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Ferhi H, Maktouf W. The impact of obesity on static and proactive balance and gait patterns in sarcopenic older adults: an analytical cross-sectional investigation. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16428. [PMID: 38025734 PMCID: PMC10676719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in the susceptibility of older adults to falls and related injuries. While existing literature has established a connection between obesity and reduced postural stability during stationary stances, the direct implications of obesity on walking dynamics, particularly among the older adults with sarcopenia, are not yet comprehensively understood. Objective Firstly, to investigate the influence of obesity on steady-state and proactive balance, as well as gait characteristics, among older adults with sarcopenic obesity (SO); and secondly, to unearth correlations between anthropometric characteristics and balance and gait parameters in the same demographic. Methods A cohort of 42 participants was categorized into control (CG; n = 22; age = 81.1 ± 4.0 years; BMI = 24.9 ± 0.6 kg/m²) and sarcopenic obese (SOG; n = 20; age = 77.7 ± 2.9 years; BMI = 34.5 ± 3.2 kg/m²) groups based on body mass index (BMI, kg/m²). Participants were assessed for anthropometric data, body mass, fat and lean body mass percentages (%), and BMI. Steady-state balance was gauged using the Romberg Test (ROM). Proactive balance evaluations employed the Functional Reach (FRT) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests. The 10-m walking test elucidated spatiotemporal gait metrics, including cadence, speed, stride length, stride time, and specific bilateral spatiotemporal components (stance, swing, 1st and 2nd double support, and single support phases) expressed as percentages of the gait cycle. Results The time taken to complete the TUG and ROM tests was significantly shorter in the CG compared to the SOG (p < 0.05). In contrast, the FRT revealed a shorter distance achieved in the SOG compared to the CG (p < 0.05). The CG exhibited a higher gait speed compared to the SOG (p < 0.05), with shorter stride and step lengths observed in the SOG compared to the CG (p < 0.05). Regarding gait cycle phases, the support phase was longer, and the swing phase was shorter in the SOG compared to the CG group (p < 0.05). LBM (%) showed the strongest positive correlation with the ROM (r = 0.77, p < 0.001), gait speed (r = 0.85, p < 0.001), TUG (r = -0.80, p < 0.001) and FRT (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). Conclusion Obesity induces added complexities for older adults with sarcopenia, particularly during the regulation of steady-state and proactive balance and gait. The percentage of lean body mass has emerged as a crucial determinant, highlighting a significant impact of reduced muscle mass on the observed alterations in static postural control and gait among older adults with SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ferhi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Wael Maktouf
- Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity, UR 7377, Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Est Créteil, France
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Rum L, Russo Y, Vannozzi G, Macaluso A. "Posture first": Interaction between posture and locomotion in people with low back pain during unexpectedly cued modification of gait initiation motor command. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 89:103094. [PMID: 37148816 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to adapt anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in response to perturbations during single-joint movements is altered in people with chronic low back pain (LBP), but a comprehensive analysis during functional motor tasks is still missing. This study aimed to compare APAs and stepping characteristics during gait initiation between people with LBP and healthy controls, both in normal (without cue occurrence) condition and when an unexpected visual cue required to switch the stepping limb. Fourteen individuals with LPB and 10 healthy controls performed gait initiation in normal and switch conditions. The postural responses were evaluated through the analysis of center of pressure, propulsive ground reaction forces, trunk and whole-body kinematics, and activation onsets of leg and back muscles. During normal gait initiation, participants with LBP exhibited similar APAs and stepping characteristics to healthy controls. In the switch condition, individuals with LBP were characterized by greater mediolateral postural stability but decreased forward body motion and propulsion before stepping. The thorax motion was associated with forward propulsion parameters in both task conditions in people with LBP but not healthy controls. No between-group differences were found in muscle activation onsets. The results suggest that postural stability is prioritized over forward locomotion in individuals with LBP. Furthermore, the condition-invariant coupling between thorax and whole-body forward propulsion in LBP suggests an adaptation in the functional use of the thorax within the postural strategy, even in poor balance conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rum
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Yuri Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Mahmood I, Zia Ur Rahman M, Dehghani-Sanij AA. Modelling and analysis of orthoses generated whole-body vertical vibrations impact on limb stability and compliant dynamics in a ramp gait. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Lee YJ, Wei MY, Chen YJ. Multiple inertial measurement unit combination and location for recognizing general, fatigue, and simulated-fatigue gait. Gait Posture 2022; 96:330-337. [PMID: 35785657 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle fatigue of the lower limbs results in dynamic imbalance and gait instability, increasing the risk of falling. However, people might slow walk without physical muscle fatigue due to mental fatigue. Wearable inertial measurement units (IMU) and machine learning approaches have been well employed for recognizing human activities. RESEARCH QUESTION The study aims to use a machine learning technique to recognize the data collected from IMUs for physically fatigued or slow-walking gaits. Second, the study aims to reveal the location or the number of IMUs can have the best performance. METHODS Sixteen healthy adults with six IMUs attached to their heels, toes, sacrum, and head participated in the experiment. On the first day, the participants were instructed to walk along a hallway before and after the fatigue protocol as the Pre- and Post-fatigue gait. On the second day, the participants were instructed to walk along a hallway following the beat of their fatigue gait cadence measured on the first day as the simulated cadence (SC) gait. Gait cycles of each condition were segmented as the inputs of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model for recognization. RESULTS The result revealed that the LSTM model could recognize the gait of simulated cadence with the highest accuracy among these three gaits. For the signal body part, the highest accuracy was 93.20 % observed at the IMUs of toes. For the best combination, the IMUs of toes and sacrum achieved the highest accuracy of 95.71 %. SIGNIFICANCE The machine learning technique of LSTM with one or more IMUs can recognize the gait under normal, physical fatigue, or simulated cadence without muscle fatigue. Our model and approach would be expected to provide conditional warning in multiple fields, such as industrial safety for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Lee
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Yi Wei
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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5
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Delafontaine A, Vialleron T, Diakhaté DG, Fourcade P, Yiou E. Effects of experimentally induced cervical spine mobility alteration on the postural organisation of gait initiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6055. [PMID: 35410364 PMCID: PMC9001680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGait initiation (GI), the transient period between quiet standing and locomotion, is a functional task classically used in the literature to investigate postural control. This study aimed to investigate the influence of an experimentally-induced alteration of cervical spine mobility (CSM) on GI postural organisation. Fifteen healthy young adults initiated gait on a force-plate in (1) two test conditions, where participants wore a neck orthosis that passively simulated low and high levels of CSM alteration; (2) one control condition, where participants wore no orthosis; and (3) one placebo condition, where participants wore a cervical bandage that did not limit CSM. Centre-of-pressure and centre-of-mass kinematics were computed based on force-plate recordings according to Newton’s second law. Main results showed that anticipatory postural adjustments amplitude (peak backward centre-of-pressure shift and forward centre-of-mass velocity at toe-off) and motor performance (step length and forward centre-of-mass velocity at foot-contact) were altered under the condition of high CSM restriction. These effects of CSM restriction may reflect the implementation of a more cautious strategy directed to attenuate head-in-space destabilisation and ease postural control. It follows that clinicians should be aware that the prescription of a rigid neck orthosis to posturo-deficient patients could exacerbate pre-existing GI deficits.
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Mahmood I, Raza A, Dehghani-Sanij AA. Evaluation of an adjustable ankle-foot orthosis impact on walking stability during gait transitional phases. Med Eng Phys 2022; 100:103720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Farinelli V, Bolzoni F, Marchese SM, Esposti R, Cavallari P. A Novel Viewpoint on the Anticipatory Postural Adjustments During Gait Initiation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:709780. [PMID: 34707487 PMCID: PMC8543010 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.709780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) are the coordinated muscular activities that precede the voluntary movements to counteract the associated postural perturbations. Many studies about gait initiation call APAs those activities that precede the heel-off of the leading foot, thus taking heel-off as the onset of voluntary movement. In particular, leg muscles drive the center of pressure (CoP) both laterally, to shift the body weight over the trailing foot and backward, to create a disequilibrium torque pushing forward the center of mass (CoM). However, since subjects want to propel their body rather than lift their foot, the onset of gait should be the CoM displacement, which starts with the backward CoP shift. If so, the leg muscles driving such a shift are the prime movers. Moreover, since the disequilibrium torque is mechanically equivalent to a forward force acting at the pelvis level, APAs should be required to link the body segments to the pelvis: distributing such concentrated force throughout the body would make all segments move homogeneously. In the aim of testing this hypothesis, we analyzed gait initiation in 15 right-footed healthy subjects, searching for activities in trunk muscles that precede the onset of the backward CoP shift. Subjects stood on a force plate for about 10 s and then started walking at their natural speed. A minimum of 10 trials were collected. A force plate measured the CoP position while wireless probes recorded the electromyographic activities. Recordings ascertained that at gait onset APAs develop in trunk muscles. On the right side, Rectus Abdominis and Obliquus Abdominis were activated in 11 and 13 subjects, respectively, starting on average 33 and 54 ms before the CoP shift; Erector Spinae (ES) at L2 and T3 levels was instead inhibited (9 and 7 subjects, 104 and 120 ms). On the contralateral side, the same muscles showed excitatory APAs (abdominals in 11 and 12 subjects, 27 and 82 ms; ES in 10 and 7 subjects, 75 and 32 ms). The results of this study provide a novel framework for distinguishing postural from voluntary actions, which may be relevant for the diagnosis and rehabilitation of gait disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Farinelli
- Human Physiology Section of the Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bolzoni
- Human Physiology Section of the Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Marchese
- Human Physiology Section of the Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Esposti
