1
|
Kim H, Kim KM, Ryu J, Ki S, Sohn D, Chae J, Chang J. Triiodide-in-Iodine Networks Stabilized by Quaternary Ammonium Cations as Accelerants for Electrode Kinetics of Iodide Oxidation in Aqueous Media. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12168-12179. [PMID: 35254047 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Zn-polyiodide redox flow battery is considered to be a promising aqueous energy storage system. However, in its charging process, the electrode kinetics of I- oxidation often suffer from an intrinsically generated iodine film (I2-F) on the cathode of the battery. Therefore, it is critical to both understand and enhance the observed slow electrode kinetics of I- oxidation by an electrochemically generated I2-F. In this article, we introduced an electrogenerated N-methyl-N-ethyl pyrrolidinium iodide (MEPI)-iodine (I2) solution, designated as MEPIS, and demonstrated that the electrode kinetics of I- oxidation were dramatically enhanced compared to an I2-F under conventional electrolyte conditions, such as NaI. We showed that this result mainly contributed to the fast electro-oxidation of triiodide (I3-), which exists in the shape of a I3--in-I2 network, [I3-·(I2)n]. Raman spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses showed that the composition of electrogenerated MEPIS changed from I3- to [I3-·(I2)n] via I5- as the anodic overpotential increased. We also confirmed that I- was electrochemically oxidized on a MEPIS-modified Pt electrode with fast electrode kinetics, which is clearly contrary to the nature of an I2-F derived from a NaI solution as a kinetic barrier of I- oxidation. Through stochastic MEPIS-particle impact electrochemistry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we revealed that the enhanced electrode kinetics of I- oxidation in MEPIS can be attributed to the facilitated charge transfer of I3- oxidation in [I3-·(I2)n]. In addition, we found that the degree of freedom of I3- in a quaternary ammonium-based I2-F can also be critical to determine the kinetics of the electro-oxidation of I-, which is that MEPIS showed more enhanced charge-transfer kinetics of I- oxidation compared to tetrabutylammonium I3- due to the higher degree of freedom of I3-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungju Ryu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeok Ki
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Sohn
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moon H, Park JH. In Situ Probing Liquid/Liquid Interfacial Kinetics through Single Nanodroplet Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16915-16921. [PMID: 34860502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the new application of single nanodroplet electrochemistry to in situ monitor the interfacial transfer kinetics of electroactive species across liquid/liquid interface. Interfacial kinetic information is crucial in drug delivery and membrane transport. However, interfacial information has been mainly studied thermodynamically, such as partition coefficient, which could not manifest a speed of transfer. Herein, we measure the phase-transfer kinetic constant via the steady-state electrochemistry of an extracted redox species in a single nanodroplet. The redox species were transferred from the continuous oil phase to the water nanodroplet by partition equilibrium. The transferred redox species are selectively electrolyzed within the droplet when the droplet contacts with an ultramicroelectrode, while the electrochemical reaction of the redox species outside the droplet (i.e., organic solvent) is effectively suppressed by adjusting the electrolyte composition. The redox species in the water droplets can quickly attain a steady state during electrolysis owing to an extensive mass transfer by radial diffusion, and the steady-state current can be analyzed to obtain kinetic information with help from the finite-element method. Finally, a quick calculation method is suggested to estimate the kinetic constant of phase transfer without simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongkwon Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yin Y, Yuan Z, Li X. Rechargeable aqueous zinc-bromine batteries: an overview and future perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26070-26084. [PMID: 34787128 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03987c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-bromine batteries (ZBBs) receive wide attention in distributed energy storage because of the advantages of high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, their large-scale application is still confronted with some obstacles. Therefore, in-depth research and advancement on the structure, electrolyte, anode, cathode and membrane are of great significance and impendency. Herein, we review the past and present investigations on ZBBs, discuss the key problems and technical challenges, and propose perspectives for the future, with the focus on materials and chemistry. This perspective would provide valuable information on further development of ZBBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Yin
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Zhizhang Yuan
