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Prajapati SK, Pathak A, Samaiya PK. Alzheimer's disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6. [PMID: 39046584 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The mainstay behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown due to the elusive pathophysiology of the disease. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau is still widely incorporated in various research studies while studying AD. However, they are not sufficient. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have dug into AD studies to deliver many innovations in this field. Many novel biomarkers, such as phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase, clusterin, microRNA, and a new peptide ratio (Aβ37/Aβ42) in cerebral-spinal fluid, plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein, and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, are mushrooming. They are helping scientists find breakthroughs and substantiating their research on the early detection of AD. Neurovascular unit dysfunction in AD is a significant discovery that can help us understand the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. These new biomarkers are promising and can take these AD studies to another level. There have also been big steps forward in diagnosing and finding AD. One example is self-administered-gerocognitive-examination, which is less expensive and better at finding AD early on than mini-mental-state-examination. Quantum brain sensors and electrochemical biosensors are innovations in the detection field that must be explored and incorporated into the studies. Finally, novel innovations in AD studies like nanotheranostics are the future of AD treatment, which can not only diagnose and detect AD but also offer treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies to treat AD have also yielded interesting results. Our literature review spans from 1957 to 2022, capturing research and trends in the field over six decades. This review article is an update not only on the recent advances in the search for credible biomarkers but also on the newer detection techniques and therapeutic approaches targeting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Bhavdiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Ayodhya, UP, India
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Arjit Pathak
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet K Samaiya
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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2
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Abidi SMS, Sharma C, Randhawa S, Shukla AK, Acharya A. A review on nanotechnological perspective of "the amyloid cascade hypothesis" for neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126821. [PMID: 37690655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by progressive degeneration of neurons which deteriorates the brain functions. An early detection of the onset of NDs is utmost important, as it will provide the fast treatment strategies to prevent further progression of the disease. Conventionally, accurate diagnosis of the brain related disorders is difficult in their early phase. To solve this problem, nanotechnology based neurofunctional imaging and biomarker detection techniques have been developed which allows high specificity and sensitivity towards screening and diagnosis of NDs. Another challenge to treat the brain related disorders is to overcome the complex integrity of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) for the delivery of theranostic agents. Fortunately, utilization of nanomaterials has been pursued as promising strategy to address this challenge. Herein, we critically highlighted the recent improvements in the field of neurodiagnostic and therapeutic approaches involving innovative strategies for diagnosis, and inhibition of protein aggregates. We have provided particular emphasis on the use of nanotechnology which can push forward the blooming research growth in this field to win the battle against devastating NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M S Abidi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chandni Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shiwani Randhawa
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish K Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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3
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Zahran M. Conducting dyes as electro-active monomers and polymers for detecting analytes in biological and environmental samples. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19943. [PMID: 37809550 PMCID: PMC10559349 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, electrochemical sensors are regarded as an efficient tool for the biological and environmental sensing. Electrochemical sensors, such as voltammetric, amperometric, and impedimetric sensors, have gained great attention due to their simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity. The performance of these electrochemical sensors could be enhanced by surface engineered nano/micro structured materials with conducting dyes/redox species. In this review, a great focus has been put on the redox-active dyes because of their electronic, optical, electrochromic, and conductivity properties. The mechanisms of oxidation and subsequent polymerization of different redox-active dyes at the surface of electrodes have been studied. Additionally, their role in catalyzing the oxidation or reduction of the target analytes at the surfaces of electrodes has also been highlighted. The redox-active dyes were used as electrochemical probes for detecting various analytes in biological and environmental samples. Overall, redox-active dyes are considered promising conducting polymers for the assessment of many analytes such as drugs, pesticides, surfactants, and heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Zahran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, 32512, Egypt
