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Robb KA, Green LA, Perry SD. The use of textured foot orthoses to facilitate cutaneous afferent input during walking. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137566. [PMID: 37996050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Robb
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, CANADA N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Lara A Green
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, CANADA N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Stephen D Perry
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, CANADA N2L 3C5, Canada.
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Budini F, Christova M, Gallasch E, Rafolt D, Tilp M. Soleus H-Reflex Inhibition Decreases During 30 s Static Stretching of Plantar Flexors, Showing Two Recovery Steps. Front Physiol 2018; 9:935. [PMID: 30061844 PMCID: PMC6054967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period when the ankle joint is kept in a dorsiflexed position, the soleus (SOL) H-reflex is inhibited. The nature of this inhibition is not fully understood. One hypothesis is that the decrease in spinal excitability could be attributed to post-activation depression of muscle spindle afferents due to their higher firing rate during the stretch-and-hold procedure. As the static stretching position is maintained though, a partial restoration of the neurotransmitter is expected and should mirror a decrease in H-reflex inhibition. In the present study, we explored the time course of spinal excitability during a period of stretching. SOL H-reflex was elicited during a passive dorsiflexion movement, at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21, and 25 s during maximal ankle dorsiflexion, during plantar flexion (PF) and after stretching, in 12 healthy young individuals. Measurements during passive dorsiflexion, PF and after stretching were all performed with the ankle at 100° angle; measurements during static stretching were performed at individual maximal dorsiflexion. H-reflex was strongly inhibited during the dorsiflexion movement and at maximal dorsiflexion (p < 0.0001) but recovered during PF and after stretching. During stretching H-reflex showed a recovery pattern (r = 0.836, P = 0.019) with two distinct recovery steps at 6 and 21 s into stretching. It is hypothesized that the H-reflex inhibition observed until 18 s into stretching is the result of post-activation depression of Ia afferent caused by the passive dorsiflexion movement needed to move the ankle into testing position. From 21 s into stretching, the lower inhibition could be caused by a weaker post-activation depression, inhibition from secondary afferents or post-synaptic inhibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Budini
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Physiotherapy, FH Joanneum - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Monica Christova
- Institute of Physiotherapy, FH Joanneum - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria.,Otto Loewi Research Center, Physiology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eugen Gallasch
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Physiology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Rafolt
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Budini F, Tilp M. Changes in H-reflex amplitude to muscle stretch and lengthening in humans. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:511-22. [PMID: 27089411 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal reflex excitability is traditionally assessed to investigate neural adjustments that occur during human movement. Different experimental procedures are known to condition spinal reflex excitability. Among these, lengthening movements and static stretching the human triceps have been investigated over the last 50 years. The purpose of this review is to shed light on several apparent incongruities in terms of magnitude and duration of the reported results. In the present review dissimilarities in neuro-spinal changes are examined in relation to the methodologies applied to condition and measure them. Literature that investigated three different conditioning procedures was reviewed: passive dorsiflexion, active dorsiflexion through antagonists shortening and eccentric plantar-flexors contractions. Measurements were obtained before, during and after lengthening or stretching. Stimulation intensities and time delays between conditioning procedures and stimuli varied considerably. H-reflex decreases immediately as static stretching is applied and in proportion to the stretch degree. During dorsiflexions the inhibition is stronger with greater dorsiflexion angular velocity and at lower nerve stimulation intensities, while it is weaker if any concomitant muscle contraction is performed. Within 2 s after a single passive dorsiflexion movement, H-reflex is strongly inhibited, and this effect disappears within 15 s. Dorsiflexions repeated over 1 h and prolonged static stretching training induce long-lasting inhibition. This review highlights that the apparent disagreement between studies is ascribable to small methodological differences. Lengthening movements and stretching can strongly influence spinal neural pathways. Results interpretation, however, needs careful consideration of the methodology applied.