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi Y, Park C, Kang Y, Muya JT, Jang DP, Chang J. Temporally Resolved Electrochemical Interrogation for Stochastic Collision Dynamics of Electrogenerated Single Polybromide Droplets. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8336-8344. [PMID: 34075746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present electrochemical interrogation for collision dynamics of electrogenerated individual polybromide ionic liquid (PBIL) droplets through chronoamperometry combined with fast scan cyclic voltammetry (CA-FSCV). In the CA mode of CA-FSCV, a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) acts as the electrochemical generator for PBIL droplets by holding the oxidation potential for Br- in a given time, while FSCV is repetitively performed at a certain frequency. In the FSCV mode of CA-FSCV, a Pt UME serves as the probe to electrochemically monitor Br3- reduction for an adsorbed PBIL droplet during collision with a high temporal resolution. Based on the newly introduced CA-FSCV, we can estimate the dynamic changes in the following parameters for a short collision time: the contact radius of a PBIL droplet on a Pt UME, the concentration of Br- in the droplet, and the apparent charge transfer rate constant for electro-reduction of Br3- to Br- in the droplet, koapp. Moreover, a computational calculation using molecular dynamics is presented that can explain the change in koapp as a function of time for Br- electrolysis in a PBIL droplet. Based on the quantitative estimation of the above parameters, we suggest a more advanced mechanism for the stochastic electrochemical collision process of a PBIL droplet. These findings are important for understanding QBr2n+1/QBr half redox reactions in aqueous energy storage systems, such as Zn-Br redox flow batteries and Br-related redox enhanced electrochemical capacitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonho Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jules Tshishimbi Muya
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics in Central Africa, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Avenue BY-PASS, 384 Kinshasa, Kinshasa 1015, DR Congo
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Department of HY-KIST Bio-convergence, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chung HJ, Lee J, Hwang J, Seol KH, Kim KM, Song J, Chang J. Stochastic Particle Approach Electrochemistry (SPAE): Estimating Size, Drift Velocity, and Electric Force of Insulating Particles. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12226-12234. [PMID: 32786447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic particle impact electrochemistry (SPIE) is considered one of the most important electro-analytical methods to understand the physicochemical properties of single entities. SPIE of individual insulating particles (IPs) has been particularly crucial for analyses of bioparticles. In this article, we introduce stochastic particle approach electrochemistry (SPAE) for electrochemical analyses of IPs, which is the advanced version of SPIE; SPAE is analogous to SPIE but focuses on deciphering a sudden current drop (SCD) by an IP-approach toward the edge of an ultramicroelectrode (UME). Polystyrene particles (PSPs) with and without different surface functionalities (-COOH and - NH3) as well as fixed human platelets (F-HPs) were used as model IPs. From theory based on finite element analysis, a sudden current drop (SCD) induced by an IP during electro-oxidation (or reduction) of a redox mediator on a UME can represent the rapid approach of an IP toward an edge of a UME, where a strong electric field is generated. It is also found that the amount of current drop, idrop, of an SCD depends strongly on both the size of an IP and the concentration of redox electrolyte. From simulations based on the SPAE model that fit the experimentally obtained SCDs of three types of PSPs or F-HP dispersed in solutions with two redox electrolytes, their size distribution histograms are estimated, from which their average radii determined by SPAE are compared to those from scanning electron microscopic images. In addition, the drift velocity and corresponding electric force of the PSPs and F-HPs during their approach toward an edge of a Pt UME are estimated, which cannot be addressed currently with SPIE. We further learned that the estimated drift velocity and the corresponding electric force could provide a relative order of the number of excess surface charges on the IPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Seol
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin W. University, 55 Dobong-ro, 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee J, Gerelkhuu Z, Song J, Seol KH, Kim BK, Chang J. Stochastic Electrochemical Cytometry of Human Platelets via a Particle Collision Approach. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3248-3256. [PMID: 31680513 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of human platelets is important for the diagnosis of various hematologic and cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we present a stochastic particle impact electrochemical (SPIE) approach for human platelets with fixation (F-HPs). Carboxylate-functionalized polystyrene particles (PSPs) are studied as well as a standard platform of SPIE-F-HPs. For SPIE-PSPs (or F-HPs), [Fe(CN)6]4- was used as the redox mediator, and electro-oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4- to [Fe(CN)6]3- was conducted on a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) by applying a constant potential, where the corresponding oxidation current is mass-transfer-controlled. When PSPs (or F-HPs) are introduced into aqueous solution with [Fe(CN)6]4-, sudden current drops (SCDs) were observed, which resulted from the partial blockage of a Pt UME by collision of an individual PSP (or F-HP). For SPIE-PSPs (or F-HPs), we found that it is essential to enhance the migration