Electrochemical behavior of propranolol hydrochloride in neutral solution on calixarene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode

Advances of Drugs Electroanalysis Based on Direct Electrochemical Redox on Electrodes: A Review

The strong development of mankind is inseparable from the proper use of drugs, and the electroanalytical research of drugs occupies an important position in the field of analytical chemistry. This review mainly elaborates the research progress of drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox on various electrodes for the recent decade from 2011 to 2021. At first, we summarize some frequently used electrochemical data processing and electrochemical mechanism research derivation methods in the literature. Then, according to the drug therapeutic and application/usage purposes, the research progress of drugs electrochemical analysis is classified and discussed, where we focus on drugs electrochemical reaction mechanism. At the same time, the comparisons of electrochemical sensing performance of the drugs on various electrodes from recent studies are listed, so that readers can more intuitively compare and understand the electroanalytical sensing performance of each modified electrode for each of the drug. Finally, this review discusses the shortcomings and prospects of the drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox research.

A new electrochemical sensing platform based on HgS/graphene composite deposited on the glassy carbon electrode for selective and sensitive determination of propranolol

Fabrication of selective, sensitive and reliable sensing platform for detection of propranolol (PRO) is still a great challenge. In this study, a new sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the electrochemical determination of PRO using HgS/graphene composite. The incorporation of HgS microstructures on graphene sheets was done via a facile one-step method, where the simultaneous reduction of GO and the in-situ generation of HgS happened. Owing to the large surface area, excellent electronic conductivity and more electro-active sites provided by graphene, the HgS/graphene composite exhibited better electrochemical ability through the detection of PRO compared to the bare HgS. The HgS/graphene sensor revealed superb selectivity, good repeatability and superior stability of about 96.0 % of its original response after five weeks. Moreover, the sensor displayed excellent analytical parameters such as linear range of 0.5-50.0 μM with low detection limit of 0.05 μM (S/N = 3) and good sensitivity (0.1851 μA/μM). Furthermore, the constructed sensor was applied for detection of PRO in real and pharmaceutical samples, with good recoveries, ranging from 96.0 to 102.0%. The HgS/graphene composite provided here displayed satisfactory electrochemical features may hold great potential to the improvement of electrochemical sensors and electronic devices.

Propranolol

Propranolol is a noncardioselective β-blocker. It is reported to have membrane-stabilizing properties, but it does not own intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Propranolol hydrochloride is used to control hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It is also used to control symptoms of sympathetic overactivity in the management of hyperthyroidism, anxiety disorders, and tremor. Other indications cover the prophylaxis of migraine and of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. This study provides a detailed, comprehensive profile of propranolol, including formulas, elemental analysis, and the appearance of the drug. In addition, the synthesis of the drug is described. The chapter covers the physicochemical properties, including X-ray powder diffraction, pK, solubility, melting point, and procedures of analysis (spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatographic). In-depth pharmacology is also presented (pharmacological actions, therapeutic dosing, uses, Interactions, and adverse effects and precautions). More than 60 references are given as a proof of the abovementioned studies.