halawani ME, Aboushelib M. Translucency of recent zirconia materials and material-related variables affecting their translucency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:309. [PMID: 38443872 PMCID: PMC10913643 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent forms of translucent zirconia material have been developed, offering a wide range of options and varieties for enhancing aesthetics, making it a preferred choice in the field of prosthetic dentistry. However, there is insufficient understanding regarding the recent types of zirconia materials and their optical behavior. Understanding the variables that influence the translucency of zirconia and identifying strategies to enhance its esthetics are crucial. PURPOSE The current systemic review highlights a comprehensive understanding of different zirconia generations in relation to their optical characteristics and evaluates material-related variables affecting their translucency. METHODS The present review studied in-vitro studies that evaluated the optical characteristics of different yttria content of yttria stabilized materials. The topics explored were: (1) the different zirconia material generations and their optical behavior; (2) material-related factors that affect their translucency. The research was restricted to online publication in the English language from July 1, 2010, to July 31, 2023, using PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct resources. The search key terms and their combinations were "zirconia," "translucent zirconia," "cubic zirconia," "highly translucent zirconia," "yttria partially stabilized zirconia," "monolithic zirconia," "translucency," "optical properties," and "light transmission." RESULTS The data obtained from fifty-three studies addressed the optical characteristics of various zirconia generations. They reported that changing yttria content had a significant impact on translucency. Different kinds of zirconia ceramics of the same generation have varying translucencies. Achieving optimum aesthetics with monolithic zirconia is challenging due to factors related to material aspects such as the presence of additives, point defects, microstructure, thickness, phase distribution, and sintering conditions. CONCLUSIONS Newly developed monolithic dental zirconia ceramics have improved aesthetics and translucency. However, additional research is necessary to evaluate their performance and long-term durability. TRIAL REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, under number CRD42023474482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahinour Yousry
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ihab Hammad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Halawani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Aboushelib
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Sahrir CD, Ruslin M, Lee SY, Lin WC. Effect of various post-curing light intensities, times, and energy levels on the color of 3D-printed resin crowns. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:357-363. [PMID: 38303871 PMCID: PMC10829711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Current 3D-printing technology has been widely used for creating dental resin restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of light intensity, time, and energy post-curing on the surface color of 3D-printed resin crowns. However, the influences of post-curing parameters on the restoration after printing still need to be explored. Therefore, this project investigates the effect of post-cure conditions on resin color. Materials and methods Specimens from single-crown (SC) and pontic (PO) specimens underwent post-curing at various light intensities (105, 210, 420, 630, and 860 mW/cm2) for 5, 10, and 15 min. Specimens were observed at three predetermined points and measured using a commercial spectrophotometer that utilizes the CIE Lab∗ color space. Subsequently, samples were analyzed for color differences (ΔE). Results ΔE color differences in evaluated samples were influenced by the light intensity, time, and energy post-curing. SC samples showed a significant color difference (P < 0.05), with the lowest value at 5 min of 16 (860 mW/cm2), while 10 and 15 min had a difference of 4 (210 mW/cm2). PO samples exhibited a significant decrease in the color difference (P < 0.05) at 5 and 10 min of 16 (860 mW/cm2), and at 15 min of 12 (630 mW/cm2). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that exposing a resin crown to a high light intensity results in color stability and allows shorter post-curing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citra Dewi Sahrir
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Ruslin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Sheng-Yang Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Tooth Bank and Dental Stem Cell Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Lin
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Tooth Bank and Dental Stem Cell Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu H, Inokoshi M, Xu K, Tonprasong W, Minakuchi S, Van Meerbeek B, Vleugels J, Zhang F. Does speed-sintering affect the optical and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of in-vitro studies. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:312-328. [PMID: 37705876 PMCID: PMC10495607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zirconia restorations are increasingly popular in dental treatment. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) needs to be sintered for clinical applications and novel speed-sintering protocols are being developed for chairside treatments. Whether the properties of speed-sintered YSZ meet clinical requirements, however, remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the influence of speed-sintering on the optical and mechanical properties of dental YSZ according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published between January 1, 2010 and February 28, 2022 in English, Chinese, or Japanese. After full-text evaluation and quality assessment, 26 articles were selected. Meta-analysis revealed that speed-sintering does not significantly affect the CIEDE2000-based translucency parameter, contrast ratio, three-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, or fracture toughness of YSZ (p < 0.01) compared to conventional sintering. However, the CIELab-based translucency parameter of conventionally sintered YSZ is higher than that of speed-sintered YSZ. The descriptive analysis indicated that speed-sintering does not affect the hardness of YSZ compared to that of conventionally sintered YSZ. The results indicate that speed-sintering is suitable for preparing YSZ for dental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Liu
