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Sahu Y, Hashmi A, Patel R, Singh AK, Susan MABH, Carabineiro SAC. Potential Development of N-Doped Carbon Dots and Metal-Oxide Carbon Dot Composites for Chemical and Biosensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3434. [PMID: 36234561 PMCID: PMC9565249 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among carbon-based nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have received a surge of interest in recent years due to their attractive features such as tunable photoluminescence, cost effectiveness, nontoxic renewable resources, quick and direct reactions, chemical and superior water solubility, good cell-membrane permeability, and simple operation. CDs and their composites have a large potential for sensing contaminants present in physical systems such as water resources as well as biological systems. Tuning the properties of CDs is a very important subject. This review discusses in detail heteroatom doping (N-doped CDs, N-CDs) and the formation of metal-based CD nanocomposites using a combination of matrices, such as metals and metal oxides. The properties of N-CDs and metal-based CDs nanocomposites, their syntheses, and applications in both chemical sensing and biosensing are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ayesha Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rajmani Patel
- Hemchand Yadav University, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ajaya K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | | | - Sónia A. C. Carabineiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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2
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Li C, Li W, Henwood AF, Hall D, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Lemaur V, Olivier Y, Samuel IDW, Zysman-Colman E. Luminescent Dinuclear Copper(I) Complexes Bearing an Imidazolylpyrimidine Bridging Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14772-14784. [PMID: 32869979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical study of two dinuclear copper(I) complexes bearing a 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidine bridging ligand are described. The tetrahedral coordination sphere of each copper center is completed through the use of a bulky bis(phosphine) ligand, either DPEphos or Xantphos. Temperature-dependent photophysical studies demonstrated emission through a combination of phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence for both complexes, and an intense emission (ΦPL = 46%) was observed for a crystalline sample of one of the complexes reported. The photophysics of these two complexes is very sensitive to the environment. Two pseudopolymorphs of one of the dinuclear complexes were isolated, with distinct photophysics. The emission color of the crystals can be changed by grinding, and the differences in their photophysics before and after grinding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Li
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Wenbo Li
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K
| | - Adam F Henwood
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David B Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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Wang X, Liu H, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. Highly efficient electrochemiluminescence of ruthenium complex-functionalized CdS quantum dots and their analytical application. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3598-3605. [PMID: 31897454 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02463h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method has attracted increasing attention in analytical fields. However, ECL luminophores with high ECL efficiency both at positive and negative potentials still remain rare. Herein, we synthesized ruthenium complex-functionalized CdS quantum dots (QDs) with high ECL efficiency both at positive and negative potentials in aqueous solution. CdS QDs were chosen as the ECL donor while bis(2,2'-bipyridine)-(5-aminophenanthroline)ruthenium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (Ru-NH2) was employed as the ECL acceptor. Ru-NH2 was covalently coupled to the surface of CdS QDs via diazonium salt chemistry to form CdS-Ru nanoparticles. ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) occurred inside the CdS-Ru nanoparticles and strong ECL emissions were obtained from CdS-Ru nanoparticles at both positive potential in the presence of tri-n-propylamine and at negative potential in the presence of peroxydisulfate. Further, the combination of the excellent recognition ability of the aptamer and the good ECL behavior of CdS-Ru nanoparticles, as a proof-of-concept, showed that two sensitive ECL methods for the detection of thrombin were readily achieved under different ECL measurement conditions with a low detection limit of 0.6 pM and 0.7 pM. This work demonstrates that CdS-Ru nanoparticles with intramolecular ECL-RET are good ECL luminophores in the sensitive detection of targets, which is promising in multiple assays with spectrum-resolved and potential-resolved possibility for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China. honglanqi@.snnu.edu.cn
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4
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Han D, Qian M, Gao H, Wang B, Qi H, Zhang C. A “switch-on” photoluminescent and electrochemiluminescent multisignal probe for hypochlorite via a cyclometalated iridium complex. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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5
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Gao H, Qi H, Peng Y, Qi H, Zhang C. Rapid "turn-on" photoluminescence detection of bisulfite in wines and living cells with a formyl bearing bis-cyclometalated Ir(iii) complex. Analyst 2019; 143:3670-3676. [PMID: 29974093 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00640g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new photoluminescence (PL) probe based on a formyl bearing bis-cyclometalated Ir(iii) complex, [Ir(ppy)2phen-CHO]+PF6- (1), is synthesized and applied to the selective detection of a bisulfite anion (HSO3-). Probe 1 is prepared using 2-phenylpyridine (ppy) as the C^N main ligand and 1,10-phenanthroline-5-carboxaldehyde (phen-CHO) as the N^N ancillary ligand. Probe 1 displayed excellent selective PL enhancement in response to HSO3- in acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution (pH = 5.0). The increase of PL signal is directly proportional to the concentration of HSO3- in the range of 2 μM to 45 μM with a detection limit of 0.9 μM using 50 μM probe 1 and in the range of 0.5 μM to 6 μM with a detection limit of 0.3 μM using 10 μM probe 1. More importantly, probe 1 can respond to HSO3- rapidly within 40 s. Furthermore, probe 1 was successfully applied to detect HSO3- in real white wines and the bioimaging of HSO3- in living cells. The superior properties of probe 1 make it of great potential use for studying the effects of HSO3- in other biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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Soulsby LC, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Wilson DJD, Agugiaro J, Connell TU, Chen L, Hogan CF, Kerr E, Adcock JL, Donnelly PS, White JM, Francis PS. Mixed annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence of iridium(iii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18995-19006. [PMID: 29971279 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported annihilation ECL of mixtures of metal complexes have generally comprised Ir(ppy)3 or a close analogue as a higher energy donor/emitter (green/blue light) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ or its derivative as a lower energy acceptor/emitter (red light). In contrast, here we examine Ir(ppy)3 as the lower energy acceptor/emitter, by combining it with a second Ir(iii) complex: [Ir(df-ppy)2(ptb)]+ (where ptb = 1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylpyridine). The application of potentials sufficient to attain the first single-electron oxidation and reduction products can be exploited to detect Ir(ppy)3 at orders of magnitude lower concentration, or enhance its maximum emission intensity at high concentration far beyond that achievable through conventional annihilation ECL of Ir(ppy)3 involving comproportionation. Moreover, under certain conditions, the colour of the emission can be selected through the applied electrochemical potentials. We have also prepared a novel Ir(iii) complex with a sufficiently low reduction potential that the reaction between its reduced form and Ir(ppy)3+ cannot populate the excited state of either luminophore. This enabled, for the first time, the exclusive formation of either excited state through the application of higher cathodic or anodic potentials, but in both cases, the ECL was greatly diminished by parasitic dark reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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7
