1
|
Kotikangas J, Walker S, Peltonen H, Häkkinen K. Time Course of Neuromuscular Fatigue During Different Resistance Exercise Loadings in Power Athletes, Strength Athletes, and Nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1231-1242. [PMID: 38900602 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kotikangas, J, Walker, S, Peltonen, H, and Häkkinen, K. Time course of neuromuscular fatigue during different resistance exercise loadings in power athletes, strength athletes, and nonathletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1231-1242, 2024-Training background may affect the progression of fatigue and neuromuscular strategies to compensate for fatigue during resistance exercises. Thus, our aim was to examine how training background affects the time course of neuromuscular fatigue in response to different resistance exercises. Power athletes (PA, n = 8), strength athletes (SA, n = 8), and nonathletes (NA, n = 7) performed hypertrophic loading (HL, 5 × 10 × 10RM), maximal strength loadings (MSL, 7 × 3 × 3RM) and power loadings (PL, 7 × 6 × 50% of 1 repetition maximum) in back squat. Average power (AP), average velocity (VEL), surface electromyography (sEMG) amplitude (sEMGRMS), and sEMG mean power frequency (sEMGMPF) were measured within all loading sets. During PL, greater decreases in AP occurred from the beginning of SET1 to SET7 and in VEL to both SET4 and SET7 in NA compared with SA (p < 0.01, g > 1.84). During HL, there were various significant group × repetition interactions in AP within and between sets (p < 0.05, ηp2 > 0.307), but post hoc tests did not indicate significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05, g = 0.01-0.93). During MSL and HL, significant within-set and between-set decreases occurred in AP (p < 0.001, ηp2 > 0.701) and VEL (p < 0.001, ηp2 > 0.748) concurrently with increases in sEMGRMS (p < 0.01, ηp2 > 0.323) and decreases in sEMGMPF (p < 0.01, ηp2 > 0.242) in all groups. In conclusion, SA showed fatigue resistance by maintaining higher AP and VEL throughout PL. During HL, PA tended to have the greatest initial fatigue response in AP, but between-group comparisons were nonsignificant despite large effect sizes (g > 0.8). The differences in the progression of neuromuscular fatigue may be related to differing neural activation strategies between the groups, but further research confirmation is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kotikangas
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - Simon Walker
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| | - Heikki Peltonen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
- Sport Business, School of Business, Jamk University of Applied Science, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland; and
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang R, Zhang M, Huang L, Chen Z, Mo Y, Gao Y. Effects of lower-extremity explosive strength on youth judo athletes adopting different types of power-based resistance training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1065036. [PMID: 37008020 PMCID: PMC10050693 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1065036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study compared the effects of two different resistance types (pneumatic resistance and free weight) of 6-week squat training on the performance for young female judo athletes in linear speed and vertical jump by utilizing the maximum power of each set of squats in each training session as the monitoring vehicle. Monitoring data were used to assess the effects and trends of the two resistance types on 70% 1RM weight-bearing during the 6-week intervention training.Methods: In a 6 weeks squat training (2 reps/week with a constant load), 23 adolescent female judo athletes (Age span: 13–16 years, 14.58 ± 0.96) were randomly selected and then divided into the traditional barbell (FW) group (n = 12) and the pneumatic resistance (PN) (n = 11) group according to different resistance types (free weight and pneumatic resistance), with 10 in FW group and 9 in PN group actually completed the study. Before and after training, the 30-m Sprint time (T-30M), vertical jump height and relative power (countermovement jump, static-squat jump, and drop jump), reactive strength index (DJ-RSI), and maximal strength were assessed. One-Way ANOVA was used to examine the pre-test differences of groups (FW and PN). A 2-factor mixed-model analysis of variance was used to examine the independent effects of group (FW and PN) and time (pre and post) on each dependent measure. Scheffe post hoc comparisons were used to examine the differences. Pre- and post-experimental differences between the two groups were analyzed using independent samples t-tests and magnitude-based inferences (MBI) derived from their p values, and effect statistics were applied to compare the pre- and post-changes exhibited by each group to identify the potential beneficiary groups.Results: The PN group outperformed the FW group in terms of maximal power output per training session (822.5 ± 55.22 vs. 927.42 ± 48.15, conventional vs. pneumatic, p < 0.001, effect size = −2.02). After 6 weeks of training, the FW group showed significant increases in vertical jump height and relative strength (CMJ, SJ, DJ), with no significant gains observed in T-30 and maximal strength. The PN group showed significant improvements in maximal strength; however, no significant improvements were observed in the other tests. In addition, there was no significant difference in DJ-RSI between the two groups before and after training.Discussion: At 70% weight bearing, free weight resistance appears to be more conducive to vertical jump growth, while pneumatic resistance appears to be more conducive to maximal strength gains; however, the maximal strength gains from pneumatic resistance may not be well applied to athletic performance. In addition, the body adapts more quickly to pneumatic resistance than to free weight resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyin Huang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjie Huang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Chen
