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Pražáková L, Fischer J, Taylor A, Kubíčková A. Comparison of Chemical and Electrochemical Approaches to Abacavir Oxidative Stability Testing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2776. [PMID: 36904979 PMCID: PMC10007081 DOI: 10.3390/s23052776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical approach using two different electrode materials, platinum and boron-doped diamond (BDD), was employed to study the oxidative stability of the drug abacavir. Abacavir samples were subjected to oxidation and subsequently analysed using chromatography with mass detection. The type and amount of degradation products were evaluated, and results were compared with traditional chemical oxidation using 3% hydrogen peroxide. The effect of pH on the rate of degradation and the formation of degradation products were also investigated. In general, both approaches led to the same two degradation products, identified using mass spectrometry, and characterised by 319.20 and m/z 247.19. Similar results were obtained on a large-surface platinum electrode at a potential of +1.15 V and a BDD disc electrode at +4.0 V. Degradation of 20% of abacavir, the rate required for pharmaceutical stability studies, took only a few minutes compared to hours required for oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. Measurements further showed that electrochemical oxidation in ammonium acetate on both types of electrodes is strongly pHdependent. The fastest oxidation was achieved at pH 9. The pH also affects the composition of the products, which are formed in different proportions depending on the pH of the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pražáková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fischer
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Taylor
- FZU—Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kubíčková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Electroanalytical sensors for antiretroviral drugs determination in pharmaceutical and biological samples: A review. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Electroanalytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluids: A Review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Vymyslický F, Křížek T, Kozlík P, Kubíčková A, Heřt J, Bartosińska E. Alternative method for canagliflozin oxidation analysis using an electrochemical flow cell - Comparative study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114341. [PMID: 34474952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper highlights the potential of electrochemical flow cells for oxidative-stress testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients using canagliflozin as a model substance. Based on design of experiments, we developed our method through a reduced combinatorial design, optimizing the following independent variables: cell size, electrolyte flow rate, electrolyte concentration, and electrolyte pH. Using ammonium phosphate buffer with methanol in a 50/50 vol ratio as a working electrolyte, we electrochemically oxidized samples and analyzed them by high-performance liquid chromatography, considering the following dependent variables: peak area of each impurity, peak area of canagliflozin, and the percentage of the corresponding peak areas. Our results showed that the most significant independent variables were electrolyte pH and flow rate. By data optimization, we determined the most suitable conditions for electrochemical oxidation of canagliflozin, namely 50 µm cell size, 300 mM electrolyte concentration, 0.1 mL/h electrolyte flow rate, and electrolyte pH = 4. The repeatability of the method, expressed as the relative standard deviation of the canagliflozin peak area, measured in ten separately oxidized samples, was 1.64%. For comparison purposes, we performed a degradation experiment using hydrogen peroxide, identifying five identical impurities in both cases, as confirmed by mass spectrometry. The degradation products formed when using the chemical method after 1, 3, and 7 days totaled 0.09%, 0.75%, and 3.75%, respectively, and the degradation products formed when using the electrochemical method after 3 h totaled 3.11%. Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide required 7 days, whereas electrochemical oxidation was completed in 3 h. Overall, the electrochemical method significantly saves time and reduces the consumption of active ingredients and solvents thanks to the miniaturized size of the electrochemical cell, thereby minimizing the costs of forced degradation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vymyslický
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kubíčková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hlavova 8/2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Heřt
- Zentiva Group, a.s., U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Bartosińska
- Zentiva Group, a.s., U Kabelovny 130, 102 37 Prague 10, Czech Republic
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5
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Ganesh PS, Kim SY, Choi DS, Kaya S, Serdaroğlu G, Shimoga G, Shin EJ, Lee SH. Electrochemical investigations and theoretical studies of biocompatible niacin-modified carbon paste electrode interface for electrochemical sensing of folic acid. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe modified electrode–analyte interaction is critical in establishing the sensing mechanism and in developing an electrochemical sensor. Here, the niacin-modified carbon paste electrode (NC/CPE) was fabricated for electrochemical sensing applications. The two stable structures of the niacin were optimized and confirmed by the absence of negative vibrational frequency, at B3LYP and B3LYP-GD3BJ level and 6–311 g** basis set. The physical and quantum chemical quantities were used to explain the molecular stability and electronic structure-related properties of the niacin. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was performed to disclose the donor–acceptor interactions that were a critical role in explaining the modifier–analyte interaction. The fabricated NC/CPE was used for the determination of folic acid (FA) in physiological pH by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. The limit of detection (LOD) for FA at NC/CPE was calculated to be 0.09 µM in the linear concentration range of 5.0 µM to 45.0 µM (0.2 M PBS, pH 7.4) by CV technique. The analytical applicability of the NC/CPE was evaluated in real samples, such as fruit juice and pharmaceutical sample, and the obtained results were acceptable. The HOMO and LUMO densities are used to identify the nucleophilic and electrophilic regions of niacin. The use of density functional theory-based quantum chemical simulations to understand the sensory performance of the modifier has laid a new foundation for fabricating electrochemical sensing platforms.