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masanao Inokoshi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kaiqi Xu
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Watcharapong Tonprasong
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Minakuchi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7 blok a, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Vleugels
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fei Zhang
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7 blok a, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Salah K, Sherif AH, Mandour MH, Nossair SA. Optical effect of rapid sintering protocols on different types of zirconia. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:253.e1-253.e7. [PMID: 37330359 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Rapid sintering protocols are available for the fabrication of zirconia restorations, but whether rapid sintering influences color or translucency is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of different rapid sintering protocols on the color and translucency of cubic and tetragonal zirconias. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty disk-shaped specimens of 1-mm-thick cubic (DD CubeX2) and tetragonal (DD Bio ZX2) zirconia were investigated. Specimens of each type of zirconia were divided into three groups: conventional, speed, and superspeed sintering protocols. The conventional group of each zirconia type served as the control for calculating color differences. Translucency for each group was assessed by the translucency parameter and contrast ratio. Two-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis of the data (α=.05). RESULTS The translucency of cubic and tetragonal zirconia decreased after speed and superspeed sintering (P<.001). Superspeed sintering resulted in a greater color change than speed sintering (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Rapid sintering protocols produced a significant effect on the color and translucency of cubic and tetragonal zirconias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerolos Salah
- Former Postgraduate student, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University, New Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ashraf Hussein Sherif
- Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona H Mandour
- Professor, Department of Crown and Bridge, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Girls' Branch, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ahmed Nossair
- Assistant Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University, New Cairo, Egypt
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Kongkiatkamon S, Rokaya D, Kengtanyakich S, Peampring C. Current classification of zirconia in dentistry: an updated review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15669. [PMID: 37465158 PMCID: PMC10351515 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Zirconia, a crystalline oxide of zirconium, holds good mechanical, optical, and biological properties. The metal-free restorations, mostly consisting of all-ceramic/zirconia restorations, are becoming popular restorative materials in restorative and prosthetic dentistry choices for aesthetic and biological reasons. Dental zirconia has increased over the past years producing wide varieties of zirconia for prosthetic restorations in dentistry. At present, literature is lacking on the recent zirconia biomaterials in dentistry. Currently, no article has the latest information on the various zirconia biomaterials in dentistry. Hence, the aim of this article is to present an overview of recent dental zirconia biomaterials and tends to classify the recent zirconia biomaterials in dentistry. This article is useful for dentists, dental technicians, prosthodontists, academicians, and researchers in the field of dental zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchada Kongkiatkamon
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Dinesh Rokaya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Santiphab Kengtanyakich
- Prosthodontic Section, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Chaimongkon Peampring
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Kongkiatkamon S, Peampring C. Effect of Speed Sintering on Low Temperature Degradation and Biaxial Flexural Strength of 5Y-TZP Zirconia. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165272. [PMID: 36014509 PMCID: PMC9416714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Translucent zirconia is becoming the material of choice for the esthetic restorative material. We aimed to evaluate the surface structure, phase determination, translucency, and flexural strength of 5Y-TZP Zirconia (Katana STML Block and Disc) between the regular sintering and the speed sintering with and without low-temperature degradation (LTD). A total of 60 zirconia discs (30 per group; regular sintering and speed sintering) were used in this study. A CAM machine was used to mill cylinders out of the zirconia blanks and then cut into smaller discs. For the speed sintering, the zirconia blocks were milled into smaller discs. The zirconia discs were subjected to regular and speed sintering with and without LTD. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the zirconia specimens and the zirconia grain size. Furthermore, the zirconia specimens were analyzed for elemental analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy and phase identification using X-ray diffraction. The zirconia specimens were subjected to translucency measurements and biaxial flexural strength testing. The results of the zirconia specimens were compared among the groups. Statistical analysis was completed using SPSS version 20.0 to detect the statistically significant differences (p value = 0.05). A one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons was performed using Scheffe analysis among the groups. The speed sintering presented smaller grain sizes. The zirconia specimens with and without LTD in regular and speed sintering presented a similar surface structure. Regular sintering showed more translucency compared to speed sintering. Multiple comparisons of the translucency parameter were a significant difference (p value < 0.05) between the various groups except for the comparison between speed sintering and speed sintering LTD. The regular sintering showed bigger gain sizes and slightly more translucency compared to speed sintering. The speed sintering showed higher biaxial flexural strengths compared to regular sintering. This shows that speed sintering can be considered a suitable method of sintering zirconia.
