1
|
Zeng J, Liu X, Chen Q, Hu D. A chemical coating strategy for assembling a boron-doped diamond anode towards electrocatalytic degradation of late landfill leachate. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18355-18366. [PMID: 38854836 PMCID: PMC11160392 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The high efficiency electrocatalytic degradation of late landfill leachate is still not an easy task due to the complexity and variability of organic pollutants. A chemical coating strategy for assembling a boron-doped diamond anode (BDD) towards electrocatalytic degradation of late landfill leachate was adopted and studied. The results shows the high removal rates of organic carbon (TOC) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) after electrochemical oxidation for 5 h can reach 99% and 100%. Further, the organic migration and transformation depends on current density, A/V value, initial pH, electrochemical degradation time, and composition of the stock solution. Specifically, alkaline conditions can increase both TOC and NH3-N removal rates, which is reflected in the NH3-N removal rate of 100% when the pH is 8.5 after only 5 h. The types of organic matter decreased from 63 species to 24 species in 5 h, in which the removal of fulvic acids is superior to that of soluble biometabolites. Amides/olefins and phenolic alcohols are all degraded and converted into other substances or decomposed into CO2 and H2O by BDD, accompanied by the continuous decomposition of alcohol-phenols into alkanes. In all, this study provides a core reference on electrocatalytic degradation of late landfill leachate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Xi Liu
- Guangxi Environmental Protection Industry Development Research Institute Co., Ltd, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration Technology Nanning 530007 China
| | - Qizhi Chen
- Guangxi Huiyuan Manganese Industry Co., Ltd Laibin 546100 China
| | - Dongying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hasnine T, Lumbaque EC, Yuan Q. Optimisation of electrochemical oxidation process with boron doped diamond (BDD) for removing COD, colour, ammonium, and phosphate in landfill leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:3141-3154. [PMID: 37139901 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2210769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the electrooxidation (EO) of mature landfill leachate from the Brady Road Resource Management Facility, Winnipeg (Canada). EO using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were applied to treat real landfill leachate using a batch reactor. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum process parameter levels. This research mainly focused on how different current densities (64, 95, and 125 mA/cm2) and operational time (30 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 hr.) influenced the optimisation of parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, ammonium, and phosphate removal in mature landfill leachate at varied pH. To attain a high percentage of removal for the parameters mentioned above, the optimal conditions were found to be a current density (J) of 125 mA/cm2 and a pH of 8. The optimum conditions resulted in removal percentages of 95.47%, 80.27%, 71.15%, and 47.15% for colour, NH4+, COD, and PO43- respectively, with an energy consumption of 0.05 kWh/dm3. The removal is related to a mechanism of the decomposition of water molecules to hydroxyl radicals and by direct anodic oxidation where the pollutants are transformed to CO2 and H2O. The novelty of this research lies in the optimisation of BDD electrode-based treatment for the simultaneous removal of COD, ammonium, phosphate, and colour from mature leachate collected from a severely cold climatic region of Canada. The BDD electrode showed excellent removal efficiencies for the targeted contaminants with lower energy consumption, making it a feasible method for on-site landfill leachate treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Hasnine
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Qiuyan Yuan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Y, Liu M, He D, Pan R, Dong W, Feng S, Ma L. Efficient electrochemical degradation of X-GN dye wastewater using porous boron-doped diamond electrode. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135912. [PMID: 35940411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface porous Ti substrates were obtained by electrodeposition-hot melt-alkali etching. Porous-Ti/BDD and flat-Ti/BDD electrodes were prepared for comparative study. The results of SEM, Raman, and XRD analyses show that the BDD films of these two electrodes had good uniformity and stable quality. The electrochemical window (EW) and electrochemical-active surface area (EASA) of the porous-Ti/BDD electrode is as high as 4.21 V and 22.78 cm2 (11.39 cm2/cm2), respectively. Furthermore, the electrochemical catalytic performance and degradation mechanism of porous-Ti/BDD electrode as the anode were studied by the electrolysis of Active Orange dye X-GN (X-GN), and the optimal electrochemical degradation operating parameters were obtained. The results show that when the degradation time was 50 min, the X-GN was completely decolorized. The TOC removal rate reached 69.24%, and the energy consumption was 5.62 kWh m-3. The contribution rate of •OH and SO4•- was calculated to be 91.40% and 1.26% by radical quenching experiments, respectively, indicating that the active substances in the degradation system were mainly •OH and SO4•-. The high specific surface characteristics of porous-Ti/BDD electrode enhanced its electrochemical oxidation advantages, and it showed a high degradation efficiency and low energy consumption for the treatment of X-GN simulated wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yining Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Mengli Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Deliang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China.
