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Alencar JND, Feres F, Marchi MFND, Franchini KG, Scheffer MK, Felicioni SP, Costa ACM, Fernandes RC, Ramadan HR, Meyers P, Smith SW. Beyond STEMI-NSTEMI Paradigm: Dante Pazzanese's Proposal for Occlusion Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis. Arq Bras Cardiol 2024; 121:e20230733. [PMID: 39016396 PMCID: PMC11216332 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the existing framework for classifying acute myocardial infarction (AMI) into STEMI and NSTEMI has been beneficial, it is now considered to be falling short in addressing the complexity of acute coronary syndromes. The study aims to scrutinize the current STEMI-NSTEMI paradigm and advocate for a more nuanced framework, termed as occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) and non-occlusion myocardial infarction (NOMI), for a more accurate diagnosis and management of AMI. A comprehensive analysis of existing medical literature was conducted, with a focus on the limitations of the STEMI-NSTEMI model. The study also outlines a new diagnostic approach for patients presenting with chest pain in emergency settings. The traditional STEMI-NSTEMI model falls short in diagnostic precision and effective treatment, especially in identifying acute coronary artery occlusions. The OMI-NOMI framework offers a more anatomically and physiologically accurate model, backed by a wealth of clinical research and expert opinion. It underscores the need for quick ECG assessments and immediate reperfusion therapies for suspected OMI cases, aiming to improve patient outcomes. The OMI-NOMI framework offers a new avenue for future research and clinical application. It advocates for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes, leading to individualized treatment plans. This novel approach is expected to ignite further scholarly debate and research, particularly in the Brazilian cardiology sector, with the goal of enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Nunes De Alencar
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Fausto Feres
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | | | - Kleber Gomes Franchini
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Matheus Kiszka Scheffer
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Sandro Pinelli Felicioni
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Muniz Costa
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Rinaldo Carvalho Fernandes
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Hugo Ribeiro Ramadan
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Pendell Meyers
- Carolinas Medical CenterDepartment of Emergency MedicineCharlotteNCEUACarolinas Medical Center – Department of Emergency Medicine, Charlotte, NC – EUA
| | - Stephen W. Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine and University of MinnesotaHennepin HealthcareMinneapolisMNEUAHennepin Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN – EUA
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Silva RRP, Magalhães CJ, Silva RSVD, Tavares de Albuquerque AL, Montenegro ST, Alencar Neto JND. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm as anginous substrate in elderly: Report of an unprecedented case. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2024; 10:217-221. [PMID: 38496744 PMCID: PMC10943551 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rufino Pereira Silva
- Division of Cardiology, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco Prof. Luiz Tavares, University of Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Carolina Jerônimo Magalhães
- Division of Cardiology, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco Prof. Luiz Tavares, University of Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silvestre Vieira da Silva
- Division of Cardiology, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco Prof. Luiz Tavares, University of Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Afonso Luiz Tavares de Albuquerque
- Division of Cardiology, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco Prof. Luiz Tavares, University of Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Tavares Montenegro
- Division of Cardiology, Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco Prof. Luiz Tavares, University of Pernambuco (PROCAPE/UPE), Recife, Brazil
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Swenne CA, Ter Haar CC. Context-independent identification of myocardial ischemia in the prehospital ECG of chest pain patients. J Electrocardiol 2024; 82:34-41. [PMID: 38006762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-traumatic chest pain is a frequent reason for an urgent ambulance visit of a patient by the emergency medical services (EMS). Chest pain (or chest pain-equivalent symptoms) can be innocent, but it can also signal an acute form of severe pathology that may require prompt intervention. One of these pathologies is cardiac ischemia, resulting from a disbalance between blood supply and demand. One cause of a diminished blood supply to the heart is acute coronary syndrome (ACS, i.e., cardiac ischemia caused by a reduced blood supply to myocardial tissue due to plaque instability and thrombus formation in a coronary artery). ACS is dangerous due to the unpredictable process that drives the supply problem and the high chance of fast hemodynamic deterioration (i.e., cardiogenic shock, ventricular fibrillation). This is why an ECG is made at first medical contact in most chest pain patients to include or exclude ischemia as the cause of their complaints. For speedy and adequate triaging and treatment, immediate assessment of this prehospital ECG is necessary, still during the ambulance ride. Human diagnostic efforts supported by automated interpretation algorithms seek to answer questions regarding the urgency level, the decision if and towards which healthcare facility the patient should be transported, and the indicated acute treatment and further diagnostics after arrival in the healthcare facility. In the case of an ACS, a catheter intervention room may be activated during the ambulance ride to facilitate the earliest possible in-hospital treatment. Prehospital ECG assessment and the subsequent triaging decisions are complex because chest pain is not uniquely associated with ACS. The differential diagnosis includes other cardiac, pulmonary, vascular, gastrointestinal, orthopedic, and psychological conditions. Some of these conditions may also involve ECG abnormalities. In practice, only a limited fraction (order of magnitude 10%) of the patients who are urgently transported to the hospital because of chest pain are ACS patients. Given the relatively low prevalence of ACS in this patient mix, the specificity of the diagnostic ECG algorithms should