- Menoufia Company for Water and Wastewater, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater, Menoufia, 32514, Egypt
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4
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Ahlawat J, Sharma M, Shekhar Pundir C. Advances in biosensor development for detection of acetylcholine. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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5
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Rajagopalan V, Venkataraman S, Rajendran DS, Vinoth Kumar V, Kumar VV, Rangasamy G. Acetylcholinesterase biosensors for electrochemical detection of neurotoxic pesticides and acetylcholine neurotransmitter: A literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115724. [PMID: 36948285 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic pesticides are a group of chemicals that pose a severe threat to both human health and the environment. These molecules are also known to accumulate in the food chain and persist in the environment, which can lead to long-term exposure and adverse effects on non-target organisms. The detrimental effects of these pesticides on neurotransmitter levels and function can lead to a range of neurological and behavioral symptoms, which are closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, the accurate and reliable detection of these neurotoxic pesticides and associated neurotransmitters is essential for clinical applications, such as diagnosis and treatment. Over the past few decades, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) biosensors have emerged as a sensitive and reliable tool for the electrochemical detection of neurotoxic pesticides and acetylcholine. These biosensors can be tailored to utilize the high specificity and sensitivity of AchE, enabling the detection of these chemicals. Additionally, enzyme immobilization and the incorporation of nanoparticles have further improved the detection capabilities of these biosensors. AchE biosensors have shown tremendous potential in various fields, including environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis, and pesticide residue analysis. This review summarizes the advancements in AchE biosensors for electrochemical detection of neurotoxic pesticides and acetylcholine over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahulabaranan Rajagopalan
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Swethaa Venkataraman
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Devi Sri Rajendran
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Vaidyanathan Vinoth Kumar
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India.
| | - Vaithyanathan Vasanth Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
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Zhang H, Li X, Zhou X, Gong P, Zhao Y. U-fiber-based biosensor for temperature-compensated acetylcholine-specific measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2138-2141. [PMID: 37058661 DOI: 10.1364/ol.486504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a U-fiber-based biosensor to achieve temperature-compensated acetylcholine-specific measurement. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and multimode interference (MMI) effects are simultaneously realized in a U-shaped fiber structure for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The experimental results show refractive index (RI) sensitivities of 3042 and 2958 nm/RIU and temperature sensitivities of -0.47 and -0.40 nm/°C for the MMI and SPR, which are greatly improved compared with the traditional structure. Simultaneously, a sensitivity matrix for detecting two parameters is introduced to solve the problem of temperature interference of biosensors based on RI changes. Label-free detection of acetylcholine (ACh) was achieved by immobilizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on optical fibers. The experimental results show that the sensor can realize the specific detection of acetylcholine and has good stability and selectivity, and the detection limit of the sensor is 30 nM. The sensor has the advantages of simple structure, high sensitivity, convenient operation, direct insertion into small spaces, temperature compensation, etc., which provide an important supplement to traditional fiber-optic SPR biosensors.
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Plant Extract Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Effects. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:9672432. [PMID: 36691666 PMCID: PMC9867586 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9672432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvent DES-based grape pomace extracts (GPE) were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the first time. This paper presents a synthesis of AgNPs by a novel method with GPE obtained by an eco-friendly "green" solvent, namely, betaine-lactic acid and proline-lactic acid DESs. Compared with the water-based GPE, the DES-based grape pomace extracts contain lower reducing powers but additionally act as capping agent, which is the more important property for the creation of necessary particle nanosize and dispersion with colloidal stability. DESs were synthesized using a heating method, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to confirm the formation of the DES. The phytochemical profile of GPE exhibits a high amount of hydroxycinnamic acids (23%), followed by anthocyanins (19%). The silver nanoparticles with a round shape were noticed on the scanning electron microscopy micrographs with the particle size in the range of 10-20 nm. The disc diffusion technique (DDT) showed that the AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) UKM В-906 and Gram-positivespore-formingBacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) UCМ В-506T. Mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) were assessed by A. cepa assay. The synthesized silver nanoparticles do not induce cytogenotoxic and genotoxic changes in Allium cepa L. with nanoparticles at concentrations up to 10%.