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Selcuk O, Demir Y, Erkmen C, Yıldırım S, Uslu B. Analytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Different Matrices: Recent Advances and Trends. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1662-1693. [PMID: 33983841 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1908111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the main pathogenic substances that cause severe diseases in humans and other living things. They are among the most common microorganisms, and consequently, antiviral drugs have emerged to prevent and treat viral infections. Antiviral drugs are an essential drug group considering their prescription and consumption rates for different diseases and indications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop accurate and precise analytical methods to detect antiviral drugs in various matrices. Chromatographic techniques are used frequently for the quantification purpose since they allow simultaneous determination of antivirals. Electrochemical methods have also gained importance since the analysis can be performed quickly without the need for pretreatment. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods are used because they are simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming methods. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the analysis of currently used antiviral drugs from 2010 to 2021. Since studies on antiviral drugs are numerous, selected publications were reviewed in this article. The analysis of antiviral drugs was divided into three main groups: chromatographic, spectrometric, and electrochemical methods which were applied to different matrices, including pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Selcuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Erkmen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sercan Yıldırım
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ağın F, Doğan İS. Voltammetric Methods Used in the Determination of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200519141257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has now been established as the
causative agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and exactly 25 antiretroviral
drugs have been formally approved for clinical use in the treatment of AIDS. The life quality and duration
of HIV-positive patients have increased with the usage of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of
AIDS. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) are one of the subgroups of antiretroviral.
Objective:
The quantification of drugs is important, as they make positive contributions to dose adjustments
in practice. Voltammetric methods are very powerful analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical
industry because of the determination of therapeutic agents and/or their metabolites in clinical
samples at extremely low concentrations (10-50 ng/ml).
Methods:
This review mainly includes the pharmacological properties and recent determination studies
by voltammetric methods from pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples of eight NRTIs
group antiretroviral drugs (zidovudine, abacavir, adefovir, entecavir, zalcitabine, didanosine, emtricitabine,
lamivudine) that are used in the clinic and show electroactive properties, were performed.
Conclusion:
Due to the variety of working electrodes in voltammetric methods, it is possible to choose
the electrode that best responds. In this way, the analysis of NRTIs was possible at lower concentrations
in pharmaceuticals and biological samples with voltammetric methods in these studies without
the necessity for the sample pre-treatment or time-consuming extraction steps. The voltammetric methods
provide good stability, repeatability, reproducibility and high recovery for the analysis of the analyte.
They could be used for the pharmacokinetic studies as well as for quality control laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ağın
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon,Turkey
| | - İnci Selin Doğan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon,Turkey
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Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Paste Electrode Bulk-Modified with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Its Application in a Sensitive Assay of Antihyperlipidemic Simvastatin in Biological Samples. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122215. [PMID: 31200496 PMCID: PMC6630724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of an antihyperlipidemic drug simvastatin (SIM) was carried out using a carbon paste electrode bulk-modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-CPE). Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used for the characterization of the prepared electrodes. Different electrodes were prepared varying in mass percentage of MWCNTs to find out the optimum amount of MWCNTs in the paste. The MWCNT-CPE in which the mass percentage of MWCNTs was 25% (w/w) was found as the optimum. Then, the prepared electrode was used in a mechanistic study and sensitive assay of SIM in pharmaceutical dosage form and a spiked human plasma sample using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The prepared electrode shows better sensitivity compared to the bare carbon paste and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The detection limit and the limit of quantification were calculated to be 2.4 × 10-7 and 8 × 10-7, respectively. The reproducibility of the electrode was confirmed by the low value of the relative standard deviation (RSD% = 4.8%) when eight measurements of the same sample were carried out. Determination of SIM in pharmaceutical dosage form was successfully performed with a bias of 0.3% and relative recovery rate of 99.7%. Furthermore, the human plasma as a more complicated matrix was spiked with a known concentration of SIM and the spiking recovery rate was determined with the developed method to be 99.5%.