be relatively high to prevent overtreatment and overflow of intervention facilities. On the other hand, only a sufficiently high sensitivity warrants adequate therapy when needed. Here, we review how the prehospital ECG can contribute to identifying the presence of myocardial ischemia in chest pain patients. We discuss the various mechanisms of myocardial ischemia and infarction, the typical patient mix of chest pain patients, the shortcomings of the ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ECG criteria to detect a completely occluded culprit artery, the OMI ECG criteria (including the STEMI-equivalent ECG patterns) in detecting completely occluded culprit arteries, and the promise of neural networks in recognizing ECG patterns that represent complete occlusions. We also discuss the relevance of detecting any ACS/ischemia, not necessarily caused by a total occlusion, in the prehospital ECG. In addition, we discuss how serial prehospital ECGs can contribute to ischemia diagnosis. Finally, we discuss the diagnostic contribution of a serial comparison of the prehospital ECG with a previously made nonischemic ECG of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees A Swenne
- Cardiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - C Cato Ter Haar
- Cardiology Department, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Varga CR, Miles WM, Ruzieh M. Acute Myocardial Infarction Revealed by an Escape Rhythm in a Patient With Failed Sgarbossa Criteria. JAMA Intern Med 2023; 183:1397-1398. [PMID: 37955905 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes a man in his 80s with a medical history of essential hypertension who presented to the emergency department with sudden onset epigastric pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William M Miles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Mohammed Ruzieh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
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5
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Choi J, Lee S, Chang M, Lee Y, Oh GC, Lee HY. Deep learning of ECG waveforms for diagnosis of heart failure with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14235. [PMID: 35987961 PMCID: PMC9392508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe performance and clinical implications of the deep learning aided algorithm using electrocardiogram of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (DeepECG-HFrEF) were evaluated in patients with acute HF. The DeepECG-HFrEF algorithm was trained to identify left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), defined by an ejection fraction (EF) < 40%. Symptomatic HF patients admitted at Seoul National University Hospital between 2011 and 2014 were included. The performance of DeepECG-HFrEF was determined using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values. The 5-year mortality according to DeepECG-HFrEF results was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. A total of 690 patients contributing 18,449 ECGs were included with final 1291 ECGs eligible for the study (mean age 67.8 ± 14.4 years; men, 56%). HFrEF (+) identified an EF < 40% and HFrEF (−) identified EF ≥ 40%. The AUC value was 0.844 for identifying HFrEF among patients with acute symptomatic HF. Those classified as HFrEF (+) showed lower survival rates than HFrEF (−) (log-rank p < 0.001). The DeepECG-HFrEF algorithm can discriminate HFrEF in a real-world HF cohort with acceptable performance. HFrEF (+) was associated with higher mortality rates. The DeepECG-HFrEF algorithm may help in identification of LVSD and of patients at risk of worse survival in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunichi Yoda
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Riku Arai
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuo Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Japan
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7
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Birnbaum Y, Rankinen J, Jneid H, Atar D, Nikus K. The Role of ECG in the Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Acute Coronary Syndromes: an Old but Indispensable Tool. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:109-118. [PMID: 35028816 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since its inception in 1902 by Willem Einthoven, the electrocardiogram (ECG) has fundamentally undergone minimal technological advances. Nevertheless, its clinical utility is critical, and it remains an essential tool to diagnose, risk stratify, and guide reperfusion and invasive strategies in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. ECG reading can be demanding, with many healthcare professionals lacking the necessary expertise to accurately interpret them. This is exacerbated by the need to constantly revisit old dogmas pertinent to the interpretation of ECGs. RECENT FINDINGS Notably, ECG leads record the global electrical activity of the heart toward and away from each electrode rather than local events. The long-held central paradigm that the various ECG leads record local events underneath specific electrodes should therefore be reassessed. For example, ST segment elevation in leads V1 and V2 usually denote antero-apical rather than septal infarction, often a misnomer utilized by the majority of clinicians. The ECG diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is sometimes challenging and discerning it from non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is of paramount importance to implement timely acute reperfusion therapy. In fact, when qualifications for emergency reperfusion therapy are based on STEMI ECG criteria, nearly one-third of cases with acute coronary occlusion are missed. Diagnostic ST elevation in the absence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy or left bundle-branch block (LBBB) is defined by a specific set of sex-specific criteria for new ST elevation at the J point in contiguous precordial or limb leads. However, other ECG criteria need to be kept in mind. These include, but are not limited to, new or presumably new left bundle branch block (LBBB), which is often considered as an STEMI-equivalent; ST depression in two or more precordial leads (V1-V4), denoting a true inferolateral transmural myocardial infarction; and the infrequent presentation with hyperacute T-wave changes. As our understanding of the pathology of ischemic reperfusion injury has evolved and following the introduction of new imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, we need to re-assess the old dogmas pertinent to the interpretation of ECGs and update the terms and classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Birnbaum
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, MS: BCM620, 77030, USA.