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8
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A poly(neutral red)/porous graphene modified electrode for a voltammetric hydroquinone sensor. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Phongphut A, Chayasombat B, Cass AEG, Phisalaphong M, Prichanont S, Thanachayanont C, Chodjarusawad T. Biosensors Based on Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Clay-Gold Nanocomposites for the Discrimination of Chlorpyrifos and Carbaryl. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39848-39859. [PMID: 36385833 PMCID: PMC9647858 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work aims at evaluating a utilization of diverse clay mineral/gold nanoparticles/acetylcholinesterase (clay/AuNPs/AChE) biosensors by using principal component analysis (PCA) for the discrimination of pesticide types and their concentration levels both in the synthetic and real samples. Applications of simple and low-cost clay/AuNP composites of different characteristics as modified-electrode materials are highlighted. Four types of clay minerals, namely, platelike kaolinite (Kaol: 1:1 aluminum phyllosilicate), globular montmorillonite (Mt: 2:1 aluminum phyllosilicate), globular bentonite (Bent: 2:1 aluminum phyllosilicate), and fibrous sepiolite (Sep: 2:1 inverted ribbons of magnesium phyllosilicate), were selected as the base materials. Due to the distinct characteristics of the selected clay, the derived clay/AuNP composites resulted in different physical morphologies, AuNP sizes and loadings, matrix hydrophobicity, and active AChE loading per electrode. These, in turn, caused divergent electrochemical responses for the pesticide determination; hence, no other enzymes apart from AChE were necessary for the fabrication of distinct biosensors. Physical and chemical characterizations of clay/AuNPs were conducted using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The electrochemical information was recorded by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry techniques. The enzyme inhibition results obtained from the pesticides were treated and used as input data to obtain PCA results. The four fabricated clay/AuNPs/AChE biosensors were able to discriminate chlorpyrifos and carbaryl and their concentration levels for synthetic pesticides and real samples. It was disclosed that a high enzyme inhibition and a high hydrophobic modified-electrode material affect a highly sensitive pesticide biosensor. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the modified-electrode material plays a major role in discriminating the pesticide types and their concentration levels by the proposed single-enzyme sensor system. The PCA results illustrated that PC2 described the different types of pesticides, and PC1 showed the level of pesticide concentration with high first two principal components. The mixed pesticides could be identified at an especially low total concentration of 0.5 ng/mL in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana Phongphut
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok10330, Thailand
| | - Bralee Chayasombat
- National
Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Pathumthani12120, Thailand
| | | | - Muenduen Phisalaphong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok10330, Thailand
| | - Seeroong Prichanont
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok10330, Thailand
| | - Chanchana Thanachayanont
- National
Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Pathumthani12120, Thailand
| | - Thanawee Chodjarusawad
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Burapha
University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Chonburi20131, Thailand
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Dalkiran B, Brett CM. Poly(safranine T)-deep eutectic solvent/copper oxide nanoparticle-carbon nanotube nanocomposite modified electrode and its application to the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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A novel electroanalytical biosensor based on ZIF‐8/acetylcholinesterase bio‐nanohybrids for early management of Hirschsprung Disease. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Andruch V, Varfalvyová A, Halko R, Jatkowska N, Płotka-Wasylka J. Application of deep eutectic solvents in bioanalysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Leote RJB, Ghica ME, Brett CMA. Pyruvate Oxidase Biosensors Based on Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Poly(Neutral Red) Synthesized in Ethaline Deep Eutectic Solvent. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J. B. Leote
- University of Coimbra CEMMPRE Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- National Institute of Materials Physics Atomistilor Str. 405 A 077125 Magurele Romania
| | - Mariana E. Ghica
- University of Coimbra CEMMPRE Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- University of Coimbra CIEPQPF Department of Chemical Engineering 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
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Pourmadadi M, Ahmadi MJ, Dinani HS, Ajalli N, Dorkoosh F. Theranostic applications of stimulus-responsive systems based on Fe2O3. Pharm Nanotechnol 2022; 10:90-112. [PMID: 35142274 DOI: 10.2174/2211738510666220210105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems, enthusiasm for nanotechnology in biomedical applications has been developed in the past decades. Fe2O3 nanoparticles, as the most stable iron oxide, have special merits that make them useful widely for detecting diseases, therapy, drug delivery, and monitoring the therapeutic process. This review presents the fabrication methods of Fe2O3-based materials and their photocatalytic and magnetic properties. Then, we highlight the application of Fe2O3-based nanoparticles in diagnosis and imaging, different therapy methods, and finally, stimulus-responsive systems, such as pH-responsive, magnetic-responsive, redox-responsive, and enzyme-responsive, with an emphasis on cancer treatment. In addition, the potential of Fe2O3 to combine diagnosis and therapy within a single particle called theranostic agent will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab Pourmadadi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Ahmadi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Narges Ajalli