of PSPs (F-HPs) toward a Pt UME by maximizing the steady state current associated with electro-oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4-. This was accomplished by increasing its concentration to the solubility limit. We successfully measured the concentration of F-HPs dispersed in aqueous solution containing [Fe(CN)6]4- with a minimum detectable concentration of 0.1 fM, and the size distribution of F-HPs was also estimated from the obtained idrop distribution based on the SPIE analysis, where idrop stands for the magnitude of the current drop of each SCD. Lastly, we revealed that HPs without the fixation process (WF-HPs) are difficult to quantitatively analyze by SPIE because of their transient activation process, which results in changes from their spherical shape. The observed difficulty was also confirmed by finite element analysis, which shows that idrop can be significantly increased, as an elongated WF-HP is adsorbed on the edge of an UME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Seol
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hwang J, Chang J. Understanding the mass-transfer of Br species in an aqueous and quaternary ammonium polybromide biphasic system via particle-impact electrochemical analysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
8
|
Lee S, Muya JT, Chung H, Chang J. Viologen-Bromide Dual-Redox Ionic Solid Complexes: Understanding Their Electrochemical Formation and Proton-Accompanied Redox Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43659-43670. [PMID: 31618569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of self-discharge in a redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitor (Redox-EC) is crucial for excellent energy retention. Heptyl viologen dibromide (HVBr2) was chosen as a strong candidate of a dual-redox species in Redox-EC due to its solid complexations during the charging process, at which HV2+ is electrochemically reduced to HV+• and form a solid complex, [HV+•·Br-], on an anode while Br- is electro-oxidized to Br3- and renders [HV2+·2Br3-] on a cathode. The solid complexes could not transfer across the separator, resulting in significant diminution of the self-discharge. In this Article, we present detailed electrochemical studies of formation of [HV2+·2Br3-] and [HV+•·Br-], their redox features, and galvanic exchange reactions between the two types of dual-redox ionic solids on a Pt ultra-microelectrode (UME) in neutral (0.33 M Na2SO4) and acidic (1 M H2SO4) solutions. Most importantly, through voltammetric and particle-impact electrochemical analyses, we found that the redox and galvanic exchange reactions of the two dual-redox ionic solid complexes involve H+ transfer, which is the key process to limit the overall kinetics of the electrochemical reactions. We also rationalize the proton-accompanied galvanic exchange reaction based on computational simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jules Tshishimbi Muya
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hoeil Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Choi Y, Hwang J, Kim KM, Jana S, Lee SU, Chae J, Chang J. Time Transient Electrochemical Monitoring of Tetraalkylammonium Polybromide Solid Particle Formation: Observation of Ionic Liquid-to-Solid Transitions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5850-5857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hangyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hangyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women’s University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Saibal Jana
- Department of Bionano Technology, Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Uck Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women’s University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hangyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Understanding current amplification by quaternary ammonium polybromides droplets on Pt ultramicroelectrode. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Lee S, Park S, Kim KM, Chang J. Semi-quantitative determination of ion transfers at an interface between water and quaternary ammonium polybromide droplets through stochastic electrochemical analysis. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Kim H, Jung D, Hwang J, Chae J, Chang J. Probing the speciation of quaternary ammonium polybromides by voltammetric tribromide titration. Analyst 2018; 143:4017-4021. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00560e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The speciation of quaternary ammonium polybromides (QBr2n+1) was quantitatively determined by voltammetric tribromide titration on a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungshin W. University
- Seoul 01133
- South Korea
| | - Dayoung Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungshin W. University
- Seoul 01133
- South Korea
| | - Jiseon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- South Korea
| | - Junghyun Chae
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungshin W. University
- Seoul 01133
- South Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han DH, Park S, Kim EJ, Chung TD. In situ Confocal Microscopy of Electrochemical Generation and Collision of Emulsion Droplets in Bromide Redox System. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
14
|
Stochastic electrochemical analysis of electrochemically generated ethylpyridinium polybromide droplets: Evidence of Br − /Br 3 − /Br 2 electro-oxidation in quaternary ammonium polybromide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|