| | - Jani Rankinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hani Jneid
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, MS: BCM620, 77030, USA
| | - Dan Atar
- Dept. of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Norway
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Khir FK, Battikh NG, Arabi AR. The significance of upright T wave in lead V1 in predicting myocardial ischemia A literature review. J Electrocardiol 2021; 67:103-106. [PMID: 34130049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chest pain is still representing one of the most common and serious presentations to the emergency department worldwide. ECG is a crucial tool in evaluating patients with chest pain; however, only around 50% of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) will have a diagnostic ECG upon their presentation; the rest may either have a completely normal ECG or what is called nonspecific ST segment and T wave (NSSTTW) changes, hence it is essential to recognize the subtle ECG changes and know its significance. One of the ECG changes that can be easily missed is when the T wave in V1 is upright, especially when it is either a Tall Upright T wave (TTV1) or a New Tall Upright T-wave (NTTV1). Although upright T wave in lead V1 can be a normal variant, it has been linked in a few studies and observations to cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial ischemia. In this article, we are trying to highlight the importance of this subtle ECG change in predicting cardiovascular disease through a concise review of the available evidence on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Kazahia Khir
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Naim Ghazi Battikh
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Lindow T, Engblom H, Pahlm O, Carlsson M, Lassen AT, Brabrand M, Lundager Forberg J, Platonov PG, Ekelund U. Low diagnostic yield of ST elevation myocardial infarction amplitude criteria in chest pain patients at the emergency department. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2021; 55:145-152. [PMID: 33461362 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2021.1875138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic yield of the ECG criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a large cohort of emergency department chest pain patients, and to determine whether extended ECG criteria or reciprocal ST depression can improve accuracy. Design: Observational, register-based diagnostic study on the accuracy of ECG criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Between Jan 2010 and Dec 2014 all patients aged ≥30 years with chest pain who had an ECG recorded within 4 h at two emergency departments in Sweden were included. Exclusion criteria were: ECG with poor technical quality; QRS duration ≥120 ms; ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy; or previous coronary artery bypass surgery. Conventional and extended ECG criteria were applied to all patients. The main outcome was acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and an occluded/near-occluded coronary artery at angiography. Results: Finally, 19932 patients were included. Conventional ECG criteria for ST elevation myocardial infarction were fulfilled in 502 patients, and extended criteria in 1249 patients. Sensitivity for conventional ECG criteria in diagnosing AMI with coronary occlusion/near-occlusion was 17%, specificity 98% and positive predictive value 12%. Corresponding data for extended ECG criteria were 30%, 94% and 8%. When reciprocal ST depression was added to the criteria, the positive predictive value rose to 24% for the conventional and 23% for the extended criteria. Conclusions: In unselected chest pain patients at the emergency department, the diagnostic yield of both conventional and extended ECG criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction is low. The PPV can be increased by also considering reciprocal ST depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindow
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Department of Research and Development, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden.,Clinical Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Engblom
- Clinical Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Pahlm
- Clinical Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Carlsson
- Clinical Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Mikkel Brabrand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Pyotr G Platonov
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Zhan ZQ, Li Y, Han LH, Nikus KC, Birnbaum Y, Baranchuk A. The de Winter ECG pattern: Distribution and morphology of ST depression. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2020; 25:e12783. [PMID: 32588536 PMCID: PMC7507532 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reported positive predictive value (PPV) for the “de Winter ECG pattern” to predict an acute left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesion is inconsistent. Besides, the morphology of upsloping or nonupsloping ST depression (STD) may have different significance of severity and prognostication. Methods We searched the MEDLINE database using “de Winter” or “junctional ST‐depression with tall symmetrical T‐waves” or “tall T wave” or “STEMI equivalent” as the item up to March 2020. We compared the ECG differences between the different culprit arteries and various morphological STD. Results A total of 70 patients with analyzable ECGs were included. In 60 patients (LAD group), the LAD was the culprit artery, while in 10 patients (non‐LAD group), there were other etiologies. Maximal STD in V2 or V3 had a PPV of 89% of all patients and 98% of patients without ST elevation in V2 to detect an acute LAD lesion. The presence of q/Q‐wave or poor R‐wave progression in the precordial leads was significantly more often found in patients with upsloping STD than in patients with nonupsloping STD in the LAD group (84% vs. 27%, p < .01). In 18 patients, the ECG showed a change from upsloping to nonupsloping STD from the leads with maximal STD to the surrounding leads with less STD. Conclusions The location of the maximal STD in the precordial leads differs between patients with LAD as the culprit artery and other etiologies of the de Winter ECG pattern. Upsloping STD signifies more severe signs of ischemia than nonupsloping STD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qun Zhan
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Hospital-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Hospital-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Hong Han
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Hospital-University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kjell C Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yochai Birnbaum