| | - Rong Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Wei Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Shangce Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haghgir A, Hosseini SH, Tanzifi M, Yaraki MT, Bayati B, Saemian T, Koohi M. Synthesis of polythiophene/zeolite/iron nanocomposite for adsorptive remediation of azo dye: Optimized by Taguchi method. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
5
|
Girón-Navarro R, Linares-Hernández I, Teutli-Sequeira EA, Martínez-Miranda V, Santoyo-Tepole F. Evaluation and comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D): a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26325-26358. [PMID: 33825107 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides have generated public concern worldwide because of their toxicity to human health and the environment, even at low concentrations, and their persistence, being mostly nonbiodegradable. The use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has increased in recent decades, causing severe water contamination. Several treatments have been developed to degrade 2,4-D. This manuscript presents an overview of the physicochemical characteristics, uses, regulations, environmental and human health impacts of 2,4-D, and different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to degrade this organic compound, evaluating and comparing operation conditions, efficiencies, and intermediaries. Based on this review, 2,4-D degradation is highly efficient in ozonation (system O3/plasma, 99.8% in 30 min). Photocatalytic, photo-Fenton, and electrochemical processes have the optimal efficiencies of degradation and mineralization: 97%/79.67% (blue TiO2 nanotube arrays//UV), 100%/98% (Fe2+/H2O2/UV), and 100%/84.3% (MI-meso SnO2), respectively. The ozonation and electrochemical processes show high degradation efficiencies, but energy costs are also high, and photocatalysis is more expensive with a separation treatment used to recover the catalyst in the solution. The Fenton process is a viable economic-environmental option, but degradation efficiencies are often low (50-70%); however, they are increased when solar UV radiation is used (90-100%). AOPs are promising technologies for the degradation of organic pollutants in real wastewater, so evaluating their strengths and weaknesses is expected to help select viable operational conditions and obtain optimal efficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Girón-Navarro
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
| | - Elia Alejandra Teutli-Sequeira
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
- Cátedras del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor. Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P 03940, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C, .P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
| | - Fortunata Santoyo-Tepole
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Response surface methodology-based fabrication of boron-doped diamond electrodes for electrochemical degradation of guaifenesin in aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Liu T, Miao D, Liu G, Wei Q, Zhou K, Yu Z, Ma L. A novel gradient current density output mode for effective electrochemical oxidative degradation of dye wastewater by boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:2085-2097. [PMID: 33263586 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of high energy consumption and low current efficiency in electrochemical oxidation (EO) degradation under the traditional constant output process (COP), a gradient output process (GOP) of current density is proposed in this paper. That is, the current density is gradually reduced in a fixed degradation time, and the Reactive Blue 19 simulated dye wastewater was used as the degradation target. The general applicability of the process was further confirmed by studying the optimal gradient current density output parameters, the dye concentration, electrolyte concentration and other dye compounds with different molecular structures. The corresponding results show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (78%) and the color removal (100%) under the GOP are similar to those in the COP, and the overall energy consumption is reduced by about 50% compared with that in the traditional constant current mode. Moreover, the current efficiency in the middle and late stages of EO process has increased by 8.6 times compared with COP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; The authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors
| | - Dongtian Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail: ; The authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors
| | - Guoshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qiuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail:
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail:
| | - Zhiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail:
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang W, Liu G, Chen Y, Miao D, Wei Q, Li H, Ma L, Zhou K, Liu L, Yu Z. Persulfate enhanced electrochemical oxidation of highly toxic cyanide-containing organic wastewater using boron-doped diamond anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126499. [PMID: 32224356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide-containing organic wastewater is discharged in large quantities by coking, electroplating and pharmaceutical industries, which seriously endangers environmental safety and human health. In this paper, Electrochemical Oxidation-Persulfate (EO-PS) Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) was firstly used to treat high concentration cyanide-containing organic wastewater obtained from a chemical enterprise. The potential application of this process in the treatment of high concentration cyanide-containing organic wastewater was explored for the first time, and the effects of current density, initial pH, temperature and initial concentration on chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total cyanide (CN-) removal in wastewater were systematically investigated. The results shown that the EO-PS process had an excellent removal effect on organics and cyanide in high concentration cyanide-containing organic wastewater which contained 11,290 mg L-1 COD, 4456 mg L-1 TOC and 1280.15 mg L-1 CN-. The COD, TOC and CN- removal at optimized operating parameters for 24 h were 95.8%, 87.