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Ding H, Xue L, Cui J, Wang Y, Zhao D, Zhi X, Liu R, Fu J, Liu S, Fu B, Shi J, Xu X, Li GK. Catalytic degradation of benzene at room temperature over FeN 4O 2 sites embedded in porous carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132520. [PMID: 37703730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzene and its aromatic derivatives are typical volatile organic compounds for indoor and outdoor air pollution, harmful to human health and the environment. It has been considered extremely difficult to break down benzene rings at ambient conditions without external energy input, due to the extraordinary stability of the aromatic structure. Here, we show one such solution that can thoroughly degrade benzene to basically water and carbon dioxide at 25 °C in air using atomically dispersed Fe in N-doped porous carbon, with almost 100% benzene conversion. Further experimental studies combined with molecular simulations reveal the mechanism of this catalytic reaction. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) evolved on the atomically dispersed FeN4O2 catalytic centers were found responsible for initiating and completing the oxidation of benzene. This work provides a new chemistry to degrade aromatics at ambient conditions and also a pathway to generate active ·OH oxidant for generic remediation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lingxiao Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Zhi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shejiang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingfeng Fu
- Shenzhen Yuanqi Environmental Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiahui Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ximeng Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Kevin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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2
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Chen TS, Long H, Gao Y, Xu HC. Continuous Flow Electrochemistry Enables Practical and Site-Selective C-H Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310138. [PMID: 37590086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds remains a highly sought-after method in both academia and the chemical industry for constructing functionalized organic molecules. However, it is extremely challenging to selectively oxidize a certain C(sp3 )-H bond to afford alcohols due to the presence of multiple C(sp3 )-H bonds with similar strength and steric environment in organic molecules, and the alcohol products being prone to further oxidation. Herein, we present a practical and cost-efficient electrochemical method for the highly selective monooxygenation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds using continuous flow reactors. The electrochemical reactions produce trifluoroacetate esters that are resistant to further oxidation but undergo facile hydrolysis during aqueous workup to form benzylic alcohols. The method exhibits a broad scope and exceptional site selectivity and requires no catalysts or chemical oxidants. Furthermore, the electrochemical method demonstrates excellent scalability by producing 115 g of one of the alcohol products. The high site selectivity of the electrochemical method originates from its unique mechanism to cleave benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds through sequential electron/proton transfer, rather than the commonly employed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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3
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Yavari I, Shaabanzadeh S. Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Bonds Play the Dual Role of Starting Material and Oxidation Inhibitor for Hydrazides in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15077-15085. [PMID: 36347012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The electrooxidation of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds to produce hydrazones as an alternate for conventional pathways has an enormous dignity. Under the aegis of electricity, instead of hazardous metal catalysts and external oxidants, we unveil an electrochemical process for electrooxidation of various benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds in aqueous media in all pH ranges that subsequently produce hydrazones with further reactions. This electrooxidative reaction strategy provides an acceptable condition for synthesizing hydrazones with various functional groups in good efficiency and amenable to gram-scale synthesis. The electrochemical oxidation condition proves an excellent level of compatibility with super cheap electrolyte NaCl for the oxidation of benzylic C(sp3)-H position despite the highly oxidizable hydrazide group remaining intact in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
| | - Sina Shaabanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
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4
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Hoque MA, Twilton J, Zhu J, Graaf MD, Harper KC, Tuca E, DiLabio GA, Stahl SS. Electrochemical PINOylation of Methylarenes: Improving the Scope and Utility of Benzylic Oxidation through Mediated Electrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15295-15302. [PMID: 35972068 PMCID: PMC9420808 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mediated electrosynthetic method has been developed for selective benzylic oxidation of methylarenes. Phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radical generated by proton-coupled electrochemical oxidation of N-hydroxypthalimide serves as a hydrogen atom-transfer (HAT) mediator and as a radical trap for the benzylic radicals generated in situ. This mediated electrolysis method operates at much lower anode potentials relative to direct electrolysis methods for benzylic oxidation initiated by single-electron transfer (SET). A direct comparison of SET and mediated-HAT electrolysis methods with a common set of substrates shows that the HAT reaction exhibits a significantly improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility. The PINOylated products are readily converted into the corresponding benzylic alcohol or benzaldehyde derivative under photochemical conditions, and the synthetic utility of this method is highlighted by the late-stage functionalization of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jieru Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew D. Graaf
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Emilian Tuca