- The Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Heart Institute, Baylor St. Luke Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Department of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Leivo J, Anttonen E, Jolly SS, Dzavik V, Koivumäki J, Tahvanainen M, Koivula K, Nikus K, Wang J, Cairns JA, Niemelä K, Eskola MJ. The high-risk ECG pattern of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A substudy of the randomized trial of primary PCI with or without routine manual thrombectomy (TOTAL trial). Int J Cardiol 2020; 319:40-45. [PMID: 32470531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Useful tools for risk assessment in patients with STEMI are needed. We evaluated the prognostic impact of the evolving myocardial infarction (EMI) and the preinfarction syndrome (PIS) ECG patterns and determined their correlation with angiographic findings and treatment strategy. METHODS This substudy of the randomized Trial of Routine Aspiration Thrombectomy with PCI versus PCI Alone in Patients with STEMI (TOTAL) included 7860 patients with STEMI and either the EMI or the PIS ECG pattern. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, recurrent MI, cardiogenic shock, or New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV heart failure within one year. RESULTS The primary outcome occurred in 271 of 2618 patients (10.4%) in the EMI group vs. 322 of 5242 patients (6.1%) in the PIS group [AdjustedHR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.82; p < .001]. The primary outcome occurred in the thrombectomy and PCI alone groups in 131 of 1306 (10.0%) and 140 of 1312 (10.7%) patients with EMI [HR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.74-1.19] and 162 of 2633 (6.2%) and 160 of 2609 (6.1%) patients with PIS [HR 1.00; 95% CI, 0.81-1.25], respectively (pinteraction = 0.679). CONCLUSIONS Patients with the EMI ECG pattern proved to have an increased rate of the primary outcome within one year compared to the PIS pattern. Routine manual thrombectomy did not reduce the risk of primary outcome within the different dynamic ECG patterns. The PIS/EMI dynamic ECG classification could help to triage patients in case of simultaneous STEMI patients with immediate need for pPCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Leivo
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Eero Anttonen
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanjit S Jolly
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Vladimir Dzavik
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jyri Koivumäki
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Minna Tahvanainen
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Kimmo Koivula
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland; Internal medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jia Wang
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Kari Niemelä
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Markku J Eskola
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
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12
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Nilsson T, Lundberg G, Larsson D, Mokhtari A, Ekelund U. Emergency Department Chest Pain Patients With or Without Ongoing Pain: Characteristics, Outcome, and Diagnostic Value of the Electrocardiogram. J Emerg Med 2020; 58:874-881. [PMID: 32291126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In emergency department (ED) chest pain patients, it is believed that the diagnostic accuracy of the electrocardiogram (ECG) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is higher during ongoing than abated chest pain. OBJECTIVES We compared patient characteristics and the diagnostic performance of the ECG in ED patients presenting with ongoing, vs. abated, chest pain. METHODS In total, 1132 unselected ED chest pain patients were analyzed. The patient characteristics and diagnostic accuracy for index visit ACS of the emergency physicians' interpretation of the ECG was compared in patients with and without ongoing chest pain. Logistic regression analysis was performed to control for possible confounders. RESULTS Patients with abated chest pain (n = 508) were older, had more comorbidities, and had double the risk of index visit ACS (15%) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 30 days (15.6%) compared with patients with ongoing pain (n = 631; ACS 7.3%, 30-day MACE 7.4%). Sensitivity of the ECG for ACS was 24% in patients with ongoing pain and 35% in those without, specificity was 97% in both groups, negative predictive value was 94% and 89%, respectively, and positive likelihood ratio 10.6 and 7.8, respectively. When the diagnostic performance was controlled for confounders, there was no significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ED chest pain patients with ongoing pain at arrival are younger, healthier, and have less ACS and 30-day MACE than patients with abated pain, but that there is no difference in the diagnostic accuracy of the ECG for ACS between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Nilsson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gisela Lundberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Larsson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arash Mokhtari
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences at Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences at Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kinsara A, Taher Z, Altalhi A, Mahdi M, Aldainy A, Alqubbany A, Darwish A. Clinical indications for requesting high-sensitivity troponin I in the emergency department. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR ACADEMY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijca.ijca_65_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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14
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Hillinger P, Strebel I, Abächerli R, Twerenbold R, Wildi K, Bernhard D, Nestelberger T, Boeddinghaus J, Badertscher P, Wussler D, Koechlin L, Zimmermann T, Puelacher C, Rubini Gimenez M, du Fay de Lavallaz J, Walter J, Geigy N, Keller DI, Reichlin T, Mueller C. Prospective validation of current quantitative electrocardiographic criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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ECG analysis in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management: rationale and design of the electrocardiography sub-study of the MATRIX trial. J Electrocardiol 2019; 57:44-54. [PMID: 31491602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2019.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The twelve‑lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has become an essential tool for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, several areas of residual controversies or gaps in evidence exist. Among them, P-wave abnormalities identifying atrial ischemia/infarction are largely neglected in clinical practice, and their diagnostic and prognostic implications remain elusive; the value of ECG to identify the culprit lesion has been investigated, but validated criteria indicating the presence of coronary occlusion in patients without ST-elevation are lacking; finally, which criteria among the multiple proposed, better define pathological Q-waves or success of revascularisation deserve further investigations. METHODS The Minimizing Adverse hemorrhagic events via TRansradial access site and systemic Implementation of AngioX (MATRIX) trial was designed to test the impact of bleeding avoidance strategies on ischemic and bleeding outcomes across the whole spectrum of patients with ACS receiving invasive management. The ECG-MATRIX is a pre-specified sub-study of the MATRIX programme which aims at analyzing the clinical value of ECG metrics in 4516 ACS patients (with and without ST-segment elevation in 2212 and 2304 cases, respectively) with matched pre and post-treatment ECGs. CONCLUSIONS This study represents a unique opportunity to further investigate the role of ECGs in the diagnosis and risk stratification of ACS patients with or without ST-segment deviation, as well as to assess whether the radial approach and bivalirudin may affect post-treatment ECG metrics and patterns in a large contemporary ACS population.
