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Antinozzi C, Duranti G, Ceci R, Lista M, Sabatini S, Caporossi D, Di Luigi L, Sgrò P, Dimauro I. Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulates Dihydrotestosterone Release in C2C12 Myotubes: A New Perspective for Exercise-Related Muscle Steroidogenesis? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126566. [PMID: 35743011 PMCID: PMC9223901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a tissue that has recently been recognized for its ability to produce androgens under physiological conditions. The steroidogenesis process is known to be negatively influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in reproductive Leydig and ovary cells, while their effect on muscle steroidogenesis is still an unexplored field. Muscle cells are continuously exposed to ROS, resulting from both their metabolic activity and the surrounding environment. Interestingly, the regulation of signaling pathways, induced by mild ROS levels, plays an important role in muscle fiber adaptation to exercise, in a process that also elicits a significant modulation in the hormonal response. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ROS could influence steroidogenesis in skeletal muscle cells by evaluating the release of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), as well as the evaluation of the relative expression of the key steroidogenic enzymes 5α-reductase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, and aromatase. C2C12 mouse myotubes were exposed to a non-cytotoxic concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a condition intended to reproduce, in vitro, one of the main stimuli linked to the process of homeostasis and adaptation induced by exercise in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the influence of tadalafil (TAD), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) originally used to treat erectile dysfunction but often misused among athletes as a "performance-enhancing" drug, was evaluated in a single treatment or in combination with H2O2. Our data showed that a mild hydrogen peroxide exposure induced the release of DHT, but not T, and modulated the expression of the enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, while TAD treatment significantly reduced the H2O2-induced DHT release. This study adds a new piece of information about the adaptive skeletal muscle cell response to an oxidative environment, revealing that hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in activating muscle steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antinozzi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Guglielmo Duranti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Marco Lista
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Laboratory of Biology and Human Genetic, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (D.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.A.); (M.L.); (L.D.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (P.S.)
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Laboratory of Biology and Human Genetic, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (D.C.); (I.D.)
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Quinzi F, Rosellini G, Sbriccoli P. Lower Limb Maximal Power Predicts Punching Speed in Different Static and Dynamic Attacking Techniques in Karate. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1353-1359. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sgrò P, Minganti C, Lista M, Antinozzi C, Cappa M, Pitsiladis Y, Pigozzi F, Di Luigi L. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) rapidly increase after maximal aerobic exercise in healthy males: the lowering effect of phosphodiesterase's type 5 inhibitors on DHT response to exercise-related stress. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1219-1228. [PMID: 32946077 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few data exist on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) adaptation to exercise-related stress. The aim of the study was to investigate on serum DHT and other androgens' responses to acute aerobic exercises, and to verify if a long-acting phosphodiesterase's type 5 inhibitors could influence these responses, as previously observed for salivary testosterone. METHODS In a double-blind cross over study, 12 healthy trained male volunteers were submitted to both an acute sub-maximal and maximal exercise tests on cycle ergometer, after randomly receiving a two days placebo or tadalafil administration (20 mg, Cialis®, Ely-Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Blood sample collections were performed at different time points before and after exercise. Serum DHT, total testosterone (TT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and luteinizing hormone (LH), were assayed. RESULTS Serum DHT increase in placebo treatment immediately post maximal aerobic exercise and return to basal values at 60 min of recovery whereas tadalafil administration significantly reduced the DHT increase after exercise. The values of areas under curves showed the increase of TT after acute sub-maximal and maximal exercise and of DHEAS only after acute maximal aerobic exercise independently from treatment. CONCLUSIONS In addition to testosterone, also DHT plays an exercise-related adaptive role during high intensity aerobic exercise, but its rapid useful effects during exercise have to be determined. We hypothesized that the increased androgens secretion during exercise could be mainly related to steroidogenic enzymes modifications in peripheral tissues (i.e., muscles). Moreover, the blunting effect of tadalafil on DHT increase support a possible role of peripheral nitric oxide/GMPc related pathways in influencing physical-stress related DHT metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Roma, Italy.