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McGuire J, Green LA, Gabriel DA. Task complexity and maximal isometric strength gains through motor learning. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/11/e12218. [PMID: 25428951 PMCID: PMC4255822 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a simple versus complex contraction pattern on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of maximal isometric strength gains and reductions in force variability. A control group (N = 12) performed simple isometric contractions of the wrist flexors. An experimental group (N = 12) performed complex proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) contractions consisting of maximal isometric wrist extension immediately reversing force direction to wrist flexion within a single trial. Ten contractions were completed on three consecutive days with a retention and transfer test 2‐weeks later. For the retention test, the groups performed their assigned contraction pattern followed by a transfer test that consisted of the other contraction pattern for a cross‐over design. Both groups exhibited comparable increases in strength (20.2%, P < 0.01) and reductions in mean torque variability (26.2%, P < 0.01), which were retained and transferred. There was a decrease in the coactivation ratio (antagonist/agonist muscle activity) for both groups, which was retained and transferred (35.2%, P < 0.01). The experimental group exhibited a linear decrease in variability of the torque‐ and sEMG‐time curves, indicating transfer to the simple contraction pattern (P < 0.01). The control group underwent a decrease in variability of the torque‐ and sEMG‐time curves from the first day of training to retention, but participants returned to baseline levels during the transfer condition (P < 0.01). However, the difference between torque RMS error versus the variability in torque‐ and sEMG‐time curves suggests the demands of the complex task were transferred, but could not be achieved in a reproducible way. This study examines the effect of task complexity on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of increases in maximal strength and decreases in force variability, which is novel. Simple agonist‐only contractions are compared to a more complex reversal contraction pattern as used during proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). The goal was to determine if the more complex contraction pattern interferes with the strength gains and reduced variability by impeding the development of agonist‐antagonist coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McGuire
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lara A Green
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Buckthorpe MW, Hannah R, Pain T, Folland JP. Reliability of neuromuscular measurements during explosive isometric contractions, with special reference to electromyography normalization techniques. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46:566-76. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tillin NA, Pain MTG, Folland JP. Contraction type influences the human ability to use the available torque capacity of skeletal muscle during explosive efforts. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2106-15. [PMID: 22258636 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of contraction type on the human ability to use the torque capacity of skeletal muscle during explosive efforts has not been documented. Fourteen male participants completed explosive voluntary contractions of the knee extensors in four separate conditions: concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC); and isometric at two knee angles (101°, ISO101 and 155°, ISO155). In each condition, torque was measured at 25 ms intervals up to 150 ms from torque onset, and then normalized to the maximum voluntary torque (MVT) specific to that joint angle and angular velocity. Explosive voluntary torque after 50 ms in each condition was also expressed as a percentage of torque generated after 50 ms during a supramaximal 300 Hz electrically evoked octet in the same condition. Explosive voluntary torque normalized to MVT was more than 60 per cent larger in CON than any other condition after the initial 25 ms. The percentage of evoked torque expressed after 50 ms of the explosive voluntary contractions was also greatest in CON (ANOVA; p < 0.001), suggesting higher concentric volitional activation. This was confirmed by greater agonist electromyography normalized to M(max) (recorded during the explosive voluntary contractions) in CON. These results provide novel evidence that the ability to use the muscle's torque capacity explosively is influenced by contraction type, with concentric contractions being more conducive to explosive performance due to a more effective neural strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale A Tillin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
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Effects of monopolar and bipolar electrode configurations on surface EMG spike analysis. Med Eng Phys 2011; 33:1079-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen YS, Zhou S. Soleus H-reflex and its relation to static postural control. Gait Posture 2011; 33:169-78. [PMID: 21211976 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) test has been extensively used to investigate the responsiveness of Ia afferent spinal loop in animal and human studies. The H-reflex response is influenced by multiple neural pathways and the assessment of H-reflex variation is a useful tool in understanding the neural mechanisms in control of movement. Recently, several studies have examined the relationship between the H-reflex modulation and postural stability. For example, it has been reported that the amplitude of soleus (SOL) H-reflex is depressed in relation to increased body sway during upright standing on a soft surface compared to that on a solid surface. It has been suggested that the SOL H-reflex modulation under such condition is predominately affected by the presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms for avoiding oversaturation of the spinal motoneurons. It has also been reported that after balance training, the SOL H-reflex amplitude is down-modulated in parallel with improvement in balance control, suggesting a functional adaptation at the supraspinal levels. The aim of this review is to examine the current literature on the relationship between H-reflex modulation and postural control for a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in control of posture in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sheng Chen
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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Chen YS, Zhou S, Cartwright C, Crowley Z, Baglin R, Wang F. Test–retest reliability of the soleus H-reflex is affected by joint positions and muscle force levels. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:980-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Soleus H-reflex graded depression by contralateral hip afferent feedback in humans. Brain Res 2010; 1310:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hadoush H, Tobimatsu Y, Nagatomi A, Kimura H, Ito Y, Maejima H. Monopolar surface electromyography: a better tool to assess motoneuron excitability upon passive muscle stretching. J Physiol Sci 2009; 59:243-7. [PMID: 19340538 PMCID: PMC10717350 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-009-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar and monopolar surface electromyography (sEMG) are known procedures to measure the H-reflex. However, signal cancellation is a potential experimental problem of bipolar sEMG. The results of our study show that monopolar sEMG was the more sensitive procedure to differentiate motoneuron excitability at different passive muscle stretching speeds as it overcame signal cancellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmat Hadoush
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Tobimatsu
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nagatomi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maejima
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
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