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Bozbeyoğlu E, Aslanger E, Yıldırımtürk Ö, Şimşek B, Karabay CY, Türer A, Kozan Ö, Değertekin M. An algorithm for the differentiation of the infarct territory in difficult to discern electrocardiograms. J Electrocardiol 2018; 51:1055-1060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Koivula K, Nikus K, Viikilä J, Lilleberg J, Huhtala H, Birnbaum Y, Eskola M. Comparison of the prognostic role of Q waves and inverted T waves in the presenting ECG of STEMI patients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2018; 24:e12585. [PMID: 30191632 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Q waves and T-wave inversion (TWI) in the presenting ECG are associated with a progressed stage of myocardial infarction, possibly with less potential for myocardial salvage with reperfusion therapy. Combining the diagnostic information from the Q- and T-wave analyses could improve the prognostic work-up in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. METHODS We sought to determine the prognostic impact of Q waves and TWI in the admission ECG on patient outcome in STEMI. We formed four groups according to the presence of Q waves and/or TWI (Q+TWI+; Q-TWI+; Q+TWI-; Q-TWI-). We studied 627 all-comers with STEMI derived from two patient cohorts. RESULTS The patients with Q+TWI+ had the highest and those with Q-TWI- the lowest 30-day and one-year mortality. One-year mortality was similar between Q-TWI+ and Q+TWI-. The survival analysis showed higher early mortality in Q+TWI- but the higher late mortality in Q-TWI+ compensated for the difference at 1 year. The highest peak troponin level was found in the patients with Q+TWI-. CONCLUSION Q waves and TWI predict adverse outcome, especially if both ECG features are present. Q waves and TWI predict similar one-year mortality. Extending the ECG analysis in STEMI patients to include both Q waves and TWI improves risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Koivula
- South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juho Viikilä
- Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki Lilleberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yochai Birnbaum
- The Section of Cardiology, The Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Markku Eskola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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18
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Fiol M, Carrillo A, Bayes de Luna A. Easy clinical-ECG criteria to suspect total occlusion of left main in acute coronary syndrome. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:3897-3898. [PMID: 30069392 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Fiol
- Illes Balears Health Research Institute, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Bayes de Luna
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Cardiovascular ICCC Program, Research Institute Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Wall J, White LD, Lee A. Novel ECG changes in acute coronary syndromes. Would improvement in the recognition of 'STEMI-equivalents' affect time until reperfusion? Intern Emerg Med 2018; 13:243-249. [PMID: 28040835 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-016-1595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current guidelines recommend that patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are treated with medical management alone, or in combination with coronary angiography within 24 h. Recent research suggests that NSTEMIs show angiographic evidence of complete occlusion at rates comparable to STEMIs, suggesting a subgroup of NSTEMI patients who require urgent angiography. Novel ECG changes, termed 'STEMI-equivalents', have been described as a way of identifying this subgroup. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with STEMI-equivalent ECG changes experience similar degrees of myocardial damage, and would thus benefit from urgent PCI. Cardiac catheterisation databases at The Wollongong Hospital were searched for STEMI, and NSTEMI patients with complete occlusion of the culprit vessel, between January 2011 and December 2013. A total of 1429 patients underwent angiography during this time period. Of these, 220 were eligible for ECG analysis. We found 10-25% of NSTEMIs with 'STEMI equivalent' ECG changes correlated with complete vessel occlusion on angiography. These patients demonstrated equivalent initial troponin readings. Recognition of STEMI-equivalents represent a chance for earlier intervention with prompt coronary angiography, as these findings are often associated with complete occlusion of the culprit vessel. These findings provide further evidence supporting the potential inclusion of STEMI-equivalents in future ACS guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wall
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW, Australia
| | - Leigh D White
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Wagga Wagga Rural Referral Hospital, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - Astin Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- The Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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20
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Associations between ECG changes and echocardiographic findings in patients with acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 2018; 51:188-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Barbosa-Barros R, Pérez-Riera AR, Koivula K, de Carvalho Santos J, de Abreu LC, Nikus K. Acute coronary syndrome of very unusual etiology. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2018; 23:e12531. [PMID: 29356195 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortitis is one of many possible manifestations of tertiary syphilis. Aortic disease is the most common of all cardiovascular syphilitic lesions. Aortic diseases caused by tertiary syphilis include aortitis, aortic root dilation, aneurysm formation, aortic regurgitation and coronary ostial stenosis. A less common manifestation of syphilitic aortitis is coronary artery ostial narrowing related to aortic wall thickening. We report a case of a 40-year-old male patient admitted with a clinical picture of acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina). He had no risk factors for coronary artery disease. The physical examination revealed nothing remarkable. The admission electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ST segment depression in the anterolateral and inferior leads (Figure 1). The coronary angiogram showed critical ostial stenosis of the right (RCA) and left main coronary artery (Figure 2a, b). Cardiac-computed tomography showed aortic wall thickening with involvement of bilateral coronary ostia (Figure 2b, c). The patient was referred for coronary bypass surgery after treatment with two doses of penicillin G. The laboratory test was strongly positive for syphilitic infection. Postoperative treatment with benzathine penicillin, in doses recommended for tertiary syphilis, was implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Barbosa-Barros
- Coronary Center of the Messejana's Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Andrés R Pérez-Riera
- Laboratory Design of Studies and Scientific Writing, ABC Faculty of Medicine, ABC Foundation, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kimmo Koivula
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and Clinic of Internal medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jairo de Carvalho Santos
