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Toninelli N, Coratella G, Longo S, Romani GM, Doria C, Rampichini S, Limonta E, Esposito F, Cè E. Synergistic difference in the effect of stretching on electromechanical delay components. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300112. [PMID: 38530855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the synergistic difference in the effect of stretching on electromechanical delay (EMD) and its components, using a simultaneous recording of electromyographic, mechanomyographic, and force signals. Twenty-six healthy men underwent plantar flexors passive stretching. Before and after stretching, the electrochemical and mechanical components of the EMD and the relaxation EMD (R-EMD) were calculated in gastrocnemius medialis (GM), lateralis (GL) and soleus (SOL) during a supramaximal motor point stimulation. Additionally, joint passive stiffness was assessed. At baseline, the mechanical components of EMD and R-EMD were longer in GM and GL than SOL (Cohen's d from 1.78 to 3.67). Stretching decreased joint passive stiffness [-22(8)%, d = -1.96] while overall lengthened the electrochemical and mechanical EMD. The mechanical R-EMD components were affected more in GM [21(2)%] and GL [22(2)%] than SOL [12(1)%], with d ranging from 0.63 to 1.81. Negative correlations between joint passive stiffness with EMD and R-EMD mechanical components were found before and after stretching in all muscles (r from -0.477 to -0.926; P from 0.007 to <0.001). These results suggest that stretching plantar flexors affected GM and GL more than SOL. Future research should calculate EMD and R-EMD to further investigate the mechanical adaptations induced by passive stretching in synergistic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toninelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia M Romani
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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Albuquerque Brandão MC, de Carvalho Teixeira G, Fernandes de Oliveira L. Acute Effects of Stretching Exercises on Posterior Chain: Analysis of Shear Modulus by Elastography SSI. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 2023:5582277. [PMID: 38654914 PMCID: PMC11023729 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5582277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The posterior chain muscles of the lower limb include the hamstrings and triceps surae, along with the Achilles tendon. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of static stretching exercises commonly used in clinical and training settings on the shear modulus (µ) of these muscles and tendon using Supersonic Shear-Wave Imaging (SSI) elastography. Fifteen healthy adults participated in the study, performing stretching exercises for hamstrings and triceps surae. Shear modulus and joint range of motion (ROM) were measured before and after the stretching protocols. The hip and ankle mean ROM significantly increased by 19.27% and 24.10%, respectively. However, the stretching protocol did not significantly alter in µ of the hamstrings, the gastrocnemius muscles, and the Achilles tendon. K-means clustering analysis identified a group where the subjects with lower initial ROM showed higher amplitude gains and a significant decrease in the semimembranosus stiffness after stretching. These findings suggest that the stretching protocol was effective in improving joint mobility but not sufficient to elicit immediate mechanical changes in muscle and tendon stiffness. Neural adaptations and nonmuscular structures might contribute to increased ROM. The study highlights the importance of considering individual initial ROM and subsequent responses when evaluating the effects of stretching exercises on muscle and tendon properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Albuquerque Brandão
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Carvalho Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liliam Fernandes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kalkhoven JT, Lukauskis-Carvajal M, Sides DL, McLean BD, Watsford ML. A Conceptual Exploration of Hamstring Muscle-Tendon Functioning during the Late-Swing Phase of Sprinting: The Importance of Evidence-Based Hamstring Training Frameworks. Sports Med 2023; 53:2321-2346. [PMID: 37668895 PMCID: PMC10687166 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
An eccentrically lengthening, energy-absorbing, brake-driven model of hamstring function during the late-swing phase of sprinting has been widely touted within the existing literature. In contrast, an isometrically contracting, spring-driven model of hamstring function has recently been proposed. This theory has gained substantial traction within the applied sporting world, influencing understandings of hamstring function while sprinting, as well as the development and adoption of certain types of hamstring-specific exercises. Across the animal kingdom, both spring- and motor-driven muscle-tendon unit (MTU) functioning are frequently observed, with both models of locomotive functioning commonly utilising some degree of active muscle lengthening to draw upon force enhancement mechanisms. However, a method to accurately assess hamstring muscle-tendon functioning when sprinting does not exist. Accordingly, the aims of this review article are three-fold: (1) to comprehensively explore current terminology, theories and models surrounding muscle-tendon functioning during locomotion, (2) to relate these models to potential hamstring function when sprinting by examining a variety of hamstring-specific research and (3) to highlight the