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Schott C, Schneider PM, Song KT, Yu H, Götz R, Haimerl F, Gubanova E, Zhou J, Schmidt TO, Zhang Q, Alexandrov V, Bandarenka AS. How to Assess and Predict Electrical Double Layer Properties. Implications for Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:12391-12462. [PMID: 39527623 PMCID: PMC11613321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
The electrical double layer (EDL) plays a central role in electrochemical energy systems, impacting charge transfer mechanisms and reaction rates. The fundamental importance of the EDL in interfacial electrochemistry has motivated researchers to develop theoretical and experimental approaches to assess EDL properties. In this contribution, we review recent progress in evaluating EDL characteristics such as the double-layer capacitance, highlighting some discrepancies between theory and experiment and discussing strategies for their reconciliation. We further discuss the merits and challenges of various experimental techniques and theoretical approaches having important implications for aqueous electrocatalysis. A strong emphasis is placed on the substantial impact of the electrode composition and structure and the electrolyte chemistry on the double-layer properties. In addition, we review the effects of temperature and pressure and compare solid-liquid interfaces to solid-solid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
M. Schott
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Peter M. Schneider
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Kun-Ting Song
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Haiting Yu
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Rainer Götz
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Felix Haimerl
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- BMW
AG, Petuelring 130, 80809 München, Germany
| | - Elena Gubanova
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Jian Zhou
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Thorsten O. Schmidt
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- State
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of
Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vitaly Alexandrov
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials
and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Physics
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has gained increasing attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to its ability to reveal electrocatalyst surface structures down to the atomic level in either ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) or harsh electrochemical conditions. The detailed knowledge of surface structures, surface electronic structures, surface active sites as well as the interaction between surface adsorbates and electrocatalysts is highly beneficial in the study of electrocatalytic mechanisms and for the rational design of electrocatalysts. Based on this, this review will discuss the application of STM in the characterization of electrocatalyst surfaces and the investigation of electrochemical interfaces between electrocatalyst surfaces and reactants. Based on different operating conditions, UHV-STM and STM in electrochemical environments (EC-STM) are discussed separately. This review will also present emerging techniques including high-speed EC-STM, scanning noise microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Graphic Abstract
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Fang Y, Ding SY, Zhang M, Steinmann SN, Hu R, Mao BW, Feliu JM, Tian ZQ. Revisiting the Atomistic Structures at the Interface of Au(111) Electrode–Sulfuric Acid Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9439-9446. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Stephan N. Steinmann
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Ren Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Juan M. Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquı́mica, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante E-03690, Spain
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Magnussen OM. Atomic‐Scale Insights into Electrode Surface Dynamics by High‐Speed Scanning Probe Microscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:12865-12883. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsKiel University Olshausenstr. 40 24098 Kiel Germany
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Origuchi S, Kishimoto M, Yoshizawa M, Yoshimoto S. A Supramolecular Approach to the Preparation of Nanographene Adlayers Using Water‐Soluble Molecular Capsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Origuchi
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Division of Materials Science and ChemistryFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyKumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
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Origuchi S, Kishimoto M, Yoshizawa M, Yoshimoto S. A Supramolecular Approach to the Preparation of Nanographene Adlayers Using Water-Soluble Molecular Capsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15481-15485. [PMID: 30259612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are excellent building blocks for the creation of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets. However, large PAHs tend to exhibit poor or no solubility in organic solvents and water. To overcome this issue, we employed water-soluble micellar capsules consisting of V-shaped amphiphilic molecules. Characteristic electrochemical behavior was observed in 0.1 m H2 SO4 in the presence of the water-soluble capsules containing PAHs, such as ovalene, circobiphenyl, and dicoronylene. Furthermore, under these conditions, PAHs were released from the capsules, resulting in the formation of a 2D adlayer of PAHs at the electrochemical interface. Finally, using electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy, we demonstrate that our molecular containers based on water-soluble molecular capsules allow the facile preparation of 2D PAH adlayers in addition to structurally controlling nanostructure formation on Au surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Origuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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Jebaraj AJJ, Scherson D. Quantitative aspects of normalized differential reflectance spectroscopy: Pt(111) in aqueous electrolytes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4241-8. [PMID: 24702156 DOI: 10.1021/ac403895z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical model is herein proposed to account for changes in the normalized differential reflectance, ΔR/R, of well-defined single crystal Pt(111) surfaces|aqueous electrolyte interfaces. It assumes that ΔR/R is proportional to the area of the electrode either bare or covered by neutral and/or nominally charged species and, for a specific type of site, is modulated by the applied potential, E. Correlations between the coverage of the various species and E were obtained from data reported in the literature or by coulometric analysis of linear voltammetric scans. Excellent agreement was found for the adsorption/desorption of hydrogen and that of bisulfate from acidic electrolytes both on bare, and cyanide-modified Pt(111). Also discussed are extensions of this technique in the transient mode involving the reduction of adsorbed nitric oxide, NO, on Pt(111).
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Yang YC, Magnussen OM. Quantitative studies of adsorbate dynamics at noble metal electrodes by in situ Video-STM. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:12480-7. [PMID: 23652411 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface diffusion of adsorbates at electrochemical interfaces is studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy with high temporal resolution, using sulfur and methyl thiolate on c(2 × 2) Cl covered Cu(100), Ag(100), and Au(100) electrode surfaces in 0.01 M HCl solution as an example. While on Au(100) quantitative studies were not possible because of the slow dynamics and high surface defect density, on Cu(100) and Ag(100) a pronounced exponential increase of the jump rates of isolated adsorbates toward more negative potentials was found, indicating a linear decrease of the tracer diffusion barriers with potential. The potential dependence is independent of the adsorbate species, but differs for Cu(100) and Ag(100) substrates. These trends can be explained by electrostatic contributions to the diffusion barrier, caused by the interaction of the adsorbates with the field of the electrochemical double layer, if the presence of the chloride coadsorbate layer is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Chia Yang
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Yang YC, Taranovskyy A, Magnussen OM. In situ video-STM studies of methyl thiolate surface dynamics and self-assembly on Cu(100) electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14143-14154. [PMID: 22967093 DOI: 10.1021/la302939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The atomic-scale surface dynamic behavior of adsorbed methyl thiolate on Cu(100) electrodes, prepared via the dissociative adsorption of dimethyl disulfide, was studied in 0.01 M HCl solution over a wide regime of coverages. Using video-rate in situ STM, we directly observed the motion of the adsorbates within the c(2 × 2) lattice of the chloride coadsorbates with high spatial and temporal resolution, revealing complex mutual interactions of the organic adsorbates as well as pronounced interactions with Cu adatoms, which significantly affect the thiolate self-assembly. Quantitative measurements of the tracer diffusion of isolated thiolates reveal a 35 meV lower diffusion barrier as compared to that of sulfide adsorbates with a linear potential dependence of 0.5 eV/V. The effective intermolecular interactions between the thiolates resemble those between adsorbed sulfide and are repulsive at the nearest-neighbor distance of a(0) within the c(2 × 2) lattice, attractive at the next-nearest-neighbor distance of √2a(0) and again repulsive at a distance of 2a(0). Thiolates at these small spacings are found to exhibit characteristic collective properties, which are significant for the self-assembly of these species: First, their mobility is greatly enhanced relative to that of isolated thiolates. Second, Cu adatoms can be transiently trapped in between the two thiolates of a metastable dimer with an intermolecular spacing of √2a(0). With increasing coverage, small, highly mobile molecular clusters and subsequently the formation of ordered adlayer domains with a c(2 × 6) structure are observed. Common structural elements of the clusters and c(2 × 6) domains are stripes of thiolate dimers, which are oriented in the [011] direction, spaced at distances of √2a(0) and of which a large fraction is occupied by Cu adatoms. The c(2 × 6) phase can be rationalized as a close-packed arrangement of these dimer stripes. Because of the self-acceleration of the thiolate mobility, the ordering and reorganization of the ordered c(2 × 6) adlayers occur orders of magnitude faster than the surface diffusion of isolated thiolates, illustrating the importance of collective effects in organic self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Chia Yang
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Jebaraj AJJ, Martins de Godoi DR, Scherson DA. Pronounced Surface Sensitivity of Hydroxylamine Oxidation on Gold Single-Crystal Electrodes in Acidic and Neutral Aqueous Solutions. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300032n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriel Jebin Jacob Jebaraj
- Ernest B.
Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences and The Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078,
United States
| | - Denis Ricardo Martins de Godoi
- Ernest B.
Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences and The Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078,
United States
| | - Daniel A. Scherson
- Ernest B.
Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences and The Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078,
United States
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