- Coronary Center of the Messejana's Hospital Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz C de Abreu
- Laboratory Design of Studies and Scientific Writing, ABC Faculty of Medicine, ABC Foundation, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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22
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Miranda DF, Lobo AS, Walsh B, Sandoval Y, Smith SW. New Insights Into the Use of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram for Diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department. Can J Cardiol 2017; 34:132-145. [PMID: 29407007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) remains the most immediately accessible and widely used initial diagnostic tool for guiding management in patients with suspected myocardial infarction (MI). Although the development of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays has improved the rule-in and rule-out and risk stratification of acute MI without ST elevation, the immediate management of the subset of acute MI with acute coronary occlusion depends on integrating clinical presentation and ECG findings. Careful interpretation of the ECG might yield subtle features suggestive of ischemia that might facilitate more rapid triage of patients with subtle acute coronary occlusion or, conversely, in identification of ST-elevation MI mimics (pseudo ST-elevation MI patterns). Our goal in this review article is to consider recent advances in the use of the ECG to diagnose coronary occlusion MIs, including the application of rules that allow MI to be diagnosed on the basis of atypical ECG manifestations. Such rules include the modified Sgarbossa criteria allowing identification of acute MI in left bundle branch block or ventricular pacing, the 3- and 4-variable formula to differentiate normal ST elevation (formerly called early repolarization) from subtle ECG signs of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, the differentiation of ST elevation of left ventricular aneurysm from that of acute anterior MI, and the use of lead aVL in the recognition of inferior MI. Improved use of the ECG is essential to improving the diagnosis and appropriate early management of acute coronary occlusion MIs, which will lead to improved outcomes for patients who present with acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Miranda
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angie S Lobo
- Department of Medical Education, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brooks Walsh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yader Sandoval
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen W Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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23
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[Emergency treatment of myocardial infarction in women]. REVUE DE L'INFIRMIÈRE 2017; 66:20-21. [PMID: 28865691 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) affects mainly men. In women, chest pain is less typical, delaying the diagnosis and increasing the time before treatment is delivered. Morbidity-mortality is greater notably due to a modification of the myocardial reperfusion strategy. The acute care of MI is almost identical for men and women. Knowing more about the epidemiology of women with MI enables prevention strategies to be targeted.
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24
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The Olson method for detection of acute myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary occlusion. J Electrocardiol 2017; 50:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Dr. Galen Wagner (1939-2016) as an Academic Writer: An Overview of his Peer-reviewed Scientific Publications. J Electrocardiol 2017; 50:47-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Driver BE, Shroff GR, Smith SW. Posterior reperfusion T-waves: Wellens' syndrome of the posterior wall. Emerg Med J 2016; 34:119-123. [DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2016-205852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Andriolo RB, Ponte Jr JR, Gomes Gutierrez E, Andriolo BNG, Ramos LR. Glycaemic control for patients with acute coronary syndrome. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010811.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regis B Andriolo
- Universidade do Estado do Pará; Department of Public Health; Travessa Perebebuí, 2623 Belém Pará Brazil 66087-670
| | | | - Erickson Gomes Gutierrez
- Universidade Federal do Para; Department of Medicine; Avenida Governador Jose Malchar 1192 Belem Para Brazil 660055260
| | - Brenda NG Andriolo
- Centro de Estudos de Saúde Baseada em Evidências e Avaliação Tecnológica em Saúde; Brazilian Cochrane Centre; Rua Borges Lagoa, 564 cj 63 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil 04038-000
| | - Luiz Roberto Ramos
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Department of Preventive Medicine; Rua dos Otonis, 731 Vila Clementino São Paulo São Paulo Brazil 04025-002
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28
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Lindow T, Pahlm O, Nikus K. A patient with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: Is it possible to predict the culprit coronary artery? J Electrocardiol 2016; 49:614-9. [PMID: 27212142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation (NSTE-ACS), identification of the culprit artery is, most often, not possible. In this case report, we elaborate on the likelihood of different culprit arteries in a patient with NSTE-ACS. While her symptoms were progressing, typical ECG findings of ischemia in the left coronary territories were diminishing. Instead, dynamic T-wave changes in the inferior leads were present and were most likely postischemic and "reischemic." Although the culprit artery could not be identified with certainty by means of these subtle changes, they correlated well with the findings on angiography and the ECG recorded afterward. This case report demonstrates the importance of analyzing ECG and its temporal changes in conjunction with evolving symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindow
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden.
| | - Olle Pahlm
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Clinical Physiology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
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29
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Cervellin G, Rastelli G. The clinics of acute coronary syndrome. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:191. [PMID: 27294087 PMCID: PMC4885904 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.05.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Risk stratification and management of patients with chest pain continues to be challenging despite considerable efforts made in the last decades by many clinicians and researchers. The throutful evaluation necessitates that the physicians have a high index of suspicion for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and always keep in mind the myriad of often subtle and atypical presentations of ischemic heart disease, especially in certain patient populations such as the elderly ones. In this article we aim to review and discuss the available evidence on the value of clinical presentation in patients with a suspected ACS, with special emphasis on history, characteristics of chest pain, associated symptoms, atypical presentations, precipitating and relieving factors, drugs, clinical rules and significance of clinical Gestalt.