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Mo
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhua Gao, ; Yong Mo,
| | - Yuhua Gao
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhua Gao, ; Yong Mo,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kotikangas J, Walker S, Toivonen S, Peltonen H, Häkkinen K. Acute Neuromuscular and Hormonal Responses to Power, Strength, and Hypertrophic Protocols and Training Background. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:919228. [PMID: 35911374 PMCID: PMC9329926 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.919228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how two slightly different athlete groups would differ in acute neuromuscular and endocrine responses to specific resistance exercise loadings and recovery compared to untrained participants. Power athletes (PA, n = 8), strength athletes (SA, n = 8) and non-athletes (NA, n = 7) performed power (PL, 7 × 6 × 50% of 1RM), maximal strength (MSL, 7 × 3 × 3RM), and hypertrophic (HL, 5 × 10 × 10RM) loadings in Smith-machine back-squat. Neuromuscular performance, serum testosterone, growth hormone, and cortisol concentrations, and blood lactate (BL) were measured before (Pre), at Mid and after (Post) loading, and after recovery for 24 and 48 h. All loadings led to acute decreases in neuromuscular performance and elevations in hormone concentrations and BL. During PL, a significant group × time interactions occurred in maximal isometric force [F(4, 40) = 4.189, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.295] indicating a greater decrease in PA compared to SA from Pre to Mid (p < 0.05), and in countermovement jump height [F(4, 40) = 2.895, p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.224] indicating a greater decrease in NA compared to SA from Pre to Mid (p < 0.05). During HL, growth hormone was higher in Mid and Post in SA compared to NA (p < 0.05). No significant interactions were found during recovery. The differences during PL and HL suggest that the training background may enhance acute responses during the present loadings, whereas it seemed to have a limited effect on the recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kotikangas
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- *Correspondence: Johanna Kotikangas
| | - Simon Walker
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sara Toivonen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Peltonen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
May AK, Russell AP, Della Gatta PA, Warmington SA. Muscle Adaptations to Heavy-Load and Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training Methods. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837697. [PMID: 35185627 PMCID: PMC8850930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance-based blood flow restriction training (BFRT) improves skeletal muscle strength and size. Unlike heavy-load resistance training (HLRT), there is debate as to whether strength adaptations following BFRT interventions can be primarily attributed to concurrent muscle hypertrophy, as the magnitude of hypertrophy is often minor. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 7 weeks of BFRT and HLRT on muscle strength and hypertrophy. The expression of protein growth markers from muscle biopsy samples was also measured. Male participants were allocated to moderately heavy-load training (HL; n = 9), low-load BFRT (LL + BFR; n = 8), or a control (CON; n = 9) group to control for the effect of time. HL and LL + BFR completed 21 training sessions (3 d.week−1) comprising bilateral knee extension and knee flexion exercises (HL = 70% one-repetition maximum (1-RM), LL + BFR = 20% 1-RM + blood flow restriction). Bilateral knee extension and flexion 1-RM strength were assessed, and leg muscle CSA was measured via peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Protein growth markers were measured in vastus lateralis biopsy samples taken pre- and post the first and last training sessions. Biopsy samples were also taken from CON at the same time intervals as HL and LL + BFR. Knee extension 1-RM strength increased in HL (19%) and LL + BFR (19%) but not CON (2%; p < 0.05). Knee flexion 1-RM strength increased similarly between all groups, as did muscle CSA (50% femur length; HL = 2.2%, LL + BFR = 3.0%, CON = 2.1%; TIME main effects). 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) phosphorylation was lower in HL and LL + BFR immediately post-exercise compared with CON in both sessions (p < 0.05). Expression of other growth markers was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Overall, BFRT and HLRT improved muscle strength and size similarly, with comparable changes in intramuscular protein growth marker expression, both acutely and chronically, suggesting the activation of similar anabolic pathways. However, the low magnitude of muscle hypertrophy was not significantly different to the non-training control suggesting that strength adaptation following 7 weeks of BFRT is not driven by hypertrophy, but rather neurological adaptation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee SY, Goh A, Tan K, Choo PL, Ong PH, Wong WP, Wee SL. Effectiveness of a community-delivered pneumatic machine resistance training programme (Gym Tonic) for older adults at neighbourhood senior centres - a randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:21. [PMID: 34620081 PMCID: PMC8499414 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training with pneumatic machines attenuates the age-associated loss in muscle strength and function in older adults. However, effectiveness of scaled-up pneumatic machine resistance training in the community is not known. We evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-site community-delivered 12-week pneumatic machine resistance