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gino A. DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Golden DL, Suh SE, Stahl SS. Radical C(sp3)–H functionalization and cross-coupling reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:405-427. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Yu C, Huang R, Patureau FW. Direct Dehydrogenative Access to Unsymmetrical Phenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201142. [PMID: 35128810 PMCID: PMC9314079 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The first non‐directed dehydrogenative phenone coupling method of methylarenes with aromatic C−H bonds, displaying a large substrate scope, is herein reported. This reaction represents a far more direct atom‐ and step‐efficient alternative to the classical Friedel–Crafts or Suzuki–Miyaura derived acylation reactions. The method can be carried out on a gram scale and was successfully applied to the synthesis of several Ketoprofen drug analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Yu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Raolin Huang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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7
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Yu C, Huang R, Patureau FW. Direkter Dehydrierender Zugang zu unsymmetrischen Phenonen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congjun Yu
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Raolin Huang
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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8
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Abstract
Thanks to the well-recognized role of benzaldehyde in industry, nowadays the research of new and sustainable approaches to selectively synthesize such an interesting product is receiving great attention from the chemists’ community. In this paper, a V-based catalytic biphasic system is adopted to perform toluene oxidation to benzaldehyde. Importantly, to pursue sustainability, organic solvents have been avoided, so toluene is used as substrate and co-solvent, together with water. Also, the use of hydrophobic ionic liquids has been explored. To perform oxidation, NH4VO3 catalyst, H2O2, and a safe and inexpensive co-catalyst are used. Among the tested co-catalysts, KF and O2 were found to be the best choice, to guarantee good yields, in mild reaction conditions. In fact, with such a sustainable method, up to 30% of benzaldehyde can be obtained at 60 °C and, more interestingly, the oxidative system can be recharged, raising-up the yield. The entire process results highly selective, since no traces of benzyl alcohol or benzoic acid are detected. Hence, it constitutes a very appealing synthetic route, even suitable to be easily scaled-up at an industrial level.
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9
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Site-selective electrooxidation of methylarenes to aromatic acetals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2706. [PMID: 32483217 PMCID: PMC7264330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde is one of most synthetically versatile functional groups and can participate in numerous chemical transformations. While a variety of simple aromatic aldehydes are commercially available, those with a more complex substitution pattern are often difficult to obtain. Benzylic oxygenation of methylarenes is a highly attractive method for aldehyde synthesis as the starting materials are easy to obtain and handle. However, regioselective oxidation of functionalized methylarenes, especially those that contain heterocyclic moieties, to aromatic aldehydes remains a significant challenge. Here we show an efficient electrochemical method that achieves site-selective electrooxidation of methyl benzoheterocycles to aromatic acetals without using chemical oxidants or transition-metal catalysts. The acetals can be converted to the corresponding aldehydes through hydrolysis in one-pot or in a separate step. The synthetic utility of our method is highlighted by its application to the efficient preparation of the antihypertensive drug telmisartan. Benzylic oxygenation of methylarenes is a direct but challenging method for aldehyde synthesis from simple starting materials. Here, the authors show an electrochemical, site-selective method for the oxidation of methyl benzoheterocycles to aromatic acetals without using chemical oxidants or transition metal catalysts.
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10
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Wang F, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Molecules at Lower Overpotential: Accessing Broader Functional Group Compatibility with Electron-Proton Transfer Mediators. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:561-574. [PMID: 32049487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical organic oxidation reactions are highly appealing because protons are often effective terminal electron acceptors, thereby avoiding undesirable stoichiometric oxidants. These reactions are often plagued by high overpotentials, however, that greatly limit their utility. Single-electron transfer (SET) from organic molecules generates high-energy radical-cations. Formation of such intermediates often requires electrode potentials far above the thermodynamic potentials of the reaction and frequently causes decomposition and/or side reactions of ancillary functional groups. In this Account, we show how electrocatalytic electron-proton transfer mediators (EPTMs) address this challenge. EPTMs bypass the formation of radical-cation intermediates by supporting mechanisms that operate at electrode potentials much lower (≥1 V) than those of analogous direct electrolysis reactions.The stable aminoxyl radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl) is an effective mediator for electrochemical alcohol oxidation, and we have employed such processes for applications ranging from pharmaceutical synthesis to biomass conversion. A complementary electrochemical alcohol oxidation method employs a cooperative Cu/TEMPO mediator system that operates at 0.5 V lower electrode potential than the TEMPO-only mediated process. This difference, which arises from a different catalytic mechanism, rationalizes the broad functional group tolerance of Cu/TEMPO-based aerobic alcohol oxidation catalysts.Aminoxyl mediators address long-standing challenges in the "Shono oxidation," an important method for α-C-H oxidation of tertiary amides and carbamates. Shono oxidations are initiated by a high-potential SET step that limits their utility. Aminoxyl-mediated Shono-type oxidations have been developed that operate at much lower potentials and tolerate