importance of developing and utilising evidence-based frameworks to guide hamstring training in athletes required to sprint. Due to the intensity of movement, large musculotendinous stretches and high mechanical loads experienced in the hamstrings when sprinting, it is anticipated that the hamstring MTUs adopt a model of functioning that has some reliance upon active muscle lengthening and muscle actuators during this particular task. However, each individual hamstring MTU is expected to adopt various combinations of spring-, brake- and motor-driven functioning when sprinting, in accordance with their architectural arrangement and activation patterns. Muscle function is intricate and dependent upon complex interactions between musculoskeletal kinematics and kinetics, muscle activation patterns and the neuromechanical regulation of tensions and stiffness, and loads applied by the environment, among other important variables. Accordingly, hamstring function when sprinting is anticipated to be unique to this particular activity. It is therefore proposed that the adoption of hamstring-specific exercises should not be founded on unvalidated claims of replicating hamstring function when sprinting, as has been suggested in the literature. Adaptive benefits may potentially be derived from a range of hamstring-specific exercises that vary in the stimuli they provide. Therefore, a more rigorous approach is to select hamstring-specific exercises based on thoroughly constructed evidence-based frameworks surrounding the specific stimulus provided by the exercise, the accompanying adaptations elicited by the exercise, and the effects of these adaptations on hamstring functioning and injury risk mitigation when sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd T Kalkhoven
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Mathias Lukauskis-Carvajal
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- SpeedLab, Cali, Colombia
| | - Deborah L Sides
- UK Sports Institute, Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| | - Blake D McLean
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark L Watsford
- Sport & Exercise Science Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park Precinct, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Cogliati M, Cudicio A, Benedini M, Cabral HV, Negro F, Reggiani C, Orizio C. Influence of age on force and re-lengthening dynamics after tetanic stimulation withdrawal in the tibialis anterior muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1825-1836. [PMID: 37071199 PMCID: PMC10363076 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE During alternate movements across a joint, the changeover from one direction of rotation to the opposite may be influenced by the delay and rate of tension reduction and the compliance to re-lengthening of the previously active muscle group. Given the aging process may affect the above-mentioned factors, this work aimed to compare the dynamics of both the ankle torque decline and muscle re-lengthening, mirrored by mechanomyogram (MMG), in the tibialis anterior because of its important role in gait. METHODS During the relaxation phase, after a supramaximal 35 Hz stimulation applied at the superficial motor point, in 20 young (Y) and 20 old (O) subjects, the torque (T) and MMG dynamics characteristics were measured. RESULTS The T and MMG analysis provided: (I) the beginning of the decay after cessation of stimulation (T: 22.51 ± 5.92 ms [Y] and 51.35 ± 15.21 ms [O]; MMG: 27.38 ± 6.93 ms [Y] and 61.41 ± 18.42 ms [O]); (II) the maximum rate of reduction (T: - 110.4 ± 45.56 Nm/s [Y] and - 52.72 ± 32.12 Nm/s [O]; MMG: - 24.47 ± 10.95 mm/s [Y] and - 13.76 ± 6.54 mm/s [O]); (III) the muscle compliance, measuring the MMG reduction of every 10% reduction of torque (bin 20-10%: 15.69 ± 7.5[Y] and 10.8 ± 3.3 [O]; bin 10-0%: 22.12 ± 10.3 [Y] and 17.58 ± 5.6 [O]). CONCLUSION Muscle relaxation results are different in Y and O and can be monitored by a non-invasive method measuring physiological variables of torque and re-lengthening dynamics at the end of the electromechanical coupling previously induced by the neuromuscular stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cogliati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Cudicio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - M. Benedini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - H. V. Cabral
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - F. Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Centre of Research on the Neuromuscular Function and the Adapted Motor Activity, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - C. Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Science and Research Center, ZRS, Koper, Slovenia
| | - C. Orizio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Centre of Research on the Neuromuscular Function and the Adapted Motor Activity, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Hill MW, Wdowski MM, Rosicka K, Kay AD, Muehlbauer T. Exploring the relationship of static and dynamic balance with muscle mechanical properties of the lower limbs in healthy young adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1168314. [PMID: 37304823 PMCID: PMC10251143 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1168314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that mechanical properties of in vivo muscle tissues are associated with postural sway during quiet standing. However, it is unknown if the observed relationship between mechanical properties with static balance parameters generalise to dynamic balance. Thus, we determined the relationship between static and