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Pence M, Rodríguez O, Lukhanin NG, Schroeder CM, Rodríguez-López J. Automated Measurement of Electrogenerated Redox Species Degradation Using Multiplexed Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:62-72. [PMID: 36817007 PMCID: PMC9936799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the decomposition of electrogenerated species in solution is essential for applications involving electrosynthesis, homogeneous electrocatalysis, and energy storage with redox flow batteries. In this work, we present an automated, multiplexed, and highly robust platform for determining the rate constant of chemical reaction steps following electron transfer, known as the EC mechanism. We developed a generation-collection methodology based on microfabricated interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) with variable gap widths on a single device. Using a combination of finite-element simulations and statistical analysis of experimental data, our results show that the natural logarithm of collection efficiency is linear with respect to gap width, and this quantitative analysis is used to determine the decomposition rate constant of the electrogenerated species (k c). The integrated IDA method is used in a series of experiments to measure k c values between ∼0.01 and 100 s-1 in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and at concentrations as high as 0.5 M of the redox-active species, conditions that are challenging to address using standard methods based on conventional macroelectrodes. The versatility of our approach allows for characterization of a wide range of reactions including intermolecular cyclization, hydrolysis, and the decomposition of candidate molecules for redox flow batteries at variable concentration and water content. Overall, this new experimental platform presents a straightforward automated method to assess the degradation of redox species in solution with sufficient flexibility to enable high-throughput workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Pence
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Nikita G. Lukhanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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Adsorption and Electropolymerization of p-Aminophenol Reduces Reproducibility of Electrochemical Immunoassays. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186046. [PMID: 36144780 PMCID: PMC9501838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the electrochemical behavior of p-aminophenol (PAP) on commercially available carbon screen-printed electrodes (CSPEs) and gold screen-printed electrodes (GSPEs) at neutral and basic pHs for the development of inexpensive immunoassays. The electrochemical oxidative signal from PAP results from its adsorption to the electrode. The formation of self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes prevented PAP adsorption but also reduced its oxidative current, confirming that adsorption increases signal production. On bare electrodes, PAP adsorption results in oxidative current variability depending on the electroactive surface area of the screen-printed electrode. This variability could not be remedied by cleaning and reusing the same GSPE. Decreasing the PAP concentration to 3.8 μM greatly improved the consistency of the measurements, suggesting that the adsorption of PAP is concentration-dependent. Multiple PAP oxidations on the same electrode caused polymerization, limiting PAP in continuous monitoring applications. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy allow the distinction between adsorbed PAP and electropolymerized PAP on the surface of a gold wafer. The results from this study suggest that the use of PAP production in immunoassays with SPEs must be fine-tuned, and electrodes must be cleaned or disposed of between measurements.
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Abidi M, López-Bernabeu S, Huerta F, Montilla F, Besbes-Hentati S, Morallón E. The chemical and electrochemical oxidative polymerization of 2-amino-4-tert-butylphenol. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kibena E, Marandi M, Mäeorg U, Venarusso LB, Maia G, Matisen L, Kasikov A, Sammelselg V, Tammeveski K. Electrochemical modification of gold electrodes with azobenzene derivatives by diazonium reduction. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1043-54. [PMID: 23420610 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical study of Au electrodes electrografted with azobenzene (AB), Fast Garnet GBC (GBC) and Fast Black K (FBK) diazonium compounds is presented. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy investigations reveal the formation of multilayer films. The elemental composition of the aryl layers is examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements reveal a quasi-reversible voltammogram of the Fe(CN)6 (3-/4-) redox couple on bare Au and a sigmoidal shape for the GBC- and FBK-modified Au electrodes, thus demonstrating that electron transfer is blocked due to the surface modification. The electrografted AB layer results in strongest inhibition of the Fe(CN)6 (3-/4-) response compared with other aryl layers. The same tendencies are observed for oxygen reduction; however, the blocking effect is not as strong as in the Fe(CN)6 (3-/4-) redox system. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements allowed the calculation of low charge-transfer rates to the Fe(CN)6 (3-) probe for the GBC- and FBK-modified Au electrodes in relation to bare Au. From these measurements it can be concluded that the FBK film is less compact or presents more pinholes than the electrografted GBC layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elo Kibena
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Investigation on redox mechanism of p-aminophenol in non-aqueous media by FT-IR spectroelectrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Bioelectrode for detection of human salivary amylase. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Feng PS, Wang SM, Su WY, Cheng SH. Electrochemical Oxidation and Sensitive Determination of Pyrogallol at Preanodized Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Blocking properties of gold electrodes modified with 4-nitrophenyl and 4-decylphenyl groups. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Electrochemically pretreated screen-printed carbon electrodes for the simultaneous determination of aminophenol isomers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kullapere M, Kozlova J, Matisen L, Sammelselg V, Menezes HA, Maia G, Schiffrin DJ, Tammeveski K. Electrochemical properties of aryl-modified gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jiang P, Zhou J, Zhang A, Zhong Y. Electrochemical degradation of p-nitrophenol with different processes. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:500-506. [PMID: 20617724 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) under different conditions was investigated. The electrochemical behavior of PNP and its reduction product p-aminophenol (PAP) on stainless steel cathode and Ti/Pt anode through cyclic voltammetry were observed. Electrochemical degradation process was performed in an undivided cell and 92% PNP was removed corresponding to a 22% total organic carbon removal. A divided cell was also used and it was found that PNP degradation was mainly attributed to cathodic reduction, while anodic oxidation was responsible for PNP removal due to the reaction with hydroxyl radicals and surface oxide generated on the anode. The sequential electrolytic processes, reduction-oxidation and oxidation-reduction, were compared in the divided cell. In the case of reduction-oxidation process, the total organic carbon removal reached 40%, but PNP removal was the same with the undivided cell. A black deposit was found in the effluent and identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a polymer of PAP produced by the 1,4-addition reaction of quinoneimine. Intermediates left in the solution such as hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone and PAP were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Whereas, the oxidation-reduction process proved unsatisfying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental & Biological Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Silva AP, Marqueti SS, Maia G. Specific adsorption of propiconazole and humic acid on Pt and PtO films. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kullapere M, Marandi M, Sammelselg V, Menezes HA, Maia G, Tammeveski K. Surface modification of gold electrodes with anthraquinone diazonium cations. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Chen C, Sun C, Gao Y. Electrosynthesis of a Net-like Microstructured Poly(p-aminophenol) Film Possessing Electrochemical Properties in a Wide pH Range. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320802453690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Franco DL, Afonso AS, Ferreira LF, Gonçalves RA, Boodts JF, Brito-Madurro AG, Madurro JM. Electrodes modified with polyaminophenols: Immobilization of purines and pyrimidines. POLYM ENG SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Silva FB, Vieira SN, Goulart LR, Boodts JFC, Brito-Madurro AG, Madurro JM. Electrochemical Investigation of oligonucleotide-DNA hybridization on poly(4-methoxyphenethylamine). Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1173-1187. [PMID: 19325797 PMCID: PMC2635724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9071173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the immobilization of purine and pyrimidine bases and immobilization/hybridization of synthetic oligonucleotides on graphite electrodes modified with poly(4-methoxyphenethylamine) produced in acid medium. The immobilization of adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine on these modified electrodes was efficient, producing characteristic peaks. Another relevant observation is that, according to the literature, pyrimidine bases, cytosine and thymine are more difficult to detect. However, when immobilized onto the poly(4-methoxyphenethylamine), a significant increase in the magnitude of the current was obtained. The observation of the hybridization between the poly(GA) probe and its complementary, poly(CT) target, was possible by monitoring the guanosine and adenosine peaks or through methylene blue indicator, using differential pulse voltammetry. Hybridization results in a decrease of the peak current of guanosine and adenosine or the signal of methylene blue accumulated on the modified electrode surface. The hybridization with the complementary target was also investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed a significant modification in the Nyquist plot, after addition of the complementary target, with increase of the charge transference resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle B Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Sabrina N Vieira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal Univ. of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Julien F C Boodts
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Ana G Brito-Madurro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - João M Madurro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, Brazil
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Chen C, Sun C, Gao Y. Electrosynthesis of poly(aniline-co-p-aminophenol) having electrochemical properties in a wide pH range. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Gold electrodes modified with poly(4-aminophenol): incorporation of nitrogenated bases and an oligonucleotide. POLYM INT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vieira SN, Ferreira LF, Franco DL, Afonso AS, Gonçalves RA, Brito-Madurro AG, Madurro JM. Electrochemical Modification of Graphite Electrodes with Poly(4-aminophenol). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200651333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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