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Sangtam BT, Park H. Review on Bubble Dynamics in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: Towards Optimal Green Hydrogen Yield. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2234. [PMID: 38138403 PMCID: PMC10745635 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Water electrolysis using a proton exchange membrane (PEM) holds substantial promise to produce green hydrogen with zero carbon discharge. Although various techniques are available to produce hydrogen gas, the water electrolysis process tends to be more cost-effective with greater advantages for energy storage devices. However, one of the challenges associated with PEM water electrolysis is the accumulation of gas bubbles, which can impair cell performance and result in lower hydrogen output. Achieving an in-depth knowledge of bubble dynamics during electrolysis is essential for optimal cell performance. This review paper discusses bubble behaviors, measuring techniques, and other aspects of bubble dynamics in PEM water electrolysis. It also examines bubble behavior under different operating conditions, as well as the system geometry. The current review paper will further improve the understanding of bubble dynamics in PEM water electrolysis, facilitating more competent, inexpensive, and feasible green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanwook Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan 31538, Chungnam, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Dong H, Shao X, Hancox S, McBeath ST, Tarpeh WA, Hoffmann MR. Understanding the Catalytic Active Sites of Crystalline CoSb xO y for Electrochemical Chlorine Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40369-40377. [PMID: 37594304 PMCID: PMC10472335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a key reaction in electrochemical oxidation (EO) of water treatment. Conventional anodes based on platinum group metals can be prohibitively expensive, which hinders further application of EO systems. Crystalline cobalt antimonate (CoSbxOy) was recently identified as a promising alternative to conventional anodes due to its high catalytic activity and stability in acidic media. However, its catalytic sites and reaction mechanism have not yet been elucidated. This study sheds light on the catalytically active sites in crystalline CoSbxOy anodes by using scanning electrochemical microscopy to compare the CER catalytic activities of a series of anode samples with different bulk Sb/Co ratios (from 1.43 to 2.80). The results showed that Sb sites served as more active catalytic sites than the Co sites. The varied Sb/Co ratios were also linked with slightly different electronic states of each element, leading to different CER selectivities in 30 mM chloride solutions under 10 mA cm-2 current density. The high activity of Sb sites toward the CER highlighted the significance of the electronic polarization that changed the oxidation states of Co and Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Dong
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaohan Shao
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shane Hancox
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sean T. McBeath
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - William A. Tarpeh
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Ye F, Cao Y, Han W, Yang Y, Feng Y, Liu P, Xu C, Du X, Yang W, Liu G. A RuO2IrO2 electrocatalyst with an optimal composition and novel microstructure for oxygen evolving in the single cell. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee W, Lee T, Kim S, Bae S, Yoon J, Cho K. Descriptive Role of Pt/PtO x Ratio on the Selective Chlorine Evolution Reaction under Polarity Reversal as Studied by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34093-34101. [PMID: 34270208 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated competing chlorine evolution reaction (ClER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on Pt electrodes under variable polarity reversal intervals (±16.7 mA cm-2, 30-600 s) in the context of distinctive roles of Pt(0) and PtOx on the surface in dilute (0.1 M) NaCl solutions. The substrate generation/tip collection mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) quantified the current efficiency (CE) of ClER with a large tip-to-substrate distance (>500 μm) to avoid intervention of bubbles and spatial variations. Surface interrogation SECM using [Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+ coupled with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identified the Pt4+-enriched surface of PtOx with a bilayer structure to give more efficient regeneration of Pt(0) under the shorter reversal interval. The in situ SECM complemented bulk electrolysis and XPS to demonstrate that ClER on Pt(0) and OER on PtOx primarily determine the CE of ClER, in agreement with a kinetic model. The descriptive role of surface Pt/PtOx ratio rationalized the enhanced selectivity for ClER upon the polarity switching, being independent on a scaling relationship. The current reversal (not allowed to IrO2 electrodes) also alleviated calcareous scale deposit in the electrolyte with hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonghee Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Teayoung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Bae
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyong Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Korea Environment Institute, 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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Haziri V, Nha TPT, Berisha A, Boily JF. A gateway for ion transport on gas bubbles pinned onto solids. Commun Chem 2021; 4:43. [PMID: 36697541 PMCID: PMC9814891 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas bubbles grown on solids are more than simple vehicles for gas transport. They are charged particles with surfaces populated with exchangeable ions. We here unveil a gateway for alkali metal ion transport between oxygen bubbles and semi-conducting (iron oxide) and conducting (gold) surfaces. This gateway was identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using an ultramicroelectrode in direct contact with bubbles pinned onto these solid surfaces. We show that this gateway is naturally present at open circuit potentials, and that negative electric potentials applied through the solid enhance ion transport. In contrast, positive potentials or contact with an insulator (polytetrafluoroethylene) attenuates transport. We propose that this gateway is generated by overlapping electric double layers of bubbles and surfaces of contrasting (electro)chemical potentials. Knowledge of this ion transfer phenomenon is essential for understanding electric shielding and reaction overpotential caused by bubbles on catalysts. This has especially important ramifications for predicting processes including mineral flotation, microfluidics, pore water geochemistry, and fuel cell technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veton Haziri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | | | - Avni Berisha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.
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Devkota M, Chuangchote S, La-o-vorakiat C, Lertsathitphong P, Lertanantawong B, Somasundrum M, Surareungchai W. Photoelectrochemical reduction rate of ferricyanide at different TiO2 forms: comparison of SECM and cyclic voltammetric results. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Investigation of localized electrochemical reactivity on a β-PbO2 electrode using scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Exner KS. Beyond Dimensionally Stable Anodes: Single‐Atom Catalysts with Superior Chlorine Selectivity. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- Sofia University, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Department of Physical Chemistry 1 James Bourchier Avenue 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
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Liu D, Zeng X, Liu S, Wang S, Kang F, Li B. Application of Alternating Current Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Local Visualization of the Electrode Surface. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Sunwoda Electronic Company Limited Baoan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaojie Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering LaboratoryTsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
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Straight-Parallel Electrodes and Variable Gap for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5392452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges to be overtaken with alkaline water electrolysis are the reduction of energy consumption, the maintenance, and the cost as well as the increase of durability, reliability, and safety. Having these challenges in mind, this work focused on the reduction of the electrical resistance of the electrolyte which directly affects energy consumption. According to the definition of electrical resistance of an object, the reduction of the space between electrodes could lower the electrical resistance but, in this process, the formation of bubbles could modify this affirmation. In this work, the performance analyses of nine different spaces between stainless steel 316L electrodes were carried out, although the spaces proposed are not the same as those from the positive electrode (anode) to the separator and from the separator to the negative electrode (cathode). The reason why this is studied is that stoichiometry of the reaction states that two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen can be obtained per every two moles of water. The proposed spaces were 10.65, 9.20, 8.25, 7.25, 6.30, 6.05, 4.35, 4.15, and 3.40 millimetres. From the nine different analysed distances between electrodes, it can be said that the best performance was reached by one of the smallest distances proposed, 4.15 mm. When the same distance between electrodes was compared (the same and different distance between electrodes and separator), the one that had almost twice the distance (negative compartment) presented an increase in current density of approximately 33% with respect to that where both distances (from electrodes to separator) are the same. That indicates that the stichometry of the electrolysis reaction influenced the performance.
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