- Human Physiology Section of the Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Human Physiology Section of the Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Guo R, Zhou C, Wang C, Tsai TY, Yu Y, Wang W, Li G, Cha T. In vivo primary and coupled segmental motions of the healthy female head-neck complex during dynamic head axial rotation. J Biomech 2021; 123:110513. [PMID: 34038861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While previous studies have greatly improved our knowledge on the motion capability of the cervical spine, few reported on the kinematics of the entire head-neck complex (C0-T1) during dynamic activities of the head in the upright posture. This study investigated in vivo kinematics of the entire head-neck complex (C0-T1) of eight female asymptomatic subjects during dynamic left-right head axial rotation using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system and 3D-to-2D registration techniques. During one-sided head rotation (i.e., left or right head rotation), the primary rotation of the overall head-neck complex (C0-T1) reached 55.5 ± 10.8°, the upper cervical spine region (C0-2) had a primary axial rotation of 39.7 ± 9.6° (71.3 ± 8.5% of the overall C0-T1 axial rotation), and the lower cervical spine region (C2-T1) had a primary rotation of 10.0 ± 3.7° (18.6 ± 7.2% of the overall C0-T1 axial rotation). Coupled bending rotations occurred in the upper and lower cervical spine regions in similar magnitude but opposite directions (upper: contralateral bending of 18.2 ± 5.9° versus lower: ipsilateral bending of 21.4 ± 5.1°), resulting in a compensatory cervical lateral curvature that balances the head to rotate horizontally. Furthermore, upper cervical segments (C0-1 or C1-2) provided main mobility in different rotational degrees of freedom needed for head axial rotations. Additionally, we quantitatively described both coupled segmental motions (flexion-extension and lateral bending) by correlation with the overall primary axial rotation of the head-neck complex. This investigation offers comprehensive baseline data regarding primary and coupled motions of craniocervical segments during head axial rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runsheng Guo
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chaochao Zhou
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tsung-Yuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guoan Li
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas Cha
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Neuromechanical response of the upper body to unexpected perturbations during gait initiation in young and older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:909-919. [PMID: 32447739 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of upper body motion deteriorates with ageing leading to impaired ability to preserve balance during gait, but little is known on the contribution of the upper body to preserve balance in response to unexpected perturbations during locomotor transitions, such as gait initiation. AIM To investigate differences between young and older adults in the ability to modify the trunk kinematics and muscle activity following unexpected waist lateral perturbations during gait initiation. METHODS Ten young (25 ± 2 years) and ten older adults (73 ± 5 years) initiated locomotion from stance while a lateral pull was randomly applied to the pelvis. Two force plates were used to define the feet centre-of-pressure displacement. Angular displacement of the trunk in the frontal plane was obtained through motion analysis. Surface electromyography of cervical and thoracic erector spinae muscles was recorded bilaterally. RESULTS A lower trunk lateral bending towards the stance leg side in the preparatory phase of gait initiation was observed in older participants following perturbation. Right thoracic muscle activity was increased in response to the perturbation during the initial phase of gait initiation in young (+ 68%) but not in older participants (+ 7%). CONCLUSIONS The age-related reduction in trunk movement could indicate a more rigid behaviour of the upper body employed by older compared to young individuals in response to unexpected perturbations preceding the initiation of stepping. Older adults' delayed activation of thoracic muscles could suggest impaired reactive mechanisms that may potentially lead to a fall in the early stages of the gait initiation.
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Non-specific chronic low back pain elicits kinematic and neuromuscular changes in walking and gait termination. Gait Posture 2021; 84:238-244. [PMID: 33383534 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is associated with an increased trunk stiffness and muscle coactivation during walking. However, it is still unclear whether CLBP individuals are unable to control neuromechanically their upper body motion during a sudden termination of gait (GT), which involves a challenging balance transition from walking to standing. RESEARCH QUESTION Does CLBP elicit neuromuscular and kinematic changes which are specific to walking and GT?. METHODS Eleven individuals with non-specific CLBP and 11 healthy controls performed walking and sudden GT in response to an external visual cue. 3D kinematic characteristics of thorax, lumbar and pelvis were obtained, with measures of range of motion (ROM) and intra-subject variability of segmental movement being calculated. Electromyographic activity of lumbar and abdominal muscles was recorded to calculate bilateral as well as dorsoventral muscle coactivation. RESULTS CLBP group reported greater transverse ROM of the lumbar segment during walking and GT compared to healthy controls. Thorax sagittal ROM was higher in CLBP than healthy participants during GT. Greater overall movement variability in the transverse plane was observed in the CLBP group while walking, whereas GT produced greater variability of lumbar frontal motion. CLBP participants showed higher bilateral lumbar coactivation compared to healthy participants after the stopping stimulus delivery during GT. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that CLBP can elicit a wider and more variable movement of the upper body during walking and GT, especially in the transverse plane and at lumbar level. Alterations in upper body motor control appeared to depend on task, plane of motion and segmental level. Therefore, these findings should be considered by practitioners when screening before planning specific training interventions for recovery of motor control patterns in CLBP population.