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Kurbanoglu S, Ozkan SA. Electrochemical carbon based nanosensors: A promising tool in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:439-457. [PMID: 28780997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become very popular in the sensor fields in recent times. It is thought that the utilization of such technologies, as well as the use of nanosized materials, could well have beneficial effects for the performance of sensors. Nano-sized materials have been shown to have a number of novel and interesting physical and chemical properties. Low-dimensional nanometer-sized materials and systems have defined a new research area in condensed-matter physics within past decades. Apart from the aforesaid categories of materials, there exist various materials of different types for fabricating nanosensors. Carbon is called as a unique element, due to its magnificent applications in many areas. Carbon is an astonishing element that can be found many forms including graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and graphene. This review provides an overview of some of the important and recent developments brought about by the application of carbon based nanostructures to nanotechnology for both chemical and biological sensor development and their application in pharmaceutical and biomedical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
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Hicks MB, Salituro L, Mangion I, Schafer W, Xiang R, Gong X, Welch CJ. Assessment of coulometric array electrochemical detection coupled with HPLC-UV for the absolute quantitation of pharmaceuticals. Analyst 2017; 142:525-536. [PMID: 28098264 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02432g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of a coulometric array detector in tandem with HPLC-UV was evaluated for the absolute quantitation of pharmaceutical compounds without standards, an important capability gap in contemporary pharmaceutical research and development. The high-efficiency LC flow-through electrochemical detector system allows for the rapid evaluation of up to 16 different potentials, aiding in the identification and quantitation of electrochemically reactive species. By quantifying the number of electrons added or removed from an analyte during its passage through the detector, the number of moles of the analyte can be established. Herein we demonstrate that molecules containing common electroactive functional groups (e.g. anilines, phenols, parabens and tertiary alkyl amines) can in some cases be reliably quantified in HPLC-EC-UV without the need for authentic standards. Furthermore, the multichannel nature of the CoulArray detector makes it well suited for optimizing the conditions for electrochemical reaction, allowing the impact of changes in potential, flow rate, temperature and pH to be conveniently studied. The electrochemical oxidation of albacivir, zomepirac, diclofenac, rosiglitazone and several other marketed drugs resulted in large linear ranges, predictable recoveries and excellent quantitation using the total moles of electrons and back-calculating using Faraday's law. Importantly, we observed several instances where subtle structural changes within a given class of molecules (e.g. aromatic ring isomers) led to unanticipated changes in electrochemical behavior. Consequently, some care should be taken when applying the technique to the routine quantitation of compound libraries where standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hicks
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Leah Salituro
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Ian Mangion
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Wes Schafer
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Xiaoyi Gong
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Christopher J Welch
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Brycht M, Özmen T, Burnat B, Kaczmarska K, Leniart A, Taştekin M, Kılıç E, Skrzypek S. Voltammetric behavior, quantitative determination, and corrosion investigation of herbicide bromacil. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Ozkan SA, Uslu B. From mercury to nanosensors: Past, present and the future perspective of electrochemistry in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:126-140. [PMID: 27210510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarography was the first developed automated method of voltage-controlled electrolysis with dropping mercury electrode (DME). Then, hanging mercury drop and static mercury drop electrodes were added as an alternative indicator electrode. In this way, polarography turned formally into voltammetry with mercury electrodes in the electroreduction way. Solid electrodes such as noble metal and carbon based electrodes can be used for the investigation of the compounds for both oxidation and reduction directions, which is called voltammetry. The voltammetric and polarographic techniques are more sensitive, reproducible, and easily used electroanalytical methods that can be alternative to more frequently used separation and spectrometric methods. Furthermore, in some cases there is a relationship between voltammetry and pharmaceutical samples, and the knowledge of the mechanism of their electrode reactions can give a useful clue in elucidation of the mechanism of their interaction with living cells. The voltammetric and polarographic analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical preparations are by far the most common use of electrochemistry for analytical pharmaceutical problems. Recent trends and challenges in the electrochemical methods for the detection of DNA hybridization and pathogens are available. Low cost, small sample requirement and possibility of miniaturization justifies their increasing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Redox mechanism, spectrophotometrical characterisation and voltammetric determination in serum samples of kinases inhibitor and anticancer drug dasatinib. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fanjul-Bolado P, Santos DH, Montoya VM, Costa-García A. Uric Acid Determination by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Based Screen-Printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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