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Gallardo P, Giakas G, Sakkas GK, Tsaklis PV. Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:106. [PMID: 38921642 PMCID: PMC11205249 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gallardo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giorgos K. Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Panagiotis V. Tsaklis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
- Department Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Growth and Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.)/(C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Lin M, Deng W, Liang H, Yu S, Xu Q, Liu C. Effects of Knee Joint Angle and Contraction Intensity on the Triceps Surae Stiffness. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:913423. [PMID: 35814017 PMCID: PMC9256962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.913423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Monitoring the contractility of muscles assists the clinician in understanding how muscle functions as part of the kinetic system. This study investigated the effect of knee joint angles under different resistance on the stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus (SOL) muscles using the shear wave elastography (SWE) technique. Methods: A total of 22 females were recruited. During isometric plantar flexion, at knee 0-degree (fully extended) and knee 90-degree (flexed 90°), the shear modulus on the MG, LG, and SOL was measured by shear wave elastography at no contraction and two intensities (40% and 80%) of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Shear modulus is a mechanical parameter to describe stiffness, and stiffness is a proxy for muscle contractility. Results: There were moderate-to high-positive correlations between the active stiffness of triceps surae muscles and isometric contraction intensity (r: 0.57–0.91, p<0.001). The active stiffness in MG and LG with extended knees was higher than that with flexed knees (p<0.001). The active stiffness in SOL with flexed knee was higher than that with extended knee (p<0.001). Conclusion: Active stiffness can be considered a quantitative indicator generated by the force output of the triceps surae. Different knee joint angles cause three triceps surae muscles to exhibit non-uniform mechanical properties, which may explain part of the mechanism of soft tissue injury during physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qin Xu
- *Correspondence: Qin Xu, ; Chunlong Liu,
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Zero AM, Rice CL. Post-activation potentiation induced by concentric contractions at three speeds in humans. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2489-2501. [PMID: 34569107 DOI: 10.1113/ep089613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is the degree of in human muscle affected by different shortening velocities, or contraction type? What are the main findings and their importance? The PAP response following maximal concentric contractions was independent of velocity. Slow and moderate velocity maximal contractions produced PAP responses like those from maximal isometric contractions when matched for contraction duration. Despite contraction type differences in cross-bridge and Ca2+ kinetics, maximal contractions, regardless of contraction modality, likely generate sufficient Ca2+ to induce maximal PAP. ABSTRACT Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is the acute enhancement of contractile properties following a brief (<10 s) high-intensity contraction. Compared with isometric contractions, little is known about the PAP response induced by concentric conditioning contractions (CCs) and the effect of velocity. In the dorsiflexors of 11 participants, twitch responses were measured following 5 s of maximal effort concentric CCs at each of 10, 20 and 50°/s. Concentric PAP responses were compared to a maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) matched for contraction time. Additionally, concentric CCs were compared to isometric CCs matched for mean torque, contraction area and time. The PAP response following maximal concentric CCs was independent of velocity and there was no difference in the PAP response between concentric CCs and an isometric MVC. During maximal contractions, regardless of contraction modality, there is likely sufficient Ca2+ to induce a similar full PAP response, and thus there was no difference between speeds or contraction type. Following concentric CCs there was a significantly larger peak twitch torque than following their isometric torque matches (49-58%), and faster maximal rates of torque development at the three speeds (62-77%). However, these responses are likely related to greater EMG in concentric contractions, 125-129% of isometric maximum compared to 38-54%, and not to contraction modality per se. Thus, PAP responses following maximal concentric CCs are not affected by velocity and responses are not different from an isometric MVC. This indicates maximal CCs of 5 s produce a maximal PAP response independent of contraction type (isometric vs. concentric) or shortening velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Zero
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Zimmermann HB, Costa FE, Sakugawa R, MacIntosh B, Diefenthaeler F, Dal Pupo J. Plyometric exercise enhances twitch contractile properties but fails to improve voluntary rate of torque development in highly trained sprint athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:857-866. [PMID: 33840359 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1916083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate a plyometric conditioning activity (3 sets of 5 countermovement jumps, [CA]) for twitch properties and voluntary knee extension. Methods: After a familiarization session, fourteen highly trained sprint athletes, 12 men (23.25 ± 7.17 years) and 2 women (23.0 ± 2.8 years) performed 2 experiments, each in a randomized order (crossover design). In one experiment, the time-course of twitch contractile properties was evaluated with and without the previous CA at 2, min intervals to 10 min of recovery. In the second session, maximal voluntary knee extension was evaluated at the same recovery intervals, for control and experimental condition in random order. Results: Mixed-model ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc revealed significant differences between pre-test and 2 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.42) and 4 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.20) for peak twitch torque of quadriceps femoris muscles confirming postactivation potentiation [PAP] at these times. Twitch rate of torque development (RTD) was significantly greater than pre-test value only at 2 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.58) after the CA. Twitch contraction time and ½ relaxation time were not significantly difference from pre-test values after the CA (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed for voluntary RTD following CA. Conclusion: The plyometric CA increased twitch peak torque and RTD consistent with PAP; however, there was no effect of CA on voluntary RTD of knee extension at any time after the plyometric CA. Even with PAP confirmed, we observed that the CA fails to improve isometric RTD of quadriceps femoris muscles. HighlightsA plyometric CA significantly increased twitch peak torque (at 2 and 4 min) and twitch rate of torque development (at 2 min) of quadriceps femoris muscles, indicating postactivation potentiation (PAP).No effect was observed for twitch contraction time and ½ relaxation time after the CA.No improvement was observed on voluntary rate of torque development evaluated at the same time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Bruno Zimmermann
