Fluorescence enhancement for alkaloids by anions: Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterizations

Spontaneous formation of fluorescent nanofibers and reticulated solid from berberine palmitate: a new example of aggregation-induced emission enhancement in organic ion pairs

The salt formed between the large aromatic berberine cation and the long-chain palmitate anion was synthesized and used to prepare aqueous suspensions of particles owing to a solvent-exchange method. Under these conditions, elongated particles were readily obtained. They were studied by transmission microscopy with polarized light, as well as by fluorescence and electron microscopy. They were shown to be probably crystallized nanofibers, which were stable in suspension. Unexpectedly, upon filtration and drying, these fibers evolved to give a reticulated solid. The fluorescence properties of the compound were analyzed in solution, in aqueous suspension and in the powder crystalline state. Interestingly, berberine palmitate is virtually not fluorescent in aqueous solution because of the quenching effect of water, but transition to the solid state was accompanied by a strong increase in fluorescence intensity. This phenomenon was explained by the original molecular arrangement in the solid state. Actually, in the crystal, the anions form a distinct layer, which limits parallel-stacking of the fluorescent cations. Moreover, the berberine cations are protected from the access of water molecules, and so no quenching effect can take place. This example confirms that the newly introduced concept of ion-pair aggregation-induced fluorescence enhancement can be extended to a variety of structures. It also shows the interest of ion pairs for preparing fluorescent nanofibers and reticulated solids using a solvent-exchange method that is particularly easy to implement.