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Valenti G, Rampazzo E, Kesarkar S, Genovese D, Fiorani A, Zanut A, Palomba F, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Prodi L. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from metal complexes-based nanoparticles for highly sensitive sensors applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Zhou Y, Kong L, Xie K, Liu C. Heteroleptic iridium(III) complex with N -heterocyclic carbene ligand: Synthesis, photophysics, theoretical calculations and electrochemiluminescence. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Zhou Y, Xie K, Leng R, Kong L, Liu C, Zhang Q, Wang X. Highly efficient electrochemiluminescence labels comprising iridium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:355-363. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient iridium ECL labels exhibiting various emission colors have been developed. Importantly, BSA labeled with the novel iridium labels displays much more intense ECL than the same amount labeled by a traditional ruthenium label in ProCell buffer solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Kai Xie
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Ruimei Leng
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Lingyan Kong
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Chengbao Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Biology and Material Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology
- Suzhou
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Zang R, He Y, Yuan R, Chai Y. An ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on zeolitic imidazolate frameworks encapsulating spherical graphite crystals. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kapturkiewicz A. Cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates-a new exceptional class of the electrochemiluminescent luminophores. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7013-33. [PMID: 27255104 PMCID: PMC5025512 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of the phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates has enabled, due to their advantageous electrochemical and photo-physical properties, important breakthroughs in many photonic applications. This particular class of 5d(6) ion complexes has attracted increasing interest because of their potential application in electroluminescence devices with a nearly 100 % internal quantum efficiency for the conversion of electric energy to photons. Similar to electroluminescence, the cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates have been successfully applied in the electricity-to-light conversion by means of the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) processes. The already reported ECL systems utilizing the title compounds exhibit extremely large ECL efficiencies that allow one to envisage many potential application for them, especially in further development of ECL-based analytical techniques. This review, based on recently published papers, focuses on the ECL properties of this very exciting class of organometallic luminophores. The reported work, describing results from fundamental as well as application-oriented investigations, will be surveyed and briefly discussed. Graphical abstract Depending on the chemical nature of the cyclometalated irdium(III) chelate different colours of the emitted light can be produced during electrochemical excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kapturkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland.
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Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with derived β-acetylacetone as ancillary ligand. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Kang TK, Kang CH, Lee J, Kim SH, Kim BH, Lee WY. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from newly synthesized α-diimine-ligated heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Kerr E, Doeven EH, Barbante GJ, Hogan CF, Hayne DJ, Donnelly PS, Francis PS. New perspectives on the annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence of mixed metal complexes in solution. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5271-5279. [PMID: 30155177 PMCID: PMC6020550 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary explorations of the annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of mixed metal complexes have revealed opportunities to enhance emission intensities and control the relative intensities from multiple luminophores through the applied potentials. However, the mechanisms of these systems are only poorly understood. Herein, we present a comprehensive characterisation of the annihilation ECL of mixtures of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) hexafluorophosphate ([Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2) and fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(iii) ([Ir(ppy)3]). This includes a detailed investigation of the change in emission intensity from each luminophore as a function of both the applied electrochemical potentials and the relative concentrations of the two complexes, and a direct comparison with two mixed (Ru/Ir) ECL systems for which emission from only the ruthenium-complex was previously reported. Concomitant emission from both luminophores was observed in all three systems, but only when: (1) the applied potentials were sufficient to generate the intermediates required to form the electronically excited state of both complexes; and (2) the concentration of the iridium complex (relative to the ruthenium complex) was sufficient to overcome quenching processes. Both enhancement and quenching of the ECL of the ruthenium complex was observed, depending on the experimental conditions. The observations were rationalised through several complementary mechanisms, including resonance energy transfer and various energetically favourable electron-transfer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
| | - Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
| | - Gregory J Barbante
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne 3010 , Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , University of Melbourne , Melbourne 3010 , Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology , School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Faculty of Science , Engineering and Built Environment , Deakin University , Geelong , Victoria 3220 , Australia .
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Davidson R, Hsu YT, Batchelor T, Yufit D, Beeby A. The use of organolithium reagents for the synthesis of 4-aryl-2-phenylpyridines and their corresponding iridium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11496-507. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A versatile palladium-free route for the synthesis of 4-aryl-substituted phenylpyridines (ppy), starting from tert-butyl 4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate, to give 4 ligands (L1–4H) is reported. These ligands were coordinated to iridium to give the corresponding Ir(L)2(A) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham
- UK
| | | | - Dmitry Yufit
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham
- UK
| | - Andrew Beeby
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham
- UK
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