dynamic balance parameters with muscle mechanical properties of the ankle plantar flexors [lateral gastrocnemius (GL)] and knee extensors [vastus lateralis (VL)] in vivo. Twenty-six participants (men = 16, women = 10; age = 23.3 ± 4.4 years) were assessed for static balance [centre of pressure (COP) movements during quiet standing], dynamic balance (reach distances for the Y-balance test) and mechanical properties (stiffness and tone) of the GL and VL measured in the standing and lying position. Significant (p < .05) small to moderate inverse correlations were observed between the mean COP velocity during quiet standing with stiffness (r = -.40 to -.58, p = .002 to .042) and tone (r = -0.42 to -0.56, p = 0.003 to 0.036) of the GL and VL (lying and standing). Tone and stiffness explained 16%-33% of the variance in the mean COP velocity. Stiffness and tone of the VL measured in the lying (supine) condition were also inversely significantly correlated with Y balance test performance (r = -0.39 to -0.46, p = 0.018 to 0.049). These findings highlight that individuals with low muscle stiffness and tone exhibit faster COP movements during quiet standing, indicative of reduced postural control but also reveal that low VL stiffness and tone are associated with greater reach distances in a lower extremity reaching task, indicative of greater neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew W. Hill
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian M. Wdowski
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Rosicka
- Department of Physiotherapy Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp, Poznań University of Physical Education, Gorzów Wlkp, Poland
| | - Anthony D. Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Fagbemigun RO, Cavallo M, Brown SHM. The Effects of Posture and Dynamic Stretching on the Electromechanical Delay of the Paraspinal Muscles. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:179-183. [PMID: 37105546 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Electromechanical delay (EMD) of muscle is influenced in part by its in-series arrangement with connective tissue. Therefore, studying EMD might provide a better understanding of the muscle-connective tissue interaction. Here, EMD of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles were investigated under conditions that could influence muscle-connective tissue interaction. A total of 19 participants performed isometric back extension contractions in 3 different postures that influence lumbar spine angle: sitting, standing, and kneeling. They then performed a 15-minute dynamic stretching routine and repeated the standing contractions. Mean lumbar flexion angles of 0.5°, 9.9°, and 19.8° were adopted for standing, kneeling, and sitting, respectively. No statistically significant differences in the thoracic erector spinae EMD were found between the different postures. Lumbar erector spinae EMD was significantly longer in the sitting (94.1 ms) compared to the standing (69.9 ms) condition, with no differences compared to kneeling (79.7 ms). There were no statistically significant differences of the thoracic or lumbar erector spinae EMDs before and after dynamic stretching. These results suggest that dynamic stretching does not affect the mechanical behavior of the muscle-tendon-aponeurosis units in a way that alters force generation and transmission, but a sitting posture can alter how force is transmitted through the musculotendinous complex of the lumbar erector spinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O Fagbemigun
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON,Canada
| | - Melissa Cavallo
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON,Canada
| | - Stephen H M Brown
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON,Canada
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Coratella G, Cè E, Doria C, Borrelli M, Toninelli N, Rampichini S, Limonta E, Longo S, Esposito F. Is the Interpolated-Twitch Technique-Derived Voluntary Activation Just Neural? Novel Perspectives from Mechanomyographic Data. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:469-481. [PMID: 36288476 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Voluntary activation (VA) determined by interpolation-twitch technique could be affected by the characteristics of the in-series elastic components. To overcome this possible bias, a novel approach based on the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal to detect voluntary activation (VA MMG ) has been proposed. We examined the changes in VA and VA MMG after passive stretching to check the influence of neural and mechanical factors in the force output. METHODS Twenty-six healthy men underwent VA assessment using the interpolated-twitch technique before and after unilateral passive stretching of the plantarflexors (five 45-s on + 15-s off). In addition to the force signal, the MMG signal was detected on gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and soleus. From the force and MMG signal analysis, VA and VA MMG were calculated in the stretched and contralateral nonstretched limbs. Joint passive stiffness was also defined. RESULTS In the stretched limb, passive stretching increased dorsiflexion range (mean ± SD = +18% ± 10%, P < 0.001, ES = 1.54) but reduced joint passive stiffness (-22% ± 8%, P < 0.001, ES = -1.75), maximum voluntary contraction (-15% ± 7%, P < 0.001, ES = -0.87), VA (-7% ± 3%, P < 0.001, ES = -2.32), and VA MMG (~-5% ± 2%, P < 0.001, ES = -1.26/-1.14). In the contralateral nonstretched limb, passive stretching increased dorsiflexion range (+10% ± 6%, P < 0.001, ES = 0.80) but reduced