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Dorkoosh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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da Silva W, Brett CM. Electrosynthesis and characterisation of novel poly(Nile blue)-deep eutectic solvent/Prussian blue nanoparticle modified electrodes and their biosensing application. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Valkova P, Pohanka M. Novel Trends in Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:9984876. [PMID: 34512760 PMCID: PMC8429010 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9984876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the population over 65 years of age. It is becoming a global health and socioeconomic problem, and the current number of patients reaching 30-50 million people will be three times higher over the next thirty years. OBJECTIVE Late diagnosis caused by decades of the asymptomatic phase and invasive and cost-demanding diagnosis are problems that make the whole situation worse. Electrochemical biosensors could be the right tool for less invasive and inexpensive early diagnosis helping to reduce spend sources- both money and time. METHOD This review is a survey of the latest advances in the design of electrochemical biosensors for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Biosensors are divided according to target biomarkers. CONCLUSION Standard laboratory methodology could be improved by analyzing a combination of currently estimated markers along with neurotransmitters and genetic markers from blood samples, which make the test for AD diagnosis available to the wide public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Valkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50011 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Science, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 50011 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Jiang C, Yan F, Qin Y, Liang J, Xie L, Wang Y, Li T, Wang J, Zheng L, Ya Y. A sensitive acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on NaOH etching glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical determination of 3-nitropropionic acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Svigelj R, Dossi N, Grazioli C, Toniolo R. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Application in Biosensor Development. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4263. [PMID: 34206344 PMCID: PMC8271379 DOI: 10.3390/s21134263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are a new class of solvents characterized by a remarkable decrease in melting point compared to those of the starting components. The eutectic mixtures can be simply prepared by mixing a Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) with a Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) at a temperature of about 80 °C. They have found applications in different research fields; for instance, they have been employed in organic synthesis, electrochemistry, and bio-catalysis, showing improved biodegradability and lower toxicity compared to other solvents. Herein, we review the use of DESs in biosensor development. We consider the emerging interest in different fields of this green class of solvents and the possibility of their use for the improvement of biosensor performance. We point out some promising examples of approaches for the assembly of biosensors exploiting their compelling characteristics. Furthermore, the extensive ability of DESs to solubilize a wide range of molecules provides the possibility to set up new devices, even for analytes that are usually insoluble and difficult to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy; (N.D.); (C.G.)
| | | | | | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy; (N.D.); (C.G.)
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Dalkiran B, Brett CMA. Polyphenazine and polytriphenylmethane redox polymer/nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:178. [PMID: 33913010 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies has demonstrated that redox polymers can be used in simple and effective electrochemical sensing platforms due to their fast electron transfer and electrocatalytic ability. To develop more sensitive and selective electrochemical (bio)sensors, the electrocatalytic properties of redox polymers and the electrical, mechanical, and catalytic properties of various nanomaterials are combined. This review aims to summarize and contribute to the development of (bio)sensors based on polyphenazine or polytriphenylmethane redox polymers combined with nanomaterials, including carbon-based nanomaterials, metal/metal oxide, and semiconductor nanoparticles. The synthesis, preparation, and modification of these nanocomposites is presented and the contribution of each material to the performance of (bio)sensor has been be examined. It is explained how the combined use of these redox polymers and nanomaterials as a sensing platform leads to improved analytical performance of the (bio)sensors. Finally, the analytical performance characteristics and practical applications of polyphenazine and polytriphenylmethane redox polymer/nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Dalkiran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Christopher M A Brett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Cano A, Turowski P, Ettcheto M, Duskey JT, Tosi G, Sánchez-López E, García ML, Camins A, Souto EB, Ruiz A, Marquié M, Boada M. Nanomedicine-based technologies and novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: from current to future challenges. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:122. [PMID: 33926475 PMCID: PMC8086346 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing life expectancy has led to an aging population, which has consequently increased the prevalence of dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia worldwide, is estimated to make up 50-80% of all cases. AD cases are expected to reach 131 million by 2050, and this increasing prevalence will critically burden economies and health systems in the next decades. There is currently no treatment that can stop or reverse disease progression. In addition, the late diagnosis of AD constitutes a major obstacle to effective disease management. Therefore, improved diagnostic tools and new treatments for AD are urgently needed. In this review, we investigate and describe both well-established and recently discovered AD biomarkers that could potentially be used to detect AD at early stages and allow the monitoring of disease progression. Proteins such as NfL, MMPs, p-tau217, YKL-40, SNAP-25, VCAM-1, and Ng / BACE are some of the most promising biomarkers because of their successful use as diagnostic tools. In addition, we explore the most recent molecular strategies for an AD therapeutic approach and nanomedicine-based technologies, used to both target drugs to the brain and serve as devices for tracking disease progression diagnostic biomarkers. State-of-the-art nanoparticles, such as polymeric, lipid, and metal-based, are being widely investigated for their potential to improve the effectiveness of both conventional drugs and novel compounds for treating AD. The most recent studies on these nanodevices are deeply explained and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cano
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason Thomas Duskey
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Umberto Veronesi Foundation, 20121, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, International University of Catalunya (UIC), C/Marquès de Sentmenat, 57, 08029, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Karki HP, Jang Y, Jung J, Oh J. Advances in the development paradigm of biosample-based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer's disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:72. [PMID: 33750392 PMCID: PMC7945670 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights current developments, challenges, and future directions for the use of invasive and noninvasive biosample-based small biosensors for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with biomarkers to incite a conceptual idea from a broad number of readers in this field. We provide the most promising concept about biosensors on the basis of detection scale (from femto to micro) using invasive and noninvasive biosamples such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, sweat, and tear. It also summarizes sensor types and detailed analyzing techniques for ultrasensitive detection of multiple target biomarkers (i.e., amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, tau protein, Acetylcholine (Ach), microRNA137, etc.) of AD in terms of detection ranges and limit of detections (LODs). As the most significant disadvantage of CSF and blood-based detection of AD is associated with the invasiveness of sample collection which limits future strategy with home-based early screening of AD, we extensively reviewed the future trend of new noninvasive detection techniques (such as optical screening and bio-imaging process). To overcome the limitation of non-invasive biosamples with low concentrations of AD biomarkers, current efforts to enhance the sensitivity of biosensors and discover new types of biomarkers using non-invasive body fluids are presented. We also introduced future trends facing an infection point in early diagnosis of AD with simultaneous emergence of addressable innovative technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Prakash Karki
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Yeongseok Jang
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Jinmu Jung
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
| | - Jonghyun Oh
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
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22
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Hybrid Nanocomposite Platform, Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Poly(Methylene Blue) Redox Polymer Synthesized in Ethaline Deep Eutectic Solvent for Electrochemical Determination of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041161. [PMID: 33562228 PMCID: PMC7915580 DOI: 10.3390/s21041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel hybrid composite of conductive poly(methylene blue) (PMB) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) was prepared for the detection of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). Electrosynthesis of PMB with glassy carbon electrode (GCE) or with carbon nanotube modified GCE was done in ethaline deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride mixed with ethylene glycol and a 10% v/v aqueous solution. Different sensor architectures were evaluated in a broad range of pH values in a Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer using electrochemical techniques, chronoamperometry (CA), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), to determine the optimum sensor configuration for 5-ASA sensing. Under optimal conditions, the best analytical performance was obtained with CNT/PMBDES/GCE in 0.04 M BR buffer pH 7.0 in the range 5-100 µM 5-ASA using the DPV method, with an excellent sensitivity of 9.84 μA cm-2 μM-1 (4.9 % RSD, n = 5) and a detection limit (LOD) (3σ/slope) of 7.7 nM, outclassing most similar sensors found in the literature. The sensitivity of the same sensor obtained in CA (1.33 μA cm-2 μM-1) under optimal conditions (pH 7.0, Eapp = +0.40 V) was lower than that obtained by DPV. Simultaneous detection of 5-ASA and its analogue, acetaminophen (APAP), was successfully realized, showing a catalytic effect towards the electro-oxidation of both analytes, lowering their oxidation overpotential, and enhancing the oxidation peak currents and peak-to-peak separation as compared with the unmodified electrode. The proposed method is simple, sensitive, easy to apply, and economical for routine analysis.