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The corresponding electrical energy per order was only 41.6 kWh m-3 order-1. In addition, the pollutants removal can be accelerated under conditions of high current density, acidic solution, appropriate temperature and low pollutant concentration, among which low current density, low pH, appropriate temperature and low pollutant concentration can effectively diminish energy consumption. Cyanide, COD and TOC degradation in all reaction conditions followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongtian Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haichao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Influence of boron doped diamond electrodes properties on the elimination of selected pharmaceuticals from wastewater. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
10
|
Yao J, Pan B, Shen R, Yuan T, Wang J. Differential control of anode/cathode potentials of paired electrolysis for simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:198-205. [PMID: 31207510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paired electrolysis can take advantage of both anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, and thus improve current efficiency for electrochemical wastewater treatment. In this work, differential control of anode/cathode potentials of paired electrolysis for simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN, including ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite) was studied. We first determined the optimal potentials for anodic oxidation of COD/NH4+ or cathodic reduction of NO3-/NO2- (minimization of over-oxidation or over-reduction) by preliminary cyclic voltammetry and constant-potential electrolysis experiments, i.e., 1.6 V for anodic oxidation and -1.26 V for cathodic reduction in this case. The optimal working potential of the cathode was achieved at appropriate current density in the paired electrolysis system, the working potential of the anode was independently controlled by adjusting the ratio of its surface area to that of the cathode. In this way, both the cathode and anode could work under optimal potentials. At an optimized cathodic current density of 5.0 mA cm-2 and cathode/anode surface area ratio of 2:1, the removal efficiencies of COD and TN from simulated wastewater reached 91.9% and 86.2%, respectively. Additionally, the developed paired electrolysis system was validated by treating an actual pharmaceutical wastewater, results for which showed that a total current efficiency of 84.8% was achieved, which was at least twice as high as that of traditional electrochemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Yao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjun Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruxue Shen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Tongbin Yuan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiade Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Optimizing the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of BDD Coating to Improve the Service Life of Ti/BDD Coated Electrode. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12193188. [PMID: 31569438 PMCID: PMC6804151 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The short service life of the Ti/BDD coated electrode is the main reason that limits its practical use. In this paper, the effect of structural change on the service life was studied using Ti/BDD coated electrodes prepared with the arc plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. It was found that the microstructural defects and corrosion resistance of BDD coatings were the main factors affecting the electrode service life. By optimizing the process parameters in different deposition stages, reducing the structural defects and improving the corrosion resistance of the BDD coating were conducted successfully, which increased the service life of the Ti/BDD coated electrodes significantly. The lifetime of the Ti/BDD samples increased from 360 h to 655 h under the electrolysis condition with a current density of 0.5 A/cm2, with an increase of 82%.
Collapse
|
12
|
Espinoza LC, Aranda M, Contreras D, Henríquez A, Salazar R. Effect of the sp
3
/sp
2
Ratio in Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes on the Degradation Pathway of Aniline by Anodic Oxidation. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Carolina Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica del Medio Ambiente. Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología.Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Casilla 40 Santiago Chile
| | - Mario Aranda
- Laboratorio de Estudios Avanzados en Fármacos y Alimentos, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad de Concepción, UdeC Av. Víctor Lamas 1290 Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile
| | - David Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción, UdeC Av. Víctor Lamas 1290 Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile
| | - Adolfo Henríquez
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de Concepción, UdeC Av. Víctor Lamas 1290 Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile
| | - Ricardo Salazar
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica del Medio Ambiente. Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología.Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Casilla 40 Santiago Chile
| |
Collapse
|