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Filipe Estácio Costa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Raphael Sakugawa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Brian MacIntosh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Zimmermann HB, MacIntosh BR, Dal Pupo J. Does postactivation potentiation (PAP) increase voluntary performance? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:349-356. [PMID: 31557447 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transient increase in torque of an electrically evoked twitch following a voluntary contraction is called postactivation potentiation (PAP). Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains is the most accepted mechanism explaining the enhanced electrically evoked twitch torque. While many authors attribute voluntary postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) to the positive effects of PAP, few actually confirmed that contraction was indeed potentiated using electrical stimulation (twitch response) at the time that PAPE was measured. Thus, this review aims to investigate if increases in voluntary performance after a conditioning contraction (CC) are related to the PAP phenomenon. For this, studies that confirmed the presence of PAP through an evoked response after a voluntary CC and concurrently evaluated PAPE were reviewed. Some studies reported increases in PAPE when PAP reaches extremely high values. However, PAPE has also been reported when PAP was not present, and unchanged/diminished performance has been identified when PAP was present. This range of observations demonstrates that mechanisms of PAPE are different from mechanisms of PAP. These mechanisms of PAPE still need to be understood and those studying PAPE should not assume that regulatory light chain phosphorylation is the mechanism for such enhanced voluntary performance. Novelty The occurrence of PAP does not necessarily mean that the voluntary performance will be improved. Improvement in voluntary performance is sometimes observed when the PAP level reaches extremely high values. Other mechanisms may be more relevant than that for PAP in the manifestation of acute increases in performance following a conditioning contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Bruno Zimmermann
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
| | - Brian R MacIntosh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
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Characterization of tissue stiffness of the infraspinatus, erector spinae, and gastrocnemius muscle using ultrasound shear wave elastography and superficial mechanical deformation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 38:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sonne MW, Potvin JR. Fatigue accumulation and twitch potentiation during complex MVC-relative profiles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:658-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Force time-history affects fatigue accumulation during repetitive handgrip tasks. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:130-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hirayama K. Acute Effects of an Ascending Intensity Squat Protocol on Vertical Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1284-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fukutani A, Hirata K, Miyamoto N, Kanehisa H, Yanai T, Kawakami Y. Effect of conditioning contraction intensity on postactivation potentiation is muscle dependent. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:240-5. [PMID: 24485557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine whether the influence of conditioning contraction intensity on the extent of postactivation potentiation (PAP) is muscle dependent. Eleven healthy males performed both thumb adduction and plantar flexion as a conditioning contraction. The conditioning contraction intensities were set at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC). Before and after the conditioning contraction, twitch torque was measured for the respective joint to calculate the extent of PAP. In plantar flexion, the extent of PAP became significantly larger as the conditioning contraction intensity increased up to 80% MVC (p<0.05). In contrast, the extent of PAP in thumb adduction increased significantly only up to 60% MVC (p<0.05), but not at higher intensities. These results indicate that the influence of the conditioning contraction intensity on the extent of PAP is muscle dependent. Our results suggest that a conditioning contraction with submaximal intensity can sufficiently evoke sizable PAP in the muscle where most of muscle fibers are recruited at submaximal intensities, thereby attenuating muscle fatigue induced by the conditioning contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Fukutani
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yanai
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
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Fukutani A, Miyamoto N, Kanehisa H, Yanai T, Kawakami Y. Potentiation of isokinetic torque is velocity-dependent following an isometric conditioning contraction. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:554. [PMID: 24255848 PMCID: PMC3825088 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Not only twitch torque but also the maximal voluntary concentric torque increases after a high-intensity contraction (conditioning contraction). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the increase in the maximal voluntary concentric torque induced by a conditioning contraction is prominent when tested at fast angular velocities conditions. Twelve healthy male participants performed the maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion for six seconds as a conditioning contraction. Before and after the conditioning contraction, peak torques during the maximal voluntary concentric plantar flexions were measured at 30°/s (slow) and 180°/s (fast), each of which was carried out in a separate condition. Isometric twitch torque was also recorded before and after the conditioning contraction in each of the two velocity conditions to confirm the extent of the positive effect of the conditioning contraction. The extent of increase in isometric twitch torque was similar between the two velocity conditions, whereas the maximal voluntary concentric torque increased significantly only in the fast velocity condition (p = 0.003). These results support the hypothesis and indicate that the maximal voluntary concentric torque can be potentiated by the conditioning contraction if the joint angular velocity during the maximal voluntary concentric contraction is sufficiently high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Fukutani
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192 Japan ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8472 Japan
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MIYAMOTO NAOKAZU, WAKAHARA TAKU, EMA RYOICHI, KAWAKAMI YASUO. Further Potentiation of Dynamic Muscle Strength after Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1323-30. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182874c0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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