joint passive stiffness (-3% ± 2%, P = 0.041, ES = -0.27), maximum voluntary contraction (-4% ± 3%, P = 0.035, ES = -0.24), VA (-4% ± 2%, P < 0.001, ES = -1.77), and VA MMG (~- 2% ± 1%, P < 0.05, ES = -0.54/-0.46). The stretch-induced changes in VA correlated with VA MMG ( R ranging from 0.447 to 0.583 considering all muscles) and with joint passive stiffness (stretched limb: R = 0.503; contralateral nonstretched limb: R = 0.530). CONCLUSIONS VA output is overall influenced by both neural and mechanical factors, not distinguishable using the interpolated-twitch technique. VA MMG is a complementary index to assess the changes in VA not influenced by mechanical factors and to examine synergistic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | | | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Nicholas Toninelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (SCIBIS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ITALY
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He X, Qiu J, Cao M, Ho YC, Leong HT, Fu SC, Ong MTY, Fong DTP, Yung PSH. Effects of Deficits in the Neuromuscular and Mechanical Properties of the Quadriceps and Hamstrings on Single-Leg Hop Performance and Dynamic Knee Stability in Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671211063893. [PMID: 35005050 PMCID: PMC8733370 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211063893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding the role of neuromuscular and mechanical muscle properties in knee functional performance and dynamic knee stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may help in the development of more focused rehabilitation programs. Purpose: To compare the involved and uninvolved limbs of patients after ACLR in terms of muscle strength, passive muscle stiffness, muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings, hop performance, and dynamic knee stability and to investigate the association of neuromuscular and mechanical muscle properties with hop performance and dynamic knee stability. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Method: The authors studied the quadriceps and hamstring muscles in 30 male patients (mean ± SD age, 25.4 ± 4.1 years) who had undergone unilateral ACLR. Muscle strength was measured using isokinetic testing at 60 and 180 deg/s. Passive muscle stiffness was quantified using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Muscle activation was evaluated via electromyographic (EMG) activity. Hop performance was evaluated via a single-leg hop test, and dynamic knee stability was evaluated via 3-dimensional knee movements during the landing phase of the hop test. Results: Compared with the uninvolved limb, the involved limb exhibited decreased peak torque and shear modulus in both the quadriceps and hamstrings as well as delayed activity onset in the quadriceps (P < .05 for all). The involved limb also exhibited a shorter hop distance and decreased peak knee flexion angle during landing (P < .05 for both). Decreased peak quadriceps torque at 180 deg/s, the shear modulus of the semitendinosus, and the reactive EMG activity amplitude of the semimembranosus were all associated with shorter hop distance (R2 = 0.565; P < .001). Decreased quadriceps peak torque at 60 deg/s and shear modulus of the vastus medialis were both associated with smaller peak knee flexion angle (R2 = 0.319; P < .001). Conclusion: In addition to muscle strength deficits, deficits in passive muscle stiffness and muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings were important contributors to poor single-leg hop performance and dynamic knee stability during landing. Further investigations should include a rehabilitation program that normalizes muscle stiffness and activation patterns during landing, thus improving knee functional performance and dynamic knee stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jihong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingde Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yui Chung Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hio Teng Leong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai-Chuen Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Tavakkoli Oskouei S, Malliaras P, D Hill K, Garofolini A, Clark R, Perraton L. Assessment of ankle plantar flexor neuromuscular properties: A reliability study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 61:102603. [PMID: 34563759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine test-retest reliability of ankle plantar flexor neuromuscular properties in healthy people to improve understanding of additional measurement and analysis procedures that may be used in outcome assessment. Ten healthy participants (age 29.60 ± 5.36 years) volunteered. Isometric torquemax, rate of torque development (RTD), rate of electromyography rise (RER), impulse, electromechanical delay (EMD), torque steadiness, and torque sensing were obtained during two testing sessions 60 min apart. ICC values ranged from 0.81 to 0.99, indicating good to excellent test-retest reliability. Lower bands of the 95% CIs were all above 0.75 apart from the early phase measures (≤50 ms) derived from explosive torque-time and EMG-time curves, which were between 0.32 and 0.73, indicating poor to moderate reliability. Heteroscedasticity was observed for RTD, impulse, and EMD. LOA as a function of the mean (X̅) for these measures ranged from meandifference ± 0.25X̅ to ± 0.68X̅. EMD showed excellent reliability (ICC = 0.90; 95% CI [0.63, 0.98]). Torque sensing and torque steadiness showed good reliability (0.81 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.89). Thus, ankle plantar flexor neuromuscular properties showed good to excellent test-retest reliability. However, reliability of measures in the early phase of muscle contraction were consistently lower than the late phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Tavakkoli Oskouei
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter Malliaras
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ross Clark
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke Perraton
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Nakamura M, Yahata K, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, Nunes JP, Konrad A. Training and Detraining Effects Following a Static Stretching Program on Medial Gastrocnemius Passive Properties. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656579. [PMID: 33868026 PMCID: PMC8049289 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A stretching intervention program is performed to maintain and improve range of motion (ROM) in sports and rehabilitation settings. However, there is no consensus on the effects of stretching programs on muscle stiffness, likely due to short stretching durations used in each session. Therefore, a longer stretching exercise session may be required to decrease muscle stiffness in the long-term. Moreover, until now, the retention effect (detraining) of such an intervention program is not clear yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the training (5-week) and detraining effects (5-week) of a high-volume stretching intervention on ankle dorsiflexion ROM (DF ROM) and medial gastrocnemius muscle stiffness. Fifteen males participated in this study and the plantarflexors of the dominant limb were evaluated. Static stretching intervention was performed using a stretching board for 1,800 s at 2 days per week for 5 weeks. DF ROM was assessed, and muscle stiffness was calculated from passive torque and muscle elongation during passive dorsiflexion test. The results showed significant changes in DF ROM and muscle stiffness after the stretching intervention program, but the values returned to baseline after the detraining period. Our results indicate that high-volume stretching intervention (3,600 s per week) may be beneficial for DF ROM and muscle stiffness, but the training effects are dismissed after a detraining period with the same duration of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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11
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The effects of 12 weeks of static stretch training on the functional, mechanical, and architectural characteristics of the triceps surae muscle-tendon complex. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1743-1758. [PMID: 33687531 PMCID: PMC8144166 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of passive static stretching training (PST) on force-generating capacity, passive stiffness, muscle architecture of plantarflexor muscles. METHODS Thirty healthy adults participated in the study. Fifteen participants (STR, 6 women, 9 men) underwent 12-week plantarflexor muscles PST [(5 × 45 s-on/15 s-off) × 2exercises] × 5times/week (duration: 2250 s/week), while 15 participants (CTRL, 6 women, 9 men) served as control (no PST). Range of motion (ROM), maximum passive resistive torque (PRTmax), triceps surae architecture [fascicle length, fascicle angle, and thickness], passive stiffness [muscle-tendon complex (MTC) and muscle stiffness], and plantarflexors maximun force-generating capacity variables (maximum voluntary contraction, maximum muscle activation, rate of torque development, electromechanical delay) were calculated Pre, at the 6th (Wk6), and the 12th week (Wk12) of the protocol in both groups. RESULTS Compared to Pre, STR ROM increased (P < 0.05) at Wk6 (8%) and Wk12 (23%). PRTmax increased at Wk12 (30%, P < 0.05), while MTC stiffness decreased (16%, P < 0.05). Muscle stiffness decreased (P < 0.05) at Wk6 (11%) and Wk12 (16%). No changes in triceps surae architecture and plantarflexors maximum force-generating capacity variables were found in STR (P > 0.05). Percentage changes in ROM correlated with percentage changes in PRTmax (ρ = 0.62, P = 0.01) and MTC stiffness (ρ = - 0.78, P = 0.001). In CTRL, no changes (P > 0.05) occurred in any variables at any time point. CONCLUSION The expected long-term PST-induced changes in ROM were associated with modifications in the whole passive mechanical properties of the ankle joint, while maximum force-generating capacity characteristics were preserved. 12 weeks of PST do not seem a sufficient stimulus to induce triceps surae architectural changes.
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12
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Son J, Rymer WZ. Longer electromechanical delay in paretic triceps surae muscles during voluntary isometric plantarflexion torque generation in chronic hemispheric stroke survivors. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2020; 56:102475. [PMID: 33242750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromechanical delay (EMD) is the time delay between the onset of muscle activity and the onset of force/joint torque. This delay appears to be linked to muscular contraction efficiency. However, to our knowledge, limited evidence is available regarding the magnitude of the EMD in stroke-impaired muscles. Accordingly, this study aims to quantify the EMD in both paretic and non-paretic triceps surae muscles of chronic hemispheric stroke survivors, and to investigate whether the EMD is related to voluntary force-generating capacity in this muscle group. Nine male chronic stroke survivors were asked to perform isometric plantarflexion contractions at different force levels and at different ankle joint angles ranging from maximum plantarflexion to maximum dorsiflexion. The surface electromyograms were recorded from triceps surae muscles. The longest EMD among triceps surae muscles was chosen as the EMD for each side. Our results revealed that the EMD in paretic muscles was significantly longer than in non-paretic muscles. Moreover, both paretic and non-paretic muscles showed a negative correlation between the EMD and maximum torque-generating capacity. In addition, there was a strong positive relationship between the EMD and shear wave speed in paretic muscles as well as a negative relationship between the EMD and passive ankle joint range of motion. These findings imply that the EMD may be a useful biomarker, in part, associated with contractile and material properties in stroke-impaired muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsang Son
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - William Zev Rymer
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Taş S, Yaşar Ü, Kaynak BA. Interrater and Intrarater Reliability of a Handheld Myotonometer in Measuring Mechanical Properties of the Neck and Orofacial Muscles. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2020; 44:42-48. [PMID: 33248749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose this study was to investigate the reliability of a handheld myotonometer in measuring the mechanical properties of the neck and orofacial muscles in asymptomatic individuals. METHODS The study included 16 healthy participants. The mechanical properties (frequency, decrement, stiffness, relaxation time, and creep) of the selected muscles were measured with a MyotonPRO myotonometer (Mumeetria Ltd, Tallinn, Estonia). The sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, cervical extensor, and masseter muscles were selected to determine the reliability of the device. Measurements were performed by 2 examiners to determine interrater reliability; for intrarater reliability, an examiner repeated the measurements 1 week after the first measurements. RESULTS The results revealed moderate to excellent intrarater and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.50-0.95) in measuring muscle mechanic properties. The standard error of measurement in the tested muscles ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 Hz for frequency, from 7.4 to 20.9 N/m for stiffness, from 0.1 to 0.2 for decrement, and from 0.8 to 1.4 ms for relaxation time. The minimum detectable change ranged from 0.8 to 2.2 Hz for frequency, from 20.5 to 57.9 N/m for stiffness, from 0.2 to 0.6 for decrement, from 2.2 to 3.9 ms for relaxation time, and from 0.2 to 0.3 for creep. In addition, the coefficients of variation were below 9.1% for all the assessed parameters. CONCLUSION The obtained results demonstrate that the MyotonPRO device is a reliable and repeatable tool to quantify the frequency, stiffness, decrement, relation time, and creep of the neck and orofacial muscles in asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Taş
- Toros University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ümit Yaşar
- Ardahan University, Nihat Delibalta Vocational School, Laboratory and Veterinary Health Department, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Besime Ahu Kaynak
- Toros University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Mersin, Turkey
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14
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Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:67-94. [PMID: 33175242 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Whereas a variety of pre-exercise activities have been incorporated as part of a "warm-up" prior to work, combat, and athletic activities for millennia, the inclusion of static stretching (SS) within a warm-up has lost favor in the last 25 years. Research emphasized the possibility of SS-induced impairments in subsequent performance following prolonged stretching without proper dynamic warm-up activities. Proposed mechanisms underlying stretch-induced deficits include both neural (i.e., decreased voluntary activation, persistent inward current effects on motoneuron excitability) and morphological (i.e., changes in the force-length relationship, decreased Ca2+ sensitivity, alterations in parallel elastic component) factors. Psychological influences such as a mental energy deficit and nocebo effects could also adversely affect performance. However, significant practical limitations exist within published studies, e.g., long-stretching durations, stretching exercises with little task specificity, lack of warm-up before/after stretching, testing performed immediately after stretch completion, and risk of investigator and participant bias. Recent research indicates that appropriate durations of static stretching performed within a full warm-up (i.e., aerobic activities before and task-specific dynamic stretching and intense physical activities after SS) have trivial effects on subsequent performance with some evidence of improved force output at longer muscle lengths. For conditions in which muscular force production is compromised by stretching, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms would aid development of mitigation strategies. However, these mechanisms are yet to be perfectly defined. More information is needed to better understand both the warm-up components and mechanisms that contribute to performance enhancements or impairments when SS is incorporated within a pre-activity warm-up.
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15
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Longo S, Coratella G, Rampichini S, Borrelli M, Scurati R, Limonta E, Cè E, Esposito F. Local fat content and muscle quality measured by a new electrical impedance myography device: correlations with ultrasound variables. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:388-399. [PMID: 32237960 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1751306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study investigated the relationship between local fat percentage (SKfat) and muscle quality (MQ) estimated by a new hand-held electrical impedance myography (hEIM) device or derived from ultrasound and strength assessments. The right anterior thigh of 90 healthy participants (mean ± SD; age=22.9 ± 2.9 years; 45 men: BMI = 23.9 ± 2.4 kgm-2; 45 women: BMI = 21.1 ± 1.9 kgm-2) was scanned by hEIM and ultrasound. Correlations between SKfat, local subcutaneous fat (SUBfat), and echo intensity (EIus) were explored. Correlations between MQ, EIus, quadriceps femoris anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAQF), knee extensors maximum voluntary isometric torque (T), T/ACSAQF, EIus/SUBfat, and ACSAQF/SUBfat were also assessed. SKfat correlated with SUBfat (r = 0.88; p < 0.001) and EIus (r = 0.64; p < 0.001). MQ correlated with EIus (r = -0.66; p < 0.001), ACSAQF (r = 0.37; p < 0.001), EIus/SUBfat (r = 0.37; p < 0.001), and ACSAQF/SUBfat (r = 0.81; p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that SUBfat, EIus, and sex explained 86% of SKfat variance, whereas ACSAQF/SUBfat, sex and EIus explained 75% of MQ variance. In conclusion, high hEIM local fat percentage relates to greater subcutaneous fat and intramuscular non-contractile tissue content. High hEIM muscle quality relates to greater muscle-size:subcutaneous-fat ratio and contractile tissue content. Sex influences the prediction of both parameters. This hEIM device seems to be useful to estimate local thigh composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Neck Muscle Stiffness Measured With Shear Wave Elastography in Women With Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020; 50:179-188. [PMID: 31905095 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2020.8821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Utilizing shear wave elastography, we compared the stiffness of the neck extensor muscles and the stiffness in muscle-specific regions between women with chronic nonspecific neck pain and asymptomatic controls. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS We measured the average muscle stiffness over multiple neck extensor muscles and in regions corresponding approximately to the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidus muscles using ultrasound shear wave elastography in 20 women with chronic nonspecific neck pain and 18 asymptomatic women during multiple tasks. The measurements were automatically quality controlled and computer processed over the complete visible neck region or a large muscle-specific region. RESULTS Pooled over all tasks, neck muscle stiffness was not significantly different between those with neck pain and asymptomatic controls (neck pain median, 11.6 kPa; interquartile range, 8.9 kPa and control median, 13.3 kPa; interquartile range, 8.6 kPa; P = .175). The measure of neck muscle stiffness was not correlated with the intensity of neck pain or perceived disability. CONCLUSION Shear wave elastography revealed similar muscle stiffness in people with and without chronic neck pain, despite the sensation of increased neck stiffness in those with chronic neck pain. Therapeutic interventions aiming to reduce neck muscle tone are often based on the assumption that perceived neck stiffness corresponds to objective muscle stiffness. The current results question this assumption. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(4):179-188. Epub 6 Jan 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.8821.
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17
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Taş S, Özkan Ö, Karaçoban L, Dönmez G, Çetin A, Korkusuz F. Knee muscle and tendon stiffness in professional soccer players: a shear-wave elastography study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:276-281. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Taş S, Ünlüer NÖ, Çetin A. Thickness, cross-sectional area, and stiffness of intrinsic foot muscles affect performance in single-leg stance balance tests in healthy sedentary young females. J Biomech 2019; 99:109530. [PMID: 31785820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of thickness, cross-sectional area and stiffness of intrinsic foot muscles on performance in single-leg stance balance tasks in healthy sedentary young females. This study included a total of 40 healthy sedentary young females between the ages of 19 and 35 years. Single-leg stance balance assessments were carried out using Biodex Balance Systems (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA). Performance in the single-leg stance balance tests was assessed using the overall stability index (OSI), mediolateral stability index (MLSI) and the anteroposterior stability index (APSI). Lower scores indicated better postural stability. Stiffness, thickness and cross-sectional area measurements of the abductor hallucis (AbH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) muscles were performed using an ultrasonography device. Larger AbH and FHB muscles were correlated with higher OSI, APSI, and MLSI (r = 0.31-0.46, p < 0.05), whereas larger FDB muscle was correlated with higher OSI and MLSI (r = 0.28-0.38, p < 0.05). Higher stiffness of the AbH and FHB muscles were correlated with lower OSI, APSI, and MLSI (r = -0.32 to 0.58, p < 0.05), but stiffness of the FDB muscle was not significantly correlated with OSI, APSI, and MLSI (r = 0.03-0.22, p ˃ 0.05). These results suggest that larger AbH, FDB and FHB muscles are related to reduced performance in single-leg stance balance tests, whereas higher AbH and FHB stiffness are related to better performance in single-leg stance balance tests in healthy sedentary young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Taş
- Toros University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 33140 Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Nezehat Özgül Ünlüer
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alp Çetin
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Cè E, Longo S, Limonta E, Coratella G, Rampichini S, Esposito F. Peripheral fatigue: new mechanistic insights from recent technologies. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:17-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Schmid L, Klotz T, Siebert T, Röhrle O. Characterization of Electromechanical Delay Based on a Biophysical Multi-Scale Skeletal Muscle Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1270. [PMID: 31649554 PMCID: PMC6795131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles can be voluntary controlled by the somatic nervous system yielding an active contractile stress response. Thereby, the active muscle stresses are transmitted to the skeleton by a cascade of connective tissue and thus enable motion. In the context of joint perturbations as well as the assessment of the complexity of neural control, the initial phase of the muscle-tendon system's stress response has a particular importance and is analyzed by means of electromechanical delay (EMD). EMD is defined as the time lag between the stimulation of a muscle and a measurable change in force output. While EMD is believed to depend on multiple structures / phenomena, it is hard to separate their contributions experimentally. We employ a physiologically detailed, three-dimensional, multi-scale model of an idealized muscle-tendon system to analyze the influence of (i) muscle and tendon length, (ii) the material behavior of skeletal muscle and tendon tissue, (iii) the chemo-electro-mechanical behavior of the muscle fibers and (iv) neural control on EMD. Comparisons with experimental data show that simulated EMD values are within the physiological range, i.e., between 6.1 and 68.6 ms, and that the model is able to reproduce the characteristic EMD-stretch curve, yielding the minimum EMD at optimal length. Simulating consecutive recruitment of motor units increases EMD by more than 20 ms, indicating that during voluntary contractions neural control is the dominant factor determining EMD. In contrast, the muscle fiber action potential conduction velocity is found to influence EMD even of a 27 cm long muscle by not more than 3.7 ms. We further demonstrate that in conditions where only little pre-stretch is applied to a muscle-tendon system, the mechanical behavior of both muscle and tendon tissue considerably impacts EMD. Predicting EMD for different muscle and tendon lengths indicates that the anatomy of a specific muscle-tendon system is optimized for its function, i.e., shorter tendon lengths are beneficial to minimize the neural control effort for muscles primary acting as motor in concentric contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schmid
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Klotz
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Chair for Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Center for Simulation Sciences (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Differences in electromechanical delay components induced by sex, age and physical activity level: new insights from a combined electromyographic, mechanomyographic and force approach. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Begovic H, Can F, Yağcioğlu S, Ozturk N. Passive stretching-induced changes detected during voluntary muscle contractions. Physiother Theory Pract 2018; 36:731-740. [PMID: 30015563 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1491660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stretching exercises are known for reduction of musculoskeletal stiffness and elongation of electromechanical delay (EMD). However, computing a change in stiffness by means of time delays, detected between onset of electromyographic (EMG), mechanomyographic (MMG) and force signals, can reveal changes in subcomponents (Δt EMG-MMG and Δt MMG-FORCE) of EMD after stretching. In our study, the effect of stretching was investigated while quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle performed isometric contractions. The EMG, MMG, and Force signals were recorded from rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) during five voluntarily isometric contractions at 15°, 30°, and 45° of knee flexion angle, while the leg was positioned on a custom-made device. Subjects in both intervention and control groups underwent same recording procedure before and after stretching. No difference between the baseline repeated contractions (before stretching) was ensured by ANOVA for repeated measures while a difference between PRE and POST was analyzed and concluded based on the effect size results. The EMD did not change; however, subcomponents (Δt EMG-MMG and Δt MMG-FORCE) showed differences within RF and VM muscles after stretching. The 30° knee flexion angle appears to be a position where isometric contraction intensity needs to be carefully monitored during rehabilitation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Begovic
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong
| | - Filiz Can
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suha Yağcioğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Necla Ozturk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University , Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Cè E, Longo S, McCoy E, Bisconti AV, Tironi D, Limonta E, Rampichini S, Rabuffetti M, Esposito F. Acute effects of direct inhibitory pressure over the biceps brachii myotendinous junction on skeletal muscle activation and force output. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 37:25-34. [PMID: 28866370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Force (F) reduction is reported with myotendinous junction (MTJ) manipulation. Autogenic inhibition reflex (AIR) activation is supposed to be the main mechanism. Still, its role remains unclear. The study aimed at assessing the effects of MTJ direct inhibitory pressure (DIP) on neuromuscular activation and F in the elbow flexor (agonist) and extensor (antagonist) muscles. After maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) assessment, thirty-five participants randomly performed submaximal contractions at 20, 40, 60, and 80% MVC. Electromyographic (EMG), mechanomyographic (MMG), and F signals were recorded. Protocol was repeated under (i) DIP (10-s pressure on the biceps brachii MTJ) with the elbow at 120° (DIP120), (ii) DIP with the elbow at 180° (DIP180), and (iii) without DIP (Ctrl). Electromechanical delay (EMD) components, EMG and MMG root mean square (RMS), and rate of force development (RFD) were calculated. Independently from the angle, DIP induced decrements in MVC, RFD, and RMS of EMG and MMG signals and lengthened the EMD components in agonist muscles (P<0.05). The DIP-induced decrease in F output of the agonist muscles seems to be possibly due to a concomitant impairment of the neuromuscular activation and a transient decrease in stiffness. After DIP, the antagonist muscle displayed no changes; therefore, the intervention of AIR remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emily McCoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
| | - Angela Valentina Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Tironi
- IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy; IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
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