programme (Gym Tonic (GT)) on muscle strength and physical function in older adults. Methods Three hundred eighteen community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years were randomized into 12-week (twice/week) coach-supervised-community-based-GT-programme(n = 168) and wait-list control groups(n = 150). After 12 weeks, the intervention group continued with GT-training and the control group received supervised-GT-programme for further 12 weeks (partial-crossover-design). Fried frailty score, lower-extremity muscle strength and physical function (i.e., fast and habitual gait-speed, balance, repeated-chair-sit-to-stand, short physical performance battery (SPPB)) were determined at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks. Analysis adopted a modified-intention-to-treat-approach. Results After 12 weeks, lower-extremity muscle strength improved by 11–26%(all p < 0.05) and fast gait-speed improved by 7%(p = 0.008) in GT-intervention group(n = 132) than controls(n = 118), regardless of frailty status. Other physical function performance did not differ between control and intervention groups after 12 weeks (all p > 0.05). Frailty score improved by 0.5 in the intervention but not control group(p = 0.004). Within the intervention group, lower-extremity muscle strength and physical function outcomes improved at 24 weeks compared with baseline (all p < 0.001). Within controls, lower-extremity muscle strength, SPPB, repeated-chair-sit-to-stand and fast gait-speed improved post-GT (24-week) compared to both pre-GT (12-week) and baseline. Programme adherence was high in intervention [0–12-weeks,90%(SD,13%); 12–24-weeks,89%(SD,17%)] and control [12–24-weeks,90%(SD,19%)] groups. Conclusion Community-delivered GT resistance training programme with pneumatic machines has high adherence, improves muscle strength and fast gait-speed, and can be effectively implemented at scale for older adults. Future studies could examine if including other multi-modal function-specific training to complement GT can achieve better physical/functional performance in power, balance and endurance tasks. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04661618, Registered 10 December 2020 - Retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11556-021-00273-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuen Yee Lee
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ken Tan
- PulseSync Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Ling Choo
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peck Hoon Ong
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Pong Wong
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiou-Liang Wee
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore. .,Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alcazar J, Losa-Reyna J, Carmona-Torres J, Cruz-Santaella AM, Ara I, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1287-1296. [PMID: 33902152 DOI: 10.1055/a-1408-4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute responses to volume-load-matched heavy-load (80% 1RM) versus light-load (40% 1RM) power-oriented resistance training sessions in well-functioning older adults. Using a randomized cross-over design, 15 volunteers completed each condition on a leg press. Neuromuscular (maximal isometric force and rate of force development) and functional performance (power during sit-to-stand test), lactate, and muscle damage biochemistry (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein serum concentration) were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Performance declines were found after heavy-load (Cohen's d effect size (d); maximal isometric force=0.95 d; rate of force development=1.17 d; sit-to-stand power =0.38 d, all p<0.05) and light-load (maximal isometric force=0.45 d; rate of force development=0.9 d; sit-to-stand power=1.17 d, all p<0.05), while lactate concentration increased only after light-load (1.7 d, p=0.001). However, no differences were found between conditions (all p>0.05). Both conditions increased creatine kinase the day after exercise (marginal effect=0.75 d, p<0.001), but no other blood markers increased (all, p>0.05). Irrespective of the load used, power training induced non-clinically significant decreases in sit-to-stand performance, moderate declines in maximal isometric force, but pronounced decreases in the rate of force development. Furthermore, the metabolic stress and muscle damage were minor; both sessions were generally well tolerated by well-functioning older adults without previous experience in resistance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Losa-Reyna
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Ara
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, ISAG, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Resistance Training With Machines and Elastic Tubes on Functional Capacity and Muscle Strength in Community-Living Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:959-967. [PMID: 33863854 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training with machines and elastic tubes on functional capacity and muscular strength in older women aged 60 years or over. The participants were randomized into two groups: a machine group (n = 23) and an elastic group (n = 20). They performed 12 weeks of progressive resistance training, twice a week, with similar exercises. Outcomes were assessed at three time points: baseline, postintervention, and 8 weeks after the end of the training. A significant intragroup effect was demonstrated for both groups at postintervention on functional tests and muscle strength. For the functional reach test and elbow flexion strength (180°/s), only the machine group demonstrated significant intragroup differences. No differences were observed between groups for any outcome. At the 8-week follow-up, functional capacity outcome values were maintained. The muscle strength outcome values decreased to baseline scores, without differences between groups.
