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Xie Y, Chen L, Cui K, Zeng Y, Luo X, Deng X. A novel photoreduction deposition induced AuNPs/COFs composite for SERS detection of macrolide antibiotics. Talanta 2024; 279:126547. [PMID: 39018951 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
As we all know, SERS (Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) is widely used in sensing, analysis and detection. The covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have performed well as a material for supporting metal nanoparticles and facilitating analyte adsorption in SERS, which may greatly enhance the detection sensitivity and reproducibility. The synthesis of traditional metal/COFs composites involved chemical reduction methods, however, the resulting metallic NPs exhibited reduced capacity to enhance SERS due to their small particle sizes (usually <20 nm). This paper presented a novel photoreduction method for the facile growth of AuNPs (diameters: 75 nm) on COFs matrix under light control, which represents the first report of such synthesis on COF. Subsequently, the photoreduction deposition induced AuNPs/COFs composites, which served as highly sensitive and reproducible SERS-active substrates for capturing the spectral information of four types of macrolide antibiotics. The detection limits for the four macrolide antibiotics were determined to be 3.30 × 10-11, 3.43 × 10-10, 1.10 × 10-10 and 5.78 × 10-11 M, respectively, exhibiting excellent linear relationships within the concentration range of 10-10 to 10-3 M. Therefore, our proposed SERS method opens up a new idea for the development of SERS substrates and environmental safety monitoring, and it has great potential for ensuring food safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Xie
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Liping Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Kaixin Cui
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610039, China.
| | - Xiaojun Deng
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Triana-Camacho DA, Mendoza Reales OA, Quintero-Orozco JH. Low Concentrations of Gold Nanoparticles as Electric Charge Carriers in Piezoelectric Cement-Based Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:615. [PMID: 38591472 PMCID: PMC10855999 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Piezoelectric cement-based composites could serve to monitor the strain state of structural elements or act as self-powered materials in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The incorporation of piezoelectric materials as an active phase within cement matrices has presented a highly attractive avenue until today. However, their application is challenged by the low electrical conductivity of the hydrated cement matrix. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) possess substantial potential for elevating the free electrical charge within the matrix, increasing its electrical conductivity between the Au NPs and the cement matrix, thereby enhancing the piezoelectric response of the composite. In this sense, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of incorporating low concentrations of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) (442 and 658 ppm) on the electrical and piezoelectric properties of cement-based composites. Additionally, this study considers the effects of such properties when the material is cured under a constant electric field. Electrical impedance spectroscopy was used to evaluate the polarization resistance and piezoresistive properties of the material. Additionally, open-circuit potential measurements were taken alongside the application of mechanical loads to assess the piezoelectric activity of the composites. The findings revealed a notable decrease in the composite's total electrical resistance, reaching a value of 1.5 ± 0.2 kΩ, almost four times lower than the reference specimens. In the realm of piezoelectricity, the piezoelectric voltage parameter g33 exhibited a remarkable advancement, improving by a factor of 57 when compared to reference specimens. This significant enhancement can be attributed to both the concentration of Au NPs and the electrical curing process. In summary, the outcomes of this study underscore the feasibility of creating a highly electrically conductive cement-based matrix, using low concentrations of gold nanoparticles as electric charge carries, and indicate the possible piezoelectric behavior of the studied compposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Triana-Camacho
- Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
| | - Oscar A. Mendoza Reales
- Civil Engeneering Program, Universidade de Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pedro Calmon 550 Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Jorge H. Quintero-Orozco
- Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
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Megale JD, De Souza D. New approaches in antibiotics detection: The use of square wave voltammetry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115526. [PMID: 37385092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics belongs to a class of pharmaceutical compounds widely used due to their effectiveness against bacterial infections. However, if consumed or inappropriately disposed of in the environment can results in environmental and public health problems, because they are considered emerging contaminants and their residues represent damage, whether in the long or short term, to different terrestrial ecosystems, in addition to bringing potential risks to agricultural sectors, such as livestock and fish farming. For this, the development of analytical methods for low-concentration detection and identification of antibiotics in natural waters, wastewaters, soil, foods, and biological fluids is necessary. This review shows the applicability of square wave voltammetry for the analytical determination of antibiotics from different chemical classes and covers a variety of samples and working electrodes that are used as voltammetric sensors. The review involved the analysis of scientific publications from the Science Direct® and Scopus® databases, with scientific manuscripts covering the period between January 2012 and May 2023. Various manuscripts were discussed indicating the applicability of square wave voltammetry in antibiotics detection in urine, blood, natural waters, milk, among other complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Duarte Megale
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG 38700-002, Brazil
| | - Djenaine De Souza
- Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering (LEABE), Chemistry Institute, Uberlândia Federal University, Major Jerônimo street, 566, Patos de Minas, MG 38700-002, Brazil.
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Mostafazadeh R, Karimi-Maleh H, Ghaffarinejad A, Tajabadi F, Hamidian Y. Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste electrode modified with graphene nanoribbon-CoFe 2O 4@NiO and ionic liquid for azithromycin antibiotic monitoring in biological and pharmaceutical samples. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2023; 13:1-10. [PMID: 36710715 PMCID: PMC9870783 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-023-02773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this report, Azithromycin (Azi) antibiotic was measured by carbon paste electrode (CPE) improved by graphene nanoribbon-CoFe2O4@NiO nanocomposite and 1-hexyl-3 methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (HMIM PF6) as an ionic liquid binder. The electrochemical behavior of Azi on the graphene nanoribbon-CoFe2O4@NiO/HMIM PF6/CPE is investigated by voltammetric methods, and the results showed that the modifiers improve the conductivity and electrochemical activity of the CPE. According to obtained data, the electrochemical behavior of Azi is related to pH. under optimum conditions, the sensor has linear ranges from 10 µM to 2 mM with a LOD of 0.66 µM. The effect of scan rate and chronoamperometry were studied, which showed that the Azi electro-oxidation is diffusion controlled with the diffusion coefficient of 9.22 × 10-6 cm2/s. The reproducibility (3.15%), repeatability (2.5%), selectivity, and stability (for 30 days) tests were investigated, which results were acceptable. The actual sample analysis confirmed that the proposed sensor is an appropriate electrochemical tool for Azi determination in urine and Azi capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mostafazadeh
- Research Laboratory of Real Samples Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 1684613114 Iran
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, PO Box 31787-316, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, P.O. Box 611731, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ali Ghaffarinejad
- Research Laboratory of Real Samples Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 1684613114 Iran
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Center, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 1684613114 Iran
| | - Fariba Tajabadi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, PO Box 31787-316, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hamidian
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 16315-1618 Iran
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Theoretical and Cyclic Voltammetric Analysis of Asparagine and Glutamine Electrocatalytic Activities for Dopamine Sensing Applications. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT) can be applied to discriminate electrocatalyst’s electron transfer (ET) properties. It will be interesting to discriminate the ET properties of green electrocatalysts such as amino acids. Here, we have used DFT to compare the electrocatalytic abilities of asparagine and glutamine at the carbon paste electrode interface. Cyclic voltammetric results reveal that the electrocatalytic activities of aspargine are higher than glutamine for dopamine sensing. Dopamine requires less energy to bind with asparagine when compared to glutamine. Additionally, asparagine has higher electron-donating and accepting powers. Therefore, asparagine has a higher electrocatalytic activity than glutamine—the ability for the asparagine and glutamine carbon electrodes to detect dopamine in commercial injection, and to obtain satisfactory results. As a part of the work, we have also studied dopamine interaction with the modified carbon surface using molecular dynamics.