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30
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Gul EE, Nikus KC, Erdogan HI, Ozdemir K. Differential diagnostic dilemma between pulmonary embolism and acute coronary syndrome. J Arrhythm 2016; 32:160-1. [PMID: 27092202 PMCID: PMC4823566 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a frequent life-threatening condition in emergency departments. Careful diagnosis is important, and different diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), biochemical markers, echocardiogram, and computed tomography are required. Although ECG is a cheap and rapid diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism, it has some limitations in the differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and acute PE. Herein, we report ECG results of a patient diagnosed with acute PE mimicking acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Elvin Gul
- Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kjell C Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Halil I Erdogan
- Department of Cardiology, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kurtulus Ozdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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31
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Khalid U, Birnbaum Y. Clinical Significance of Upsloping ST Depression on Resting Electrocardiogram. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2015; 21:202-5. [PMID: 26524114 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Upsloping ST depression is generally not associated with myocardial ischemia, yet there have been published reports that suggest otherwise. CASE HISTORY A 34-year-old pregnant female presented with chest pain and palpitations. She was found to have supraventricular tachycardia, which resolved with intravenous adenosine. Few minutes later her ECG showed upsloping ST depression in leads V4-V6 that persisted for 1 hour after the resolution of the tachycardia. The patient was discharged in stable condition with outpatient follow-up. CONCLUSION Upsloping ST depression in resting electrocardiogram may indicate cardiac ischemia in the presence of active cardiac symptoms. In the absence of ongoing symptoms however, it may be secondary to conditions other than ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Khalid
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yochai Birnbaum
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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32
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Ondes T acuminées précédant un SCA ST+ lors d’une douleur thoracique atypique. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13341-015-0549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Birnbaum Y, Nikus K, Kligfield P, Fiol M, Barrabés JA, Sionis A, Pahlm O, Niebla JG, de Luna AB. The role of the ECG in diagnosis, risk estimation, and catheterization laboratory activation in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a consensus document. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2015; 19:412-25. [PMID: 25262661 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most widely used imaging tool helping in diagnosis and initial management of patients presenting with symptoms compatible with acute coronary syndrome. Acute ischemia affects the configuration of the QRS complexes, the ST segments and the T waves. The ECG should be read along with the clinical assessment of the patient. ST segment elevation (and ST depression in leads V1 -V3 ) in patients with active symptoms usually indicates acute occlusion of an epicardial artery with ongoing transmural ischemia. These patients should be triaged for emergent reperfusion therapy per current guidelines. However, many patients have ST segment elevation secondary to nonischemic causes. ST depression in leads other than V1 -V3 usually are indicative of subendocardial ischemia secondary to subocclusion of the epicardial artery, distal embolization to small arteries or spasm supply/demand mismatch. ST depression may also be secondary to nonischemic etiologies, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathies, etc. Knowing the clinical scenario, comparison to previous ECG and subsequent ECGs (in cases that there are changes in the quality or severity of symptoms) may add in the diagnosis and interpretation in difficult cases. This review addresses the different ECG patterns, typically seen in patients with active symptoms, after resolution of symptoms and the significance of such changes when seen in asymptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Birnbaum
- The Section of Cardiology, The Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Sheng FQ, He MR, Zhang ML, Shen GY. Wellens syndrome caused by spasm of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. J Electrocardiol 2015; 48:423-5. [PMID: 25804484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrocardiographic characteristics of Wellens syndrome (WS) consist of deeply inverted T waves or biphasic T waves in anterior precordial leads. Studies have shown that patients with WS have critical stenosis or complete obstruction of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and high risk for the development of extensive anterior myocardial infarction. Here, we reported a case presenting with WS and with a small plaque in the proximal LAD and slow flow in the LAD other than significant stenosis of the proximal LAD detected by coronary angiography. The mechanisms for WS of our case are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China, 201600.
| | - Mao-Rong He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Mei-Lin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China, 201600
| | - Guo-Ying Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China, 201600
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35
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Nikus K, Järvinen O, Sclarovsky S, Huhtala H, Tarkka M, Eskola M. Electrocardiographic Presentation of Left Main Disease in Patients Undergoing Urgent or Emergent Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Postgrad Med 2015; 123:42-8. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.03.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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The Electrocardiogram in Coronary Artery Disease. Coron Artery Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2828-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rinta-Kiikka I, Tuohinen S, Ryymin P, Kosonen P, Huhtala H, Gorgels A, Bayés de Luna A, Nikus K. Correlation of electrocardiogram and regional cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a literature review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2014; 19:509-23. [PMID: 25201553 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) benefit substantially from emergent coronary reperfusion. The principal mechanism is to open the occluded coronary artery to minimize myocardial injury. Thus the size of the area at risk is a critical determinant of the patient outcome, although other factors, such as reperfusion injury, have major impact on the final infarct size. Acute coronary occlusion almost immediately induces metabolic changes within the myocardium, which can be assessed with both the electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. METHODS The 12-lead ECG is the principal diagnostic method to detect and risk-stratify acute STEMI. However, to achieve a correct diagnosis, it is paramount to compare different ECG parameters with golden standards in imaging, such as CMR. In this review, we discuss aspects of ECG and CMR in the assessment of acute regional ischemic changes in the myocardium using the 17 segment model of the left ventricle presented by American Heart Association (AHA), and their relation to coronary artery anatomy. RESULTS Using the 17 segment model of AHA, the segments 12 and 16 remain controversial. There is an important overlap in myocardial blood supply at the antero-lateral region between LAD and LCx territories concerning these two segments. CONCLUSION No all-encompassing correlation can be found between ECG and CMR findings in acute ischemia with respect to coronary anatomy.
