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Askarova G, Barman K, Mirkin MV. Quantitative Measurements of Electrocatalytic Reaction Rates with NanoSECM. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6089-6095. [PMID: 38574269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been extensively used for mapping electrocatalytic surface reactivity; however, most of the studies were carried out using micrometer-sized tips, and no quantitative kinetic experiments on the nanoscale have yet been reported to date. As the diffusion-limited current density at a nanometer-sized electrode is very high, an inner-sphere electron-transfer process occurring at a nanotip typically produces a kinetic current at any attainable overpotential. Here, we develop a theory for substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) and feedback modes of SECM with a kinetic tip current and use it to evaluate the rates of hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in a neutral aqueous solution from the current-distance curves. The possibility of using chemically modified nanotips for kinetic measurements is also demonstrated. The effect of the substrate size on the shape of the current-distance curves in SG/TC mode SECM experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaukhar Askarova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Koushik Barman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York 10031, United States
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2
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Hellmann A, Neusser G, Daboss S, Elnagar MM, Liessem J, Mitoraj D, Beranek R, Arbault S, Kranz C. Pt-Black-Modified (Hemi)spherical AFM Sensors: In Situ Imaging of Light-Driven Hydrogen Peroxide Evolution. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3308-3317. [PMID: 38354051 PMCID: PMC10902814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present (hemi)spherical atomic force microscopy (AFM) sensors for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. Platinum-black (Pt-B) was electrodeposited onto conductive colloidal AFM probes or directly at recessed microelectrodes located at the end of a tipless cantilever, resulting in electrocatalytically active cantilever-based sensors that have a small geometric area but, due to the porosity of the films, exhibit a large electroactive surface area. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography revealed the porous 3D structure of the deposited Pt-B. Given the accurate positioning capability of AFM, these probes are suitable for local in situ sensing of hydrogen peroxide and at the same time can be used for (electrochemical) force spectroscopy measurements. Detection limits for hydrogen peroxide in the nanomolar range (LOD = 68 ± 7 nM) were obtained. Stability test and first in situ proof-of-principle experiments to achieve the electrochemical imaging of hydrogen peroxide generated at a microelectrode and at photocatalytically active structured poly(heptazine imide) films are demonstrated. Force spectroscopic data of the photocatalyst films were recorded in ambient conditions, in solution, and by applying a potential, which demonstrates the versatility of these novel Pt-B-modified spherical AFM probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hellmann
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gregor Neusser
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Daboss
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mohamed M. Elnagar
- Institute
of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Liessem
- Institute
of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute
of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute
of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ.
Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5248, CBMN, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Lin R, Hu Q, Liu Z, Pan S, Chen Z, Zhang W, Liu Z, Zhang S, Zhang C. Integrated CuO/Pd Nanospike Hydrogen Sensor on Silicon Substrate. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091533. [PMID: 35564243 PMCID: PMC9106042 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A large area of randomly distributed nanospike as nanostructured template was induced by femtosecond (fs) laser on a silicon substrate in water. Copper oxide (CuO) and palladium (Pd) heterostructured nanofilm were coated on the nanospikes by magnetron sputtering technology and vacuum thermal evaporation coating technology respectively for the construction of a p-type hydrogen sensor. Compared with the conventional gas sensor based on CuO working at high temperature, nanostructured CuO/Pd heterostructure exhibited promising detection capability to hydrogen at room temperature. The detection sensitivity to 1% H2 was 10.8%, the response time was 198 s, and the detection limit was as low as 40 ppm, presenting an important application prospect in the clean energy field. The excellent reusability and selectivity of the CuO/Pd heterostructure sensor toward H2 at room temperature were also demonstrated by a series of cyclic response characteristics. It is believed that our room-temperature hydrogen sensor fabricated with a waste-free green process, directly on silicon substrate, would greatly promote the future fabrication of a circuit-chip integrating hydrogen sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Lin
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Hu
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research Graduate School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Zuolian Liu
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shusheng Pan
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research Graduate School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research Graduate School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shaolin Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research Graduate School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chengyun Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (R.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Z.C.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research Graduate School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (C.Z.)
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Kund J, Romer J, Oswald E, Gaus AL, Küllmer M, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Pd‐Modified De‐alloyed Au‐Ni‐Microelectrodes for In Situ / Operando Mapping of Hydrogen Evolution. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kund
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Jan Romer
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Eva Oswald
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institut of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Max von Delius
- Ulm University: Universitat Ulm Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christine Kranz
- University of Ulm Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm GERMANY
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Oswald E, Gaus AL, Kund J, Küllmer M, Romer J, Weizenegger S, Ullrich T, Mengele AK, Petermann L, Leiter R, Unwin PR, Kaiser U, Rau S, Kahnt A, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Cobaloxime Complex Salts: Synthesis, Patterning on Carbon Nanomembranes and Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:16896-16903. [PMID: 34713512 PMCID: PMC9299159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloximes are promising, earth‐abundant catalysts for the light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Typically, these cobalt(III) complexes are prepared in situ or employed in their neutral form, for example, [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl], even though related complex salts have been reported previously and could, in principle, offer improved catalytic activity as well as more efficient immobilization on solid support. Herein, we report an interdisciplinary investigation into complex salts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+BArF−. We describe their strategic syntheses from the commercially available complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] and demonstrate that these double and single complex salts are potent catalysts for the light‐driven HER. We also show that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy can be used to deposit arrays of catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] on supported and free‐standing amino‐terminated ∼1‐nm‐thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Photocatalytic H2 evolution at such arrays was quantified with Pd microsensors by scanning electrochemical microscopy, thus providing a new approach for catalytic evaluation and opening up novel routes for the creation and analysis of “designer catalyst arrays”, nanoprinted in a desired pattern on a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oswald
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Romer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Weizenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lydia Petermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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