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Rubega M, Di Marco R, Zampini M, Formaggio E, Menegatti E, Bonato P, Masiero S, Del Felice A. Muscular and cortical activation during dynamic and static balance in the elderly: A scoping review. AGING BRAIN 2021; 1:100013. [PMID: 36911521 PMCID: PMC9997172 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Falls due to balance impairment are a major cause of injury and disability in the elderly. The study of neurophysiological correlates during static and dynamic balance tasks is an emerging area of research that could lead to novel rehabilitation strategies and reduce fall risk. This review aims to highlight key concepts and identify gaps in the current knowledge of balance control in the elderly that could be addressed by relying on surface electromyographic (EMG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. The neurophysiological hypotheses underlying balance studies in the elderly as well as the methodologies, findings, and limitations of prior work are herein addressed. The literature shows: 1) a wide heterogeneity in the experimental procedures, protocols, and analyses; 2) a paucity of studies involving the investigation of cortical activity; 3) aging-related alterations of cortical activation during balance tasks characterized by lower cortico-muscular coherence and increased allocation of attentional control to postural tasks in the elderly; and 4) EMG patterns characterized by delayed onset after perturbations, increased levels of activity, and greater levels of muscle co-activation in the elderly compared to younger adults. EMG and EEG recordings are valuable tools to monitor muscular and cortical activity during the performance of balance tasks. However, standardized protocols and analysis techniques should be agreed upon and shared by the scientific community to provide reliable and reproducible results. This will allow researchers to gain a comprehensive knowledge on the neurophysiological changes affecting static and dynamic balance in the elderly and will inform the design of rehabilitative and preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rubega
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, IT, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, IT, Italy
| | - Marianna Zampini
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, IT, Italy
| | - Emanuela Formaggio
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, IT, Italy
| | - Emanuele Menegatti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, IT, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonato
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, IT, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, IT, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Felice
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, IT, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, IT, Italy
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Zhou C, Li G, Wang C, Wang H, Yu Y, Tsai TY, Cha T. In vivo intervertebral kinematics and disc deformations of the human cervical spine during walking. Med Eng Phys 2020; 87:63-72. [PMID: 33461675 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinematics of the cervical spine during various functional neck motions has been widely reported. However, no data has been reported on the cervical intervertebral kinematics during walking, the most frequently performed daily functional activity. In this study, we evaluated cervical kinematics and disc deformation of asymptomatic subjects during a gait cycle using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system. Our measurements showed that the vertical translation of the cervical spine (1.6 ± 0.1 Hz) occurred at twice the frequency of the gait cycle (0.8 ± 0.1 Hz). The overall ranges of motion (ROMs) of the entire (C2-T1) cervical spine were 5.0 ± 3.1° in the flexion-extension rotation, 3.4 ± 1.0° in the lateral-bending rotation, and 5.8 ± 2.1° in the axial-twisting rotation during walking. Each intervertebral disc (measured at the disc centre location) dynamically deformed in its axial direction in a range of 16.2 ± 5.7% ~ 23.7 ± 8.7% (without significant differences among different segment levels, p > 0.05), similar to the ranges of shear deformations of the same disc (p > 0.05, except for the C7-T1 disc, where p = 0.010). These data could be useful for improvements of diagnosis and treatment methods of cervical pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Zhou
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 159 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guoan Li
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 159 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiming Wang
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 159 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 159 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA; Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tsung-Yuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Cha
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 159 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Laudani L, Rum L, Valle MS, Macaluso A, Vannozzi G, Casabona A. Age differences in anticipatory and executory mechanisms of gait initiation following unexpected balance perturbations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:465-478. [PMID: 33106932 PMCID: PMC7862204 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose An age-related decline in anticipatory postural mechanisms has been reported during gait initiation; however, it is unclear whether such decline may jeopardize whole-body stability following unexpected balance perturbations. This study aimed to compare young and older individuals’ ability to generate postural responses and preserve stability in response to external waist perturbations delivered within gait initiation. Methods Ten young and ten older participants performed 10 gait initiation trