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Rajendrachari S, Arslanoglu H, Yaras A, Golabhanvi SM. Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Ta 2O 5 Recovered from Ore by a Novel Method. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46946-46954. [PMID: 38107930 PMCID: PMC10720014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Except for well-known commercial production procedures, this study demonstrates that Ta2O5 particles can be produced. Through a series of steps, highly pure Ta2O5 particles (99.45%) were produced from the raw ore. We have electrochemically detected one of the important nitrogenous compounds present in urine, "uric acid", by a Ta2O5 particle-modified carbon paste electrode (Ta2O5-MCPE) using cyclic voltammetry. The prepared electrode has shown excellent current sensitivity at a pH of 6.0 phosphate-buffered solution. We have found that 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE has recorded the highest current sensitivity of 75.75 μA. The oxidation peak current was varied with the uric acid concentration in the range from 1 to 5 mM at 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE. We have calculated the electrode-active surface area for a bare carbon paste electrode and 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE using the Randles-Sevcik equation, and the values were found to be 0.0202 and 0.0450 cm2, respectively. On the other hand, the calculated values of limit of detection and limit of quantification were reported as 0.5937 × 10-8 M and 1.9791 × 10-8 M, respectively, for the prepared 4 mg Ta2O5-MCPE. The interfere studies revealed that the variation in the electrochemical signal of uric acid in the presence of different metal ions was found to be less than ±5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashanka Rajendrachari
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey
| | - Hasan Arslanoglu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Ali Yaras
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey
| | - Shailesh M. Golabhanvi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Dr. M. S.
Sheshagiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi 590008, Karnataka, India
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2
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Li T, Díaz-Real JA, Holm T. Design of Electrochemical Microfluidic Detectors: Accurate Potential Measurement. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2934-2939. [PMID: 36129391 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Potential drop due to the electrolyte conductivity between the reference electrode (RE) and the working electrode leads to measurement error. Because of the limited amount of electrolyte and constricted geometry in microfluidic systems, the total potential drop in a microfluidic system is confined within a small part of the cell. This makes the choice and placement of the RE an important consideration. In this article, we discuss ways to incorporate an RE in a microfluidic system and, through numerical modeling and experimental verification, present some design strategies for electrode placement to ensure accurate potential control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jesús Adrián Díaz-Real
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S.C. Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, S/N, Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
| | - Thomas Holm
- Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, Kjeller NO-2027, Norway
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Bertotti M, Silva F, Lima A, Santos C, Meloni G. Increased sensitivity of Ascorbate Detection by Mediated Oxidation in Confined Electrochemical Cells. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo BRAZIL
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4
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Mazzara F, Patella B, Aiello G, O'Riordan A, Torino C, Vilasi A, Inguanta R. Electrochemical detection of uric acid and ascorbic acid using r-GO/NPs based sensors. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abadie T, Sella C, Perrodin P, Thouin L. Electrochemical Generation and Detection of Transient Concentration Gradients in Microfluidic Channels. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations. Front Chem 2019; 7:704. [PMID: 31709233 PMCID: PMC6822297 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient concentration gradients generated and detected electrochemically in continuous flow microchannels were investigated by numerical simulations and amperometric measurements. Operating conditions including device geometry and hydrodynamic regime were theoretically delineated for producing gradients of various profiles with tunable characteristics. Experiments were carried out with microfluidic devices incorporating a dual-channel-electrode configuration. Under these conditions, high electrochemical performance was achieved both to generate concentration gradients and to monitor their dynamics along linear microchannels. Good agreement was observed between simulated and experimental data validating predictions between gradient properties and generation conditions. These results demonstrated the capability of electrochemical microdevices to produce in situ tunable concentration gradients with real-time monitoring. This approach is versatile for the active control in microfluidics of microenvironments or chemical gradients with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laurent Thouin
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
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6
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Numerical modeling of complex collection efficiency for double channel electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Visual Voltammogram at an Array of Closed Bipolar Electrodes in a Ladder Configuration. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Molina DE, Medina AS, Beyenal H, Ivory CF. Design and Finite Element Model of a Microfluidic Platform with Removable Electrodes for Electrochemical Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 166:B125-B132. [PMID: 31341328 PMCID: PMC6656400 DOI: 10.1149/2.0891902jes] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic platform for hydrodynamic electrochemical analysis was developed, consisting of a poly(methyl methacrylate) chip and three removable electrodes, each housed in 1/16" OD polyether ether ketone tube which can be removed independently for polishing or replacement. The working electrode was a 100-μm diameter Pt microdisk, located flush with the upper face of a 150 μm × 20 μm × 3 cm microchannel, smaller than previously reported for these types of removable electrodes. A commercial leak-less reference electrode was utilized, and a coiled platinum wire was the counter electrode. The platform was evaluated electrochemically by oxidizing a potassium ferrocyanide solution at the working electrode, and a typical limiting current behavior was observed after running linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry, with flow rates 1-6 μL/min. While microdisk channel electrodes have been simulated before using a finite difference method in an ideal 3D geometry, here we predict the limiting current using finite elements in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a, which allowed us to easily explore variations in the microchannel geometry that have not previously been considered in the literature. Experimental and simulated currents showed the same trend but differed by 41% in simulations of the ideal geometry, which improved when channel and electrode imperfections were included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adan Schafer Medina
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA
| | | | - Cornelius F. Ivory
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA
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Bell CG, Seelanan P, O'Hare D. Microelectrode generator-collector systems for electrolytic titration: theoretical and practical considerations. Analyst 2017; 142:4048-4057. [PMID: 28980672 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01450c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electochemical generator-collector systems, where one electrode is used to generate a reagent, have a potentially large field of application in sensing and measurement. We present a new theoretical description for coplanar microelectrode disc-disc systems where the collector is passive (such as a potentiometric sensor) and the generator is operating at constant flux. This solution is then used to develop a leading order solution for such a system where the reagent reacts reversibly in solution, such as in acid-base titration, where a hydrogen ion flux is generated by electrolysis of water. The principal novel result of the theory is that such devices are constrained by a maximum reagent flux. The hydrogen ion concentration at the collector will only reflect the buffer capacity of the bulk solution if this constraint is met. Both mathematical solutions are evaluated with several microfabricated devices and reasonable agreement with theory is demonstrated.
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Anderson MJ, Ostojic N, Crooks RM. Microelectrochemical Flow Cell for Studying Electrocatalytic Reactions on Oxide-Coated Electrodes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11027-11035. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and
Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Nevena Ostojic
- Department of Chemistry and
Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and
Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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Anderson MJ, Crooks RM. Microfluidic Surface Titrations of Electroactive Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7053-7061. [PMID: 28665618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of microfluidic surface titrations (MSTs) for studying electroactive self-assembled monolayers (eSAMs) and other thin films. The technique of MST utilizes a microfluidic generation-collection dual channel electrode (DCE) configuration to quantify the charge associated with electroactive thin films that might or might not be in direct contact with an electrode surface. This technique allows for quantitative measurement of surface coverages, Γ, as low as 30 pmol cm-2 for electrodeposited Cu thin films. Additionally, we show that it is possible to quantify Γ for ferrocene (Fc)-terminated alkylthiols in mixed-monolayer eSAMs. Interestingly, MSTs sometimes reveal a two-fold higher eSAM concentration compared to direct electrochemical measurements. This finding suggests that in these instances not all the constituent Fc-moieties of the eSAM are in sufficiently close proximity to the surface to be addressable via direct electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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12
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Noyhouzer T, Snowden ME, Tefashe UM, Mauzeroll J. Modular Flow-Through Platform for Spectroelectrochemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5246-5253. [PMID: 28418648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Noyhouzer
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801
Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A OB
| | - Michael E. Snowden
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801
Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A OB
| | - Ushula M. Tefashe
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801
Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A OB
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801
Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A OB
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Fanavoll EV, Harrington DA, Sunde S, Singh G, Seland F. A microfluidic electrochemical cell with integrated PdH reference electrode for high current experiments. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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On-Line Monitoring the Growth of E. coli or HeLa Cells Using an Annular Microelectrode Piezoelectric Biosensor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13121254. [PMID: 27999343 PMCID: PMC5201395 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological information is obtained from the interaction between the series detection electrode and the organism or the physical field of biological cultures in the non-mass responsive piezoelectric biosensor. Therefore, electric parameter of the electrode will affect the biosensor signal. The electric field distribution of the microelectrode used in this study was simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics analytical tool. This process showed that the electric field spatial distribution is affected by the width of the electrode finger or the space between the electrodes. In addition, the characteristic response of the piezoelectric sensor constructed serially with an annular microelectrode was tested and applied for the continuous detection of Escherichia coli culture or HeLa cell culture. Results indicated that the piezoelectric biosensor with an annular microelectrode meets the requirements for the real-time detection of E. coli or HeLa cells in culture. Moreover, this kind of piezoelectric biosensor is more sensitive than the sensor with an interdigital microelectrode. Thus, the piezoelectric biosensor acts as an effective analysis tool for acquiring online cell or microbial culture information.
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15
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Adesokan B, Quan X, Evgrafov A, Heiskanen A, Boisen A, Sørensen M. Experimentation and numerical modeling of cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical micro-sized sensors under the influence of electrolyte flow. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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17
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Yao S, Hu Y, Li G. Flowing electrolytic synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and carbon nanosheets. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Bitziou E, Joseph MB, Read TL, Palmer N, Mollart T, Newton ME, Macpherson JV. In Situ Optimization of pH for Parts-Per-Billion Electrochemical Detection of Dissolved Hydrogen Sulfide Using Boron Doped Diamond Flow Electrodes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10834-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502941h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola Palmer
- Element Six Ltd., Element Six Global Innovations
Centre, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QR, U.K
| | - Tim Mollart
- Element Six Ltd., Element Six Global Innovations
Centre, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QR, U.K
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Anderson MJ, Crooks RM. High-Efficiency Generation-Collection Microelectrochemical Platform for Interrogating Electroactive Thin Films. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9962-9. [PMID: 25260095 DOI: 10.1021/ac502869j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, and the Center
for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, and the Center
for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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Dual-electrode measurements in a meniscus microcapillary electrochemical cell using a high aspect ratio carbon fibre ultramicroelectrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Kadilak AL, Liu Y, Shrestha S, Bernard JR, Mustain WE, Shor LM. Selective deposition of chemically-bonded gold electrodes onto PDMS microchannel side walls. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Contento NM, Bohn PW. Tunable electrochemical pH modulation in a microchannel monitored via the proton-coupled electro-oxidation of hydroquinone. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:044120. [PMID: 25379105 PMCID: PMC4189302 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is a promising tool for microfluidic systems because it is relatively inexpensive, structures are simple to fabricate, and it is straight-forward to interface electronically. While most widely used in microfluidics for chemical detection or as the transduction mechanism for molecular probes, electrochemical methods can also be used to efficiently alter the chemical composition of small (typically <100 nl) microfluidic volumes in a manner that improves or enables subsequent measurements and sample processing steps. Here, solvent (H2O) electrolysis is performed quantitatively at a microchannel Pt band electrode to increase microchannel pH. The change in microchannel pH is simultaneously tracked at a downstream electrode by monitoring changes in the i-V characteristics of the proton-coupled electro-oxidation of hydroquinone, thus providing real-time measurement of the protonated forms of hydroquinone from which the pH can be determined in a straightforward manner. Relative peak heights for protonated and deprotonated hydroquinone forms are in good agreement with expected pH changes by measured electrolysis rates, demonstrating that solvent electrolysis can be used to provide tunable, quantitative pH control within a microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Contento
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Dickinson EJ, Ekström H, Fontes E. COMSOL Multiphysics®: Finite element software for electrochemical analysis. A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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