1
|
'Lights, squaraines, action!' - the role of squaraine dyes in photodynamic therapy. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1375-1402. [PMID: 36069190 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since they were first synthesized in 1965 by Treibs and Jacob, squaraine dyes have revolutionized the polymethine dyes' 'universe' and their potential applications due to their indisputable physical, chemical and biological properties. After 30 years and up to the present, various research teams have dedicated themselves to studying the squaraines' photodynamic therapy application using in vitro and in vivo models. The various structural modifications made to these compounds, as well as the influence they have shown to have in their phototherapeutic activity, are the main focus of the present review. Finally, the most evident limitations of this class of dyes, as well as future perspectives in the sense of hypothetically successfully overcoming them, are suggested by the authors.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fundamentals on kinetics of electrochemical reduction of CO2 at a bismuth electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Corrente GA, Parisi F, Maltese V, Cospito S, Imbardelli D, La Deda M, Beneduci A. Panchromatic Fluorescence Emission from Thienosquaraines Dyes: White Light Electrofluorochromic Devices. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226818. [PMID: 34833911 PMCID: PMC8621610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrofluorochromic devices (EFCDs) that allow the modulation of the light emitted by electroactive fluorophores are very attractive in the research field of optoelectronics. Here, the electrofluorochromic behaviour of a series of squaraine dyes was studied for the first time. In solutions, all compounds are photoluminescent with maxima located in the range 665-690 nm, characterized by quantum yields ranging from 30% to 4.1%. Squaraines were incorporated in a polymer gel used as an active layer in all-in-one gel switchable EFCDs. An aggregation induced quenching occurs in the gel phase, causing a significant decrease in the emission quantum yield in the device. However, the squaraines containing the thieno groups (thienosquaraines, TSQs) show a panchromatic emission and their electrofluorochromism allows the tuning of the fluorescence intensity from 500 nm to the near infrared. Indeed, the application of a potential difference to the device induces a reversible quenching of their emission that is significantly higher and occurs at shorter switching times for TSQs-based devices compared to the reference squaraine dye (DIBSQ). Interestingly, the TSQs fluorescence spectral profile becomes more structured under voltage, and this could be explained by the shift of the aggregates/monomer equilibrium toward the monomeric species, due to electrochemical oxidation, which causes the disassembling of aggregates. This effect may be used to modulate the colour of the fluorescence light emitted by a device and paves the way for conceiving new electrofluorochromic materials based on this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Anna Corrente
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Processes for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.C.); (V.M.); (S.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Francesco Parisi
- Laboratory of Inorganic Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Institute of Nanotechnology CNR-Nanotec, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (F.P.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Vito Maltese
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Processes for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.C.); (V.M.); (S.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Sante Cospito
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Processes for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.C.); (V.M.); (S.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Daniela Imbardelli
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Processes for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.C.); (V.M.); (S.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Massimo La Deda
- Laboratory of Inorganic Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Institute of Nanotechnology CNR-Nanotec, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (F.P.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Amerigo Beneduci
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Processes for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.C.); (V.M.); (S.C.); (D.I.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|