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Theyagarajan K, Yadav S, Satija J, Thenmozhi K, Senthilkumar S. Gold Nanoparticle-Redox Ionic Liquid based Nanoconjugated Matrix as a Novel Multifunctional Biosensing Interface. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6076-6085. [PMID: 33449637 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Creation of interfaces with a prudent design for the immobilization of biomolecules is substantial in the construction of biosensors for real-time monitoring. Herein, an adept biosensing interface was developed using a nanoconjugated matrix and has been employed toward the electrochemical determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The anionic gold nanoparticle (AuNP) was electrostatically tethered to cationic redox ionic liquid (IL), to which the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme was covalently immobilized to form a nanobioconjugate. The anthracene-substituted, aldehyde-functionalized redox IL (CHO-AIL) was judiciously designed with the (i) imidazolium cation for electrostatic interaction with AuNPs, (ii) anthracene moiety to mediate the electron transfer, and (iii) free aldehydic group for covalent bonding with a free amine group of the enzyme. Thus, the water-soluble HRP is effectively bonded to the CHO-AIL on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via imine bond formation, which resulted in the formation of the HRP-CHO-AIL/GCE. Electrochemical investigations on the HRP-CHO-AIL/GCE reveal highly stable and distinct redox peaks for the anthracene/anthracenium couple at a formal potential (E°') of -0.47 V. Electrostatic tethering of anionic AuNPs to the HRP-CHO-AIL promotes the electron transfer process in the HRP-CHO-AIL/AuNPs/GCE, as observed by the reduction in the formal potential to -0.42 V along with the enhancement in peak currents. The HRP-CHO-AIL/AuNPs/GCE has been explored toward the electrocatalytic detection of H2O2, and the modified electrode demonstrated a linear response toward H2O2 in the concentration range of 0.02-2.77 mM with a detection limit of 3.7 μM. The developed biosensor ascertained predominant selectivity and sensitivity in addition to remarkable stability and reproducibility, corroborating the suitableness of the platform for the effectual biosensing of H2O2. The eminent performance realized with our biosensor setup is ascribed to the multifunctional efficacy of this newly designed nanobioconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandaswamy Theyagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.,Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kathavarayan Thenmozhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sellappan Senthilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
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24
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Poolakkandy RR, Menamparambath MM. Transition metal oxide based non‐enzymatic electrochemical sensors: An arising approach for the meticulous detection of neurotransmitter biomarkers. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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25
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Toyos-Rodríguez C, García-Alonso FJ, de la Escosura-Muñiz A. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4748. [PMID: 32842632 PMCID: PMC7506792 DOI: 10.3390/s20174748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an untreatable neurodegenerative disease that initially manifests as difficulty to remember recent events and gradually progresses to cognitive impairment. The incidence of AD is growing yearly as life expectancy increases, thus early detection is essential to ensure a better quality of life for diagnosed patients. To reach that purpose, electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques, due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. Of special relevance is the incorporation of nanomaterials in biosensors, as they contribute to enhance electron transfer while promoting the immobilization of biological recognition elements. Moreover, nanomaterials have also been employed as labels, due to their unique electroactive and electrocatalytic properties. The aim of this review is to add value in the advances achieved in the detection of AD biomarkers, the strategies followed for the incorporation of nanomaterials and its effect in biosensors performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Toyos-Rodríguez
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier García-Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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Arab N, Fotouhi L, Salis A, Dorraji PS. An amplified electrochemical sensor employing a polymeric film and graphene quantum dots/multiwall carbon nanotubes in a deep eutectic solvent for sensitive analysis of paracetamol and 4-aminophenol. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a nanocomposite consisting of graphene quantum dots, a deep eutectic solvent and carboxyl functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (GQDs + DES + MWCNTs-COOH) was prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Arab
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Physics and Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Lida Fotouhi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Physics and Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Andrea Salis
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Parisa Seyed Dorraji
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Physics and Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
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