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Kumara JKS, Swamy BEK, Jayaprakash GK, Sharma SC, Flores.-Moreno R, Mohanty K, Hariprasad SA. Effect of TX-100 pretreatment on carbon paste electrode for selective sensing of dopamine in presence of paracetamol. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20292. [PMID: 36434033 PMCID: PMC9700772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is one of the chief neurotransmitters present in the central nervous system of mammals. Therefore detection of DA in presence of various analytes like paracetamol has great importance. In the current work, we are proposing that Triton X-100 (TX-100) pretreated carbon paste electrode (CPE) can be useful to detect the DA selectively in presence of PA. After the pretreatment CPE can detect DA in presence of PA effectively. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to observe the amplified electron transfer reaction between the modified CPE and DA. To understand electron transfer regioselectivity at the TX-100 pretreated CPE, a dual descriptor was used. The prepared electrode showed satisfactory stability when kept under ambient conditions. The proposed approach also showed excellent analytical applicability to identify DA and PA in commercial formulations. The scope of the work is limited to detecting DA in presence of PA. We will consider the other interferes for future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Shashi Kumara
- grid.440695.a0000 0004 0501 6546Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, JnanaSahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451 India
| | - B. E. Kumara Swamy
- grid.440695.a0000 0004 0501 6546Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, JnanaSahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451 India
| | - G. K. Jayaprakash
- grid.444321.40000 0004 0501 2828Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - S. C. Sharma
- grid.449351.e0000 0004 1769 1282National Assessment and Accreditation Council (Work Carried Out As Honorary Professor), Jain University, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 069 India ,grid.417972.e0000 0001 1887 8311School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
| | - Roberto Flores.-Moreno
- grid.441421.60000 0004 0384 6642Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino Garcı´a Barraga´N 1421, C.P. 44430 Guadalajara, Jal. Mexico
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- grid.417972.e0000 0001 1887 8311Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian lnstitute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 India
| | - S. A. Hariprasad
- grid.449351.e0000 0004 1769 1282Jain University, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 069 India
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Da Ruos J, Baldo MA, Daniele S. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Major Drugs Used for the Treatment of COVID-19. A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1698-1732. [PMID: 35195461 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2039094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak (end 2019 - 2020), therapeutic treatments based on approved drugs have been the fastest approaches to combat the new coronavirus pandemic. Nowadays several vaccines are available. However, the worldwide vaccination program is going to take a long time and its success will depend on the vaccine public's acceptance. Therefore, outside of vaccination, the repurposing of existing antiviral, anti-inflammatory and other types of drugs, have been considered an alternative medical strategy for the COVI-19 infection. Due to the broad clinical potential of the drugs, but also to their possible side effects, analytical methods are needed to monitor the drug concentrations in biological fluids and pharmaceutical products. This review deals with analytical methods developed in the period 2015 - July 2021 to detect potential drugs that, according to a literature survey, have been taken into consideration for the treatment of COVID-19. The drugs considered here have been selected on the basis of the number of articles published in the period January 2020-July 2021, using the combination of the keywords: COVID-19 and drugs or SARS-CoV-2 and drugs. A section is also devoted to monoclonal antibodies. Over the period considered, the analytical methods have been employed in a variety of real samples, such as body fluids (plasma, blood and urine), pharmaceutical products, environmental matrices and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Da Ruos
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - M Antonietta Baldo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
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Babu B, Koutavarapu R, Shim J, Kim J, Yoo K. Improved sunlight-driven photocatalytic abatement of tetracycline and photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation by tin oxide quantum dots anchored on nickel ferrite nanoplates. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pan Y, Shan D, Ding LL, Yang XD, Xu K, Huang H, Wang JF, Ren HQ. Developing a generally applicable electrochemical sensor for detecting macrolides in water with thiophene-based molecularly imprinted polymers. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117670. [PMID: 34583204 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Our screening data revealed the threat macrolide antibiotics, especially azithromycin (AZN), posed to human health with its increasing occurrence in water environment. The electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is a promising platform that caters for the next generation of intelligent wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by virtue of its wide tolerance to water from all sources and in-situ monitoring. However, low initiation potentials of cross-linking monomers contributed by the electron-rich circumstance allowed them to usurp sites designed for functional monomers when electrically stimulated, leading to an unsatisfactory binding capacity. Another uncertainty is that multiple reaction sites of cross-linking monomers granted them complex polymerization routes and made it difficult to ensure the consistency of preparation. Serval monomers had been investigated with electrochemical tools and the performance of sensors constructed with these monomers were compared in this study. Based on the results, we proposed a protocol in which a novel functional monomer possessing a stronger electron-donating group, phenyl, was adopted to compete for the dominance in electropolymerization. Beyond that, the cross-linking monomer was modified with electron-withdrawing groups to raise its initiation potential. A monothiophene with a moderate initiation potential was also recruited as the linker to address the steric hindrance. In this way, polymerization proceeded in a specific order. It is worth mentioning that the Marangoni flow is an ideal tool to deal with the Coffee-ring deposition while drop-casting. The resulting sensor showed good performance with a limitation of detection (LOD) of 0.120 μM for AZN and a satisfactory selectivity, and the design can be applied to constructing sensors for a variety of macrolide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Shan
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Li-Li Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Mutić S, Radanović D, Vraneš M, GadŽurić S, Anojčić J. Electroanalytical performance of a β-cyclodextrin and ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode for the determination of verapamil in urine and pharmaceutical formulation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2963-2973. [PMID: 34110333 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00358e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The analytical performance of sensitive and cost-effective electrochemical sensors based on ionic liquids (ILs) with the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion, [NTf2]-, and the imidazolium cation with different alkyl chain lengths for electrochemical oxidation of verapamil (VER) was investigated. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][NTf2]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][NTf2]) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HMIM][NTf2]) were studied as possible materials for modification of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) for trace-level determination of VER. The experimental parameters including selection of the working electrode, the pH of working media, and the amount of CPE modifiers were investigated. Among them, the [EMIM][NTf2]-CPE with 4.3 wt% of IL was selected as the most appropriate for the square wave voltammetric (SWV) determination of VER at pH 5.0. Cyclic voltammetric studies showed that the electrochemical oxidation of VER was adsorption controlled. Consequently, the square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SW-AdSV) parameters were optimized with Eacc = -0.4 V and tacc = 180 s as the most suitable for accumulation of VER on the electrode surface. The electroanalytical performance of the [EMIM][NTf2]-CPE was further improved by its in situ electrochemical modification with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and the linear concentration range of VER was from 0.006 to 0.129 μg mL-1; the relative standard deviation did not exceed 0.7%, and the evaluated limit of detection in model solution was 0.002 μg mL-1. The β-CD/[EMIM][NTf2]-CPE showed adequate selectivity towards VER in the presence of inorganic ions and interferents usually found in human urine. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for VER determination in a spiked human urine sample and pharmaceutical formulation with good repeatability and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Mutić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Danka Radanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Milan Vraneš
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Slobodan GadŽurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jasmina Anojčić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Quantum Chemical Studies and Electrochemical Investigations of Polymerized Brilliant Blue-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for In Vitro Sensing of Pharmaceutical Samples. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To develop an electrochemical sensor for electroactive molecules, the choice and prediction of redox reactive sites of the modifier play a critical role in establishing the sensing mediating mechanism. Therefore, to understand the mediating mechanism of the modifier, we used advanced density functional theory (DFT)-based quantum chemical modeling. A carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified with electropolymerization of brilliant blue, later employed for the detection of paracetamol (PA) and folic acid (FA). PA is an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic prescription commonly used in medical fields, and overdose or prolonged use may harm the liver and kidney. The deficiency of FA associated with neural tube defects (NTDs) and therefore the quantification of FA are very essential to prevent the problems associated with congenital deformities of the spinal column, skull and brain of the fetus in pregnant women. Hence, an electrochemical sensor based on a polymerized brilliant blue-modified carbon paste working electrode (BRB/CPE) was fabricated for the quantification of PA and FA in physiological pH. The real analytical applicability of the proposed sensor was judged by employing it in analysis of a pharmaceutical sample, and good recovery results were obtained. The potential excipients do not have a significant contribution to the electro-oxidation of PA at BRB/CPE, which makes it a promising electrochemical sensing platform. The real analytical applicability of the proposed method is valid for pharmaceutical analysis in the presence of possible excipients. The prediction of redox reactive sites of the modifier by advanced quantum chemical modeling-based DFT may lay a new foundation for researchers to establish the modifier–analyte interaction mechanisms.
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