Identification of 4th intercostal space using sternal notch to xiphoid length for accurate electrocardiogram lead placement

Advancing Fairness in Cardiac Care: Strategies for Mitigating Bias in Artificial Intelligence Models Within Cardiology

In the dynamic field of medical artificial intelligence (AI), cardiology stands out as a key area for its technological advancements and clinical application. In this review we explore the complex issue of data bias, specifically addressing those encountered during the development and implementation of AI tools in cardiology. We dissect the origins and effects of these biases, which challenge their reliability and widespread applicability in health care. Using a case study, we highlight the complexities involved in addressing these biases from a clinical viewpoint. The goal of this review is to equip researchers and clinicians with the practical knowledge needed to identify, understand, and mitigate these biases, advocating for the creation of AI solutions that are not just technologically sound, but also fair and effective for all patients.

Crowdsourcing the Ideal Nipple-Areolar Complex Position for Chest Masculinization Surgery

Chest masculinization surgery is increasing in prevalence. However, the ideal location of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is unknown. Our purpose was to determine the most aesthetically favorable male NAC position for use in chest masculinization through crowdsourcing.

Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future

At the crossroads of chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering, polymer science, biology, tissue engineering, computer science, and materials science, electrical devices are currently being engineered that blend directly within organs and tissues. These sophisticated devices are mediators, recorders, and stimulators of electricity with the capacity to monitor important electrophysiological events, replace disabled body parts, or even stimulate tissues to overcome their current limitations. They are therefore capable of leading humanity forward into the age of cyborgs, a time in which human biology can be hacked at will to yield beings with abilities beyond their natural capabilities. The resulting advances have been made possible by the emergence of conformal and soft electronic materials that can readily integrate with the curvilinear, dynamic, delicate, and flexible human body. This article discusses the recent rapid pace of development in the field of cybernetics with special emphasis on the important role that flexible and electrically active materials have played therein.

Clinical location of the fourth and fifth intercostal spaces as a percent of the length of the sternum

OBJECTIVES

To verify accurate placement of the precordial ECG leads by identifying the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces as a function of the length of the sternum. This should decrease the percentage of lead misplacement leading to misdiagnoses.

METHODS

The population consisted of patients and healthy volunteers. The proposed method compared palpation of the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces to a percentile of the sternal length. Location of the 4th and 5th intercostal space using a simple device was evaluated to assist in proper placement of the precordial leads to obtain accurate diagnosis.

RESULTS

The location of the 4th and 5th intercostal space is related to the length of the sternum. It is 77% of the sternal length that measures 15cm for the 4th intercostal space. The position of the V1 and V2 electrodes decreases to 57% when the sternal length is 26cm. Similar data was obtained to locate the 5th intercostal space with proper position of V4-V6 electrodes. Tables are provided to facilitate this process. An instrument was designed to measure the 4th and 5th intercostal space as a function of the sternal length.

CONCLUSIONS

The location of the 4th and 5th intercostal space is identified based on the length of the sternum.