1
|
Superoxide Anion Chemistry-Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031841. [PMID: 36768162 PMCID: PMC9916283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Classically, superoxide anion O2•- and reactive oxygen species ROS play a dual role. At the physiological balance level, they are a by-product of O2 reduction, necessary for cell signalling, and at the pathological level they are considered harmful, as they can induce disease and apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death. This revision focuses on understanding the main characteristics of the superoxide O2•-, its generation pathways, the biomolecules it oxidizes and how it may contribute to their modification and toxicity. The role of superoxide dismutase, the enzyme responsible for the removal of most of the superoxide produced in living organisms, is studied. At the same time, the toxicity induced by superoxide and derived radicals is beneficial in the oxidative death of microbial pathogens, which are subsequently engulfed by specialized immune cells, such as neutrophils or macrophages, during the activation of innate immunity. Ultimately, this review describes in some depth the chemistry related to O2•- and how it is harnessed by the innate immune system to produce lysis of microbial agents.
Collapse
|
2
|
Oxidative degradation of acetaminophen using superoxide ion generated in ionic liquid/aprotic solvent binary system. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
3
|
Halilu A, Hayyan M, Aroua MK, Yusoff R, Hizaddin HF. In Situ Electrosynthesis of Peroxydicarbonate Anion in Ionic Liquid Media Using Carbon Dioxide/Superoxide System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25928-25939. [PMID: 31305059 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate engineering solutions with emphasis on CO2 removal remain a global open challenge to balancing atmospheric CO2 equilibrium levels. As a result, warnings of impending climate disasters are growing every day in urgency. Beyond ordinary CO2 removal through natural CO2 sinks such as oceans and forest vegetation, direct CO2 conversion into valuable intermediaries is necessary. Here, a direct electrosynthesis of the peroxydicarbonate anion (C2O62-) was investigated by the reaction of CO2 with the superoxide ion (O2·-), electrochemically generated from O2 reduction in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [TFSI-] anion derived ionic liquid (IL) media. This is the first time that the IL media were employed successfully for CO2 conversion into C2O62-. Moreover, the charge transfer coefficient for the O2·- generation process in the ILs was less than 0.5, indicating that the process was irreversible. Voltammetry experiments coupled with global electrophilicity index analysis revealed that, when CO2/O2 was contacted simultaneously in the IL medium, O2·- was generated in situ first at a potential of approximately -1.0 V. Also, CO2 was more susceptible to attack by O2·- before any possible interaction with the IL except for [PMIm+][TFSI-]. This was because CO2 has a higher global electrophilicity index (ωCO2 = 0.489 eV) than those for the [EDMPAmm+][TFSI-] and [MOEMMor+][TFSI-]. By further COSMO-RS modeling, CO2 absorption was proven feasible at the COSMO-surface of the [TFSI-] IL-anion where the charge densities were σ = -1.100 and 1.1097 e/nm2. Therefore, the susceptible competitiveness of either IL cations or CO2 to the nucleophilic effects of O2·- was a function of their positive character as estimated by their electrophilicity indices. As determined by experimental attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and DFT-FTIR computation, the reaction yielded C2O62- in the ILs. Consequently, the presence of O=O symmetric stretching FTIR vibrational mode at ∼844 cm-1 coupled with the disappearance of the oxidative cyclic voltammetry waves when sparging CO2 and O2 confirmed the presence of C2O62-. Moreover, based on DFT/B3LYP/6-31G, pure C2O62- has symmetric O=O stretching at ∼805 and ∼844 cm-1 when it is in association with the IL-cation. This was the first spectroscopic observation of C2O62- in ILs, and the O=O symmetric stretching vibration has peculiarity for identifying C2O62- in ILs. This will open new doors to utilize CO2 in industrial applications with the aid of reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maan Hayyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Sohar University , P. O. Box 44, Sohar P.C. 311 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua
- Centre for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation (CCDCU), School of Science and Technology , Sunway University , Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya , Malaysia
- Department of Engineering , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YW , U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Superoxide ion (O2(•-)) is of great significance as a radical species implicated in diverse chemical and biological systems. However, the chemistry knowledge of O2(•-) is rather scarce. In addition, numerous studies on O2(•-) were conducted within the latter half of the 20th century. Therefore, the current advancement in technology and instrumentation will certainly provide better insights into mechanisms and products of O2(•-) reactions and thus will result in new findings. This review emphasizes the state-of-the-art research on O2(•-) so as to enable researchers to venture into future research. It comprises the main characteristics of O2(•-) followed by generation methods. The reaction types of O2(•-) are reviewed, and its potential applications including the destruction of hazardous chemicals, synthesis of organic compounds, and many other applications are highlighted. The O2(•-) environmental chemistry is also discussed. The detection methods of O2(•-) are categorized and elaborated. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using ionic liquids as media for O2(•-), addressing the latest progress of generation and applications. The effect of electrodes on the O2(•-) electrochemical generation is reviewed. Finally, some remarks and future perspectives are concluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inas M AlNashef
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology , Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, AlNashef IM, Hashim MA. Generation and stability of superoxide ion in tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate anion-based ionic liquids. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Bu C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Lu X, Liu X. Electrochemical Investigation for Cu2+ Oscillatory Phenomena at the Liquid/Liquid Interface with a Specific Adsorption of Ion Pair Model. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Electrochemical reduction of dioxygen in Bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide based ionic liquids. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Mominul Islam M, Ohsaka T. Two-electron quasi-reversible reduction of dioxygen at HMDE in ionic liquids: Observation of cathodic maximum and inverted peak. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Islam MM, Okajima T, Ohsaka T. In situ CCD video and voltammetric studies on enhanced cathodic peak observed at a hanging mercury drop electrode during consecutive two one-electron redox reactions in aprotic solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Islam MM, Alam MT, Okajima T, Ohsaka T. Nonlinear Phenomena at Mercury Hg Electrode/Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL) Interfaces: Polarographic Streaming Maxima and Current Oscillation. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:12849-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075749b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominul Islam
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mail Box G1-5, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Muhammad Tanzirul Alam
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mail Box G1-5, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Takeyoshi Okajima
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mail Box G1-5, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsaka
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mail Box G1-5, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Islam MM, Okajima T, Ohsaka T. Eccentric Phenomena at Liquid Mercury Electrode/Solution Interfaces: Upward, Downward, and Circular Motions. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:8619-25. [PMID: 16640416 DOI: 10.1021/jp060558e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes a visualization of unidirectional and circular motions triggered by an electrochemical redox reaction at a charged, bent, and streamed liquid electrode/liquid solution interface. The novel circular motion that induces a conversion of electrochemical energy into mechanical energy could be visualized for the first time at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution interface via the electrochromic reaction of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) by using a CCD-color video camera. The observed motions are self-insisting in nature and are tunable into upward, downward, clockwise, and anticlockwise ones by an appropriate choice of the experimental conditions. This circular motion is visualized for the first time as the cause of the well-known cyclic voltammetric anodic current oscillation at the HMDE. Several small perturbations, for example, surface tension, surface motion, bulk motion, diffusional mass transport, and surface electrochemical potential are considered to be endlessly amplified by their coupling in a cyclic chain, resulting in such macroscopic motions at the electrode/solution interface. All of the phenomena can be explained on the basis of the modern theory proposed by Aogaki et al. for the polarographic streaming maxima of the first kind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominul Islam
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Mail Box G1-5, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Islam MM, Ferdousi BN, Okajima T, Ohsaka T. A catalytic activity of a mercury electrode towards dioxygen reduction in room-temperature ionic liquids. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|