| | - C Minganti
- Unit of Sport Medicine, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy
| | - M Lista
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Roma, Italy
| | - C Antinozzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Roma, Italy
| | - M Cappa
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Y Pitsiladis
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Welkin House, Eastbourne, UK
| | - F Pigozzi
- Unit of Sport Medicine, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy
| | - L Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135, Roma, Italy
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Bazzucchi I, Patrizio F, Ceci R, Duranti G, Sabatini S, Sgrò P, Di Luigi L, Sacchetti M. Quercetin Supplementation Improves Neuromuscular Function Recovery from Muscle Damage. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092850. [PMID: 32957571 PMCID: PMC7551500 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating whether quercetin (Q) may improve the recovery of neuromuscular function and biochemical parameters in the 7 days following an eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD). Sixteen men (25.9 ± 3.3 y) ingested Q (1000 mg/day) or placebo (PLA) for 14 days following a double-blind crossover study design. A neuromuscular (NM) test was performed pre–post, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 7 days after an intense eccentric exercise. The force–velocity relationship of the elbow flexor muscles and their maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were recorded simultaneously to the electromyographic signals (EMG). Pain, joint angle, arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) were also assessed. The results showed that Q supplementation significantly attenuated the strength loss compared to PLA. During the recovery, force–velocity relationship and mean fibers conduction velocity (MFCV) persisted significantly less when participants consumed PLA rather than Q, especially at the highest angular velocities (p < 0.02). A greater increase in biomarkers of damage was also evident in PLA with respect to Q. Q supplementation for 14 days seems able to ameliorate the recovery of eccentric exercise-induced weakness, neuromuscular function impairment and biochemical parameters increase probably due to its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Bazzucchi
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-36-733-291
| | - Federica Patrizio
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (G.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Guglielmo Duranti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (G.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Sabatini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (G.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (P.S.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (P.S.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Roma, Italy; (F.P.); (M.S.)
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Corona G, Isidori AM, Aversa A, Bonomi M, Ferlin A, Foresta C, La Vignera S, Maggi M, Pivonello R, Vignozzi L, Lombardo F. Male and female sexual dysfunction in diabetic subjects: Focus on new antihyperglycemic drugs. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:57-65. [PMID: 31863254 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association between diabetes mellitus (and its micro- and macro-vascular complications) and erectile dysfunction is widely known and the presence of hypogonadism may further complicate sexual dysfunction and quality of life, given the association between hypogonadism and reduced libido, ejaculatory disorders, and depressive symptoms. However, the recent introduction of novel antidiabetic agents with a wide range of mechanism of action may have a significant impact both on male and female sexuality directly (by inducing side effects as urinary tract infections) and indirectly (improving metabolic status and reducing diabetes complications behind sexual dysfunctions). To date only few papers are reporting the sexual effects of these treatments and, often, these are not comparable in their results. Conversely, female sexual dysfunctions are somehow under-investigated. Data on prevalence is heterogeneous and specific pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the burden of psychological factors, are still heatedly debated. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize current knowledge and stressing out the need to diagnose male and female sexual dysfunctions also in light of the impact of treatments with novel antidiabetic agents. This would highlight the still unmet needs for sexual care in a diabetes care setting and could represent an incentive for future discussions, as well as a required theoretical starting point for studies on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 2, 40133, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico "G. Rodolico", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Division of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Del Vecchio A, Negro F, Falla D, Bazzucchi I, Farina D, Felici F. Higher muscle fiber conduction velocity and early rate of torque development in chronically strength-trained individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1218-1226. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strength-trained individuals (ST) develop greater levels of force compared with untrained subjects. These differences are partly of neural origin and can be explained by training-induced changes in the neural drive to the muscles. In the present study we hypothesize a greater rate of torque development (RTD) and faster recruitment of motor units with greater muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) in ST compared with a control cohort. MFCV was assessed during maximal voluntary isometric explosive contractions of the elbow flexors in eight ST and eight control individuals. MFCV was estimated from high-density surface electromyogram recordings (128 electrodes) in intervals of 50 ms starting from the onset of the electromyogram. RTD and MFCV were computed and normalized to their maximal voluntary torque (MVT) values. The explosive torque of the ST was greater than in the control group in all time intervals analyzed ( P < 0.001). The absolute MFCV values were also greater for the ST than for controls at all time intervals ( P < 0.001). ST also achieved greater normalized RTD in the first 50 ms of contraction [887.6 (152) vs. 568.5 (148.66)%MVT/s, mean (SD), P < 0.001] and normalized MFCV before the rise in force compared with controls. We have shown for the first time that ST can recruit motor units with greater MFCV in a shorter amount of time compared with untrained subjects during maximal voluntary isometric explosive contractions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Strength-trained individuals show neuromuscular adaptations. These adaptations have been partly related to changes in the neural drive to the muscles. Here, we show for the first time that during the initial phase of a maximal isometric explosive contraction, strength-trained individuals achieve higher levels of force and recruit motor units with greater conduction velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Del Vecchio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
- Neuromechanics and Rehabilitation Technology Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F. Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - D. Falla
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - I. Bazzucchi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - D. Farina
- Neuromechanics and Rehabilitation Technology Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F. Felici
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
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Antinozzi C, Marampon F, Corinaldesi C, Vicini E, Sgrò P, Vannelli GB, Lenzi A, Crescioli C, Di Luigi L. Testosterone insulin-like effects: an in vitro study on the short-term metabolic effects of testosterone in human skeletal muscle cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:1133-1143. [PMID: 28508346 PMCID: PMC5610223 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Testosterone by promoting different metabolic pathways contributes to short-term homeostasis of skeletal muscle, the largest insulin-sensitive tissue and the primary site for insulin-stimulated glucose utilization. Despite evidences indicate a close relationship between testosterone and glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms responsible for a possible testosterone-mediated insulin-like effects on skeletal muscle are still unknown. METHODS Here we used undifferentiated proliferating or differentiated human fetal skeletal muscle cells (Hfsmc) to investigate the short-term effects of testosterone on the insulin-mediated biomolecular metabolic machinery. GLUT4 cell expression, localization and the phosphorylation/activation of AKT, ERK, mTOR and GSK3β insulin-related pathways at different time points after treatment with testosterone were analyzed. RESULTS Independently from cells differentiation status, testosterone, with an insulin-like effect, induced Glut4-mRNA expression, GLUT4 protein translocation to the cytoplasmic membrane, while no effect was observed on GLUT4 protein expression levels. Furthermore, testosterone treatment modulated the insulin-dependent signal transduction pathways inducing a rapid and persistent activation of AKT, ERK and mTOR, and a transient inhibition of GSK3β. T-related effects were shown to be androgen receptor dependent. CONCLUSION All together our data indicate that testosterone through the activation of non-genomic pathways, participates in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism by inducing insulin-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Antinozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - F Marampon
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - C Corinaldesi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - E Vicini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - P Sgrò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - L Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences Section of Health Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The relationships between sport and sexuality in males are of great social and clinical interest, because of sports and motor activities that highly promote social and sexual relationships. Even if few literature exist, two main questions should be taken into account: whether and how physical exercise and sport positively or negatively influence sexual health and behavior and/or whether and how sexual behavior may affect a sub-sequent sport performance. Physical exercise and sport per se can influence, positively or negatively, the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function and, consequently, the individual's reproductive and/or sexual health. This depends on individual factors such as genetic and epigenetic ones and on different variables involved in the practice of sport activities (type of sport, intensity and duration of training, doping and drug use and abuse, nutrition, supplements, psychological stress, allostatic load, etc.). If well conducted, motor and sport activities could have beneficial effects on sexual health in males. Among different lifestyle changes, influencing sexual health, regular physical activity is fundamental to antagonize the onset of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, competitive sport can lead both reproductive and/or sexual tract damages and dysfunctions, transient (genital pain, hypoesthesia of the genitalia, hypogonadism, DE, altered sexual drive, etc.) or permanent (hypogonadism, DE, etc.), by acting directly (traumas of the external genitalia, saddle-related disorders in cyclists, etc.) or indirectly (exercise-related hypogonadism, drug abuse, doping, stress, etc.). Sexual activities shortly performed before a sport competition could differently influence sport performance. Due to the few existing data, it is advisable to avoid an absolute pre-competition sexual abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Section of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - L Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Section of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
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Time-source of neural plasticity in complex bimanual coordinative tasks: Juggling. Behav Brain Res 2017; 328:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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