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Santillán-Guerra AM, Ticona-Orellana VM, Escuza-González SR, Delgado-Castillo SM, Huamán-Laredo WI, Atoche-Socola KJ, Munive-Campos CA. [Optical and mechanical properties of translucent zirconium as an optimal restorative material in fixed prosthesis: A review of the literature]. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2022; 10:e121. [PMID: 38389551 PMCID: PMC10880710 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-1003-2022-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The main consequence of not treating tooth decay in time is the total or partial loss of the tooth. One of the alternatives to replace the lost tooth and return the functions is through fixed prostheses. Today there are 3 generations of yttrium-stabilized zirconium polycrystals (Y-TZP). Seeing that in the third Generation the yttrium content was increased to approximately 5% in moles (5Y), stabilizing the materials approximately 50% of cubic phase and 50% of tetragonal phase, thus giving a translucent zirconium (5Y) with a high aesthetics and greater naturalness to the dental crown. Objective To identify the different optical and mechanical properties of translucent zirconium compared to other restorative materials used in fixed prostheses. Materials and methods This narrative review evaluated 115 scientific articles from the Medline information sources (via PubMed), Science Direct, Scopus, SciELO and LILACS from the last 5 years, published in Spanish, Portuguese and English. We included 51 articles that met the selection criteria which were randomized clinical trials and observational studies, in vitro studies and in vivo studies that evaluated the optical and mechanical properties of translucent zirconium as an optimal restorative material in fixed prostheses. We excluded systematic reviews, case reports and editorials. Results It was observed that zirconium being a relatively new material and in constant evolution has studies mostly in vitro, among which stand out those that speak both of the mechanical and optical properties that vary depending on the generation to which the material belongs, as well as the adhesiveness of the material which is for now not viable, therefore, it is essential that more studies be carried out on this material. Conclusions We can mention that zirconium has evolved over time, providing better optical properties, but as a consequence it has been reducing flexural strength and fracture toughness. However, this material provides good biocompatibility with oral structures. On the other hand, translucent zirconium according to studies is a non-recordable material, so new methods are sought to improve its adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Mauricio Santillán-Guerra
- Carrera de Estomatologíade la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , , , . Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Viviana Maira Ticona-Orellana
- Carrera de Estomatologíade la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , , , . Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Sergio Ricardo Escuza-González
- Carrera de Estomatologíade la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , , , . Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Sergio Marcelo Delgado-Castillo
- Carrera de Estomatologíade la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , , , . Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Wendy Isabel Huamán-Laredo
- Carrera de Estomatologíade la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , , , . Universidad Científica del Sur Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Katherine Joselyn Atoche-Socola
- División de Rehabilitación Oral de la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , Universidad Científica del Sur División de Rehabilitación Oral Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Carlos Aníbal Munive-Campos
- División de Rehabilitación Oral de la Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , Universidad Científica del Sur División de Rehabilitación Oral Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
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Cho MH, Seol HJ. Effect of Cooling Rate during Glazing on the Mechanical and Optical Properties of Monolithic Zirconia with 3 mol% Yttria Content. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7474. [PMID: 34885629 PMCID: PMC8658760 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glazing is the final heat treatment process in the manufacturing of a monolithic zirconia prosthesis. Herein, the effect of cooling rate during zirconia glazing was investigated. A 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal was glazed at the general cooling rate suggested by the manufacturer, as well as at higher and lower cooling rates, and the differences in flexural strength, hardness, optical properties, and crystal structure were evaluated. A higher cooling rate did not affect the flexural strength, hardness, grain size, optical properties, or crystal structure; however, the Weibull modulus decreased by 1.3. A lower cooling rate did not affect the flexural strength, optical properties, or crystal structure; however, the Weibull characteristic strength increased by 26.7 MPa and the Weibull modulus increased by 0.9. The decrease in hardness and the increase in grain size were statistically significant; however, the numerical differences were negligible. This study revealed that a lower cooling rate provides more reliable flexural strength. Therefore, glazing can proceed at a general cooling rate, which takes 3-4 min; however, glazing at a lower cooling rate will provide a more consistent flexural strength if desired, despite being time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyang Cho
- Department of Dental Lab, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan-si 54538, Jeonbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Hyo-Joung Seol
- Department of Dental Materials, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si 50612, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
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