diverse functional groups. Analogous reactivity underlies α-C-H cyanation of secondary cyclic amines, a new method that enables efficient diversification of piperidine-based pharmaceutical building blocks and preparation of non-natural amino acids.Electrochemical oxidations of benzylic C-H bonds are commonly initiated by SET to generate arene radical cations, but such methods are again plagued by large overpotentials. Mediated electrolysis methods that promote hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT) from benzylic C-H bonds to Fe-oxo species and phthalimide N-oxyl (PINO) support C-H oxygenation, iodination, and oxidative-coupling reactions. A complementary method merges photochemistry with electrochemistry to achieve amidation of C(sp3)-H bonds. This unique process operates at much lower overpotentials compatible with diverse functional groups.These results have broad implications for organic electrochemistry, highlighting the importance of "overpotential" considerations and the prospects for expanding synthetic utility by using mediators to bypass high-energy outer-sphere electron-transfer mechanisms. Principles demonstrated here for oxidation are equally relevant to electrochemical reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
In China, the rapid development greatly promotes the national economic power and living standard but also inevitably brings a series of environmental problems. In order to resolve these problems fundamentally, Chinese scientists have been undertaking research in the area of green chemical engineering (GCE) for many years and achieved great progresses. In this paper, we reviewed the research progresses related to GCE in China and screened four typical topics related to the Chinese resources characteristics and environmental requirements, i.e. ionic liquids and their applications, biomass utilization and bio-based materials/products, green solvent-mediated extraction technologies, and cold plasmas for coal conversion. Afterwards, the perspectives and development tendencies of GCE were proposed, and the challenges which will be faced while developing available industrial technologies in China were mentioned.
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12
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Nutting JE, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Tetramethylpiperidine N-Oxyl (TEMPO), Phthalimide N-Oxyl (PINO), and Related N-Oxyl Species: Electrochemical Properties and Their Use in Electrocatalytic Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4834-4885. [PMID: 29707945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Oxyl compounds represent a diverse group of reagents that find widespread use as catalysts for the selective oxidation of organic molecules in both laboratory and industrial applications. While turnover of N-oxyl catalysts in oxidation reactions may be accomplished with a variety of stoichiometric oxidants, N-oxyl reagents have also been extensively used as catalysts under electrochemical conditions in the absence of chemical oxidants. Several classes of N-oxyl compounds undergo facile redox reactions at electrode surfaces, enabling them to mediate a wide range of electrosynthetic reactions. Electrochemical studies also provide insights into the structural properties and mechanisms of chemical and electrochemical catalysis by N-oxyl compounds. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic applications of aminoxyls, imidoxyls, and related reagents, of which the two prototypical and widely used examples are 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and phthalimide N-oxyl (PINO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Nutting
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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14
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Guo C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang J. An efficient approach for enhancing the catalytic activity of Ni-MOF-74 via a relay catalyst system for the selective oxidation of benzylic C–H bonds under mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3701-3704. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09602j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient approach for enhancing the catalytic activity of Ni-MOF-74 via a relay catalysis strategy with [bmim]Br was developed, which is excellent for the selective oxidation of benzylic C–H bond under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemistry of Nonferrous Metals (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Jide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
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15
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Rafiee M, Wang F, Hruszkewycz DP, Stahl SS. N-Hydroxyphthalimide-Mediated Electrochemical Iodination of Methylarenes and Comparison to Electron-Transfer-Initiated C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:22-25. [PMID: 29220181 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method has been developed for selective benzylic iodination of methylarenes. The reactions feature the first use of N-hydroxyphthalimide as an electrochemical mediator for C-H oxidation to nonoxygenated products. The method provides the basis for direct (in situ) or sequential benzylation of diverse nucleophiles using methylarenes as the alkylating agent. The hydrogen-atom transfer mechanism for C-H iodination allows C-H oxidation to proceed with minimal dependence on the substrate electronic properties and at electrode potentials 0.5-1.2 V lower than that of direct electrochemical C-H oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Damian P Hruszkewycz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Cardoso DSP, Šljukić B, Santos DMF, Sequeira CAC. Organic Electrosynthesis: From Laboratorial Practice to Industrial Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. P. Cardoso
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biljana Šljukić
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M. F. Santos
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - César A. C. Sequeira
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Yin Q, Shen TT, Ma JQ, Yan J, Xu J, Tian XM. Study on the Liquid Phase Oxidation of p-Tert-butyltoluene Over Ni/NaY. Catal Letters 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Zhu Y, Chen Z, Zhang J, Wu Q, Ma C, Little RD. The activation of C H bonds using an EmimAc/MWCNTs composite: a comparison of the composite used as electrolyte and electrode in aqueous media. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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