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LVH and the diagnosis of STEMI - how should we apply the current guidelines? J Electrocardiol 2014; 47:655-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nikus K. Antonio Bayés de Luna — the man behind the BaMa ECG Symposia. J Electrocardiol 2014; 47:745-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nikus K, Birnbaum Y, Eskola M, Sclarovsky S, Zhong-Qun Z, Pahlm O. Updated electrocardiographic classification of acute coronary syndromes. Curr Cardiol Rev 2014; 10:229-36. [PMID: 24827799 PMCID: PMC4040874 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x10666140514102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrocardiogram (ECG) findings in acute coronary syndrome should always be interpreted in the context of the clinical findings and symptoms of the patient, when these data are available. It is important to acknowledge the dynamic nature of ECG changes in acute coronary syndrome. The ECG pattern changes over time and may be different if recorded when the patient is symptomatic or after symptoms have resolved. Temporal changes are most striking in cases of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. With the emerging concept of acute reperfusion therapy, the concept ST-elevation/ non-ST elevation has replaced the traditional division into Q-wave/non-Q wave in the classification of acute coronary syndrome in the acute phase. KEYPOINTS In acute coronary syndrome, in addition to the traditional electrocardiographic risk markers, such as ST depression, the 12-lead ECG contains additional, important diagnostic and prognostic information. Clinical guidelines need to acknowledge certain high-risk ECG patterns to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olle Pahlm
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital. Biokatu 6, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
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Birnbaum Y, Wilson JM, Fiol M, de Luna AB, Eskola M, Nikus K. ECG diagnosis and classification of acute coronary syndromes. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2013; 19:4-14. [PMID: 24382164 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute coronary syndromes, the electrocardiogram (ECG) provides important information about the presence, extent, and severity of myocardial ischemia. At times, the changes are typical and clear. In other instances, changes are subtle and might be recognized only when ECG recording is repeated after changes in the severity of symptoms. ECG interpretation is an essential part of the initial evaluation of patients with symptoms suspected to be related to myocardial ischemia, along with focused history and physical examination. Patients with ST-segment elevation on their electrocardiogram and symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia/infarction should be referred for emergent reperfusion therapy. However, it should be emphasized that a large number of patients may have ST-elevation without having acute ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, while acute ongoing transmural ischemia due to an abrupt occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery may occur in patients with ST-elevation less than the thresholds defined by the guidelines. Up-sloping ST-segment depression with positive T waves is increasingly recognized as a sign of regional subendocardial ischemia associated with severe obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Widespread ST-segment depression, often associated with inverted T waves and ST-segment elevation in lead aVR during episodes of chest pain, may represent diffuse subendocardial ischemia caused by severe coronary artery disease. In case of hemodynamic compromise, urgent coronary angiography has been increasingly recommended for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yochai Birnbaum
- The Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Texas Heart Institute, Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX
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Pitfalls in diagnosing ST elevation among patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 2013; 46:653-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gálvez-Montón C, Ordoñez-Llanos J, de Luna AB, Bayes-Genis A. One hundred years of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2013. [PMID: 23202667 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- ICREC Research Program, Fundació Institut d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
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Diffuse ST depression with ST elevation in aVR: Is this pattern specific for global ischemia due to left main coronary artery disease? J Electrocardiol 2013; 46:240-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Taboulet P, Smith SW, Brady WJ. Diagnostic ECG du syndrome coronarien aigu. Partie 3. Les anomalies des complexes QRS. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13341-013-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hoffman JIE. Electrocardiogram of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants. Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34:489-91. [PMID: 23242106 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The electrocardiogram of an infant with anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA, Bland-White-Garland syndrome) usually shows typical signs of an anterolateral myocardial infarction, manifested by abnormal Q waves in leads I, avL, V5, and V6, as well as by transient ST changes in these leads. Because 20-45% of such patients do not show abnormal Q waves, the diagnosis should be strongly suspected if there is an abnormal R wave progression in the chest leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien I E Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Taboulet P, Smith SW, Brady WJ. Diagnostic ECG du syndrome coronarien aigu. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13341-012-0272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim E, Birnbaum Y. Acute coronary syndromes presenting with transient diffuse ST segment depression and st segment elevation in lead aVR not caused by "acute left main coronary artery occlusion": description of two cases. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012; 18:204-9. [PMID: 23530492 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse ST-segment depression in the inferior + anterolateral leads with ST-segment elevation in lead aVR has been described as characteristic of diffuse circumferential subendocardial ischemia caused by acute subtotal occlusion of the left main coronary artery. METHODS Here we describe two patients admitted for acute neurological disorders who developed transient diffuse ST-segment depression in the inferior + anterolateral leads with ST-segment elevation in lead aVR, associated with elevation of cardiac troponin-I. RESULTS In both cases subsequent coronary angiography did not show significant left main stenosis or "left main equivalent" narrowings. CONCLUSIONS As both patients had acute neurological disorders, a possible association between the two conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kim
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Sudden death is probably the greatest challenge in modern cardiology. After reviewing its history, we describe the epidemiology of sudden death and its associated diseases. We highlight its physiopathologic aspects, including the factors that act on vulnerable myocardium triggering the final arrhythmia, mainly ventricular fibrillation and, to a lesser extent, bradycardia and sudden death. We emphasize the relevance of acute ischemia, ventricular dysfunction and genetic factors, not only in genetic heart disease, but also as triggers of sudden death in acute and chronic ischemic heart disease. Finally, we describe the best way to identify candidates at risk, discuss how to prevent sudden death, and outline the best approach to managing a patient resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bayés de Luna
- Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
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