Collapse
|
8
|
Norberto MS, de Arruda TB, Papoti M. A New Approach to Evaluate Neuromuscular Fatigue of Extensor Elbow Muscles. Front Physiol 2020; 11:553296. [PMID: 33071813 PMCID: PMC7538809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.553296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue evaluation is widely performed on different muscles through the conventional protocol using maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) with electrical stimuli in the analyzed muscle. In an attempt to use this protocol on elbow extensor musculature, previous studies and pilot studies showed co-contraction effects from antagonist musculature during muscular stimulations. The aim of this study was to propose a new neuromuscular fatigue protocol evaluation on elbow extensor musculature. Twenty participants preformed exercises to induce central (CenFat) and peripheral fatigue (PerFat). Neuromuscular fatigue was evaluated on knee extensor muscles by a conventional protocol that provides Twitch Superimposed (TSK) and Twitch Potentiated (TPK), central and peripheral parameters respectively. For elbow extensor muscles, the protocol used sustained submaximal contraction at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of MVC. The neuromuscular fatigue in upper limbs was identified by Twitch Potentiated (TPE) and multiple Twitch Superimposed (TSE) parameters. Using the relationship between MVC (%) and evoked force, the proposed protocol used several TSE to provide slope, y-intercept and R 2. It is proposed that slope, R 2, and y-intercept change may indicate peripheral fatigue and the identified relationship between y-intercept and R 2 may indicate central fatigue or both peripheral and central fatigue. The results were compared using the non-parametric analyzes of Friedmann and Wilcoxon and their possible correlations were verified by the Spearmann test (significance level set at p < 0.05). After PerFat a decrease in TPE (57.1%, p < 0.001) was found but not in any TSE, indicating only peripheral fatigue in upper limbs. After CenFat a decrease in TPE (21.4%, p: 0.008) and TPK (20.9%, p < 0.001) were found but not in TSK, indicating peripheral fatigue in upper and lower limbs but not central fatigue. A non-significant increase of 15.3% after CenFat and a statistical reduction (80.1%, p: 0.001) after PerFat were found by slope. Despite R 2 showing differences after both exercises (p < 0.05), it showed a recovery behavior after CenFat (p: 0.016). Although PerFat provided only peripheral fatigue, CenFat did not provide central fatigue. Considering the procedural limitations of CenFat, parameters resulting from the proposed protocol are sensitive to neuromuscular alteration, however, further studies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Silva Norberto
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tarine Botta de Arruda
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences Applied to the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Redondo JC, de Benito AM, Izquierdo JM. Effect of concurrent training on trainability performance factors in youth elite golf players. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9963. [PMID: 32995097 PMCID: PMC7501780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the early specialization of golf players, examining the within session sequence of training should be considered to enhance performance and prevent injury risk. The present study analyzed the effects of an 18-week concurrent training developed before or after a specific golf session in adolescence elite golfers on several performance factors. Methods Sixteen right-handed male golfers, were randomly divided into two groups: after golf specific training (AG) (n = 8, age: 16.77 ± 0.58 years) and before golf specific training (BG) (n = 8, age: 16.93 ± 0.59 years). AG and BG players followed a concurrent physical conditioning program (CT) after or before the golf specific training, respectively. Body mass, body fat, muscle mass, jumping ability (CMJ), ball speed (Sball), golf movements screens (GMS), power in a golf swing-specific cable woodchop (Wmax) and the perceived training load (TL) in golf specific training (TL-G) and TL in CT (TL-CT) were measured on three separate occasions. Results BG demonstrates a lower TL-CT than AG (p < .001, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}
}{}${\eta }_{p}^{2}=0.90$\end{document}ηp2=0.90) along the training program without effects on TL-G, achieving significant percentage of change on CMJ (9.38%; p = .165; d = 0.73), GMS (50.52%; p = .41, d = 0.91), Wmax (16.93%; p = .001; d = 2.02) and Sball (1.82%; p = .018; d = 0.92) without interaction effects on anthropometric measures. Conclusions Performing CT sessions before the regular golf training can improve specific performance factors with a lower perceived TL than the same training carried out after the regular golf training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Redondo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Ana María de Benito
- Physical Activity and Sports Sciences Faculty, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Balachandran AT, Gandia K, Jacobs KA, Streiner DL, Eltoukhy M, Signorile JF. Power training using pneumatic machines vs. plate-loaded machines to improve muscle power in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Napoli NJ, Mixco AR, Bohorquez JE, Signorile JF. An EMG comparative analysis of quadriceps during isoinertial strength training using nonlinear scaled wavelets. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 40:134-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
12
|
Peltonen H, Walker S, Häkkinen K, Avela J. Neuromuscular Fatigue to Power Loading Using a Weight-Stack Device Fitted With or Without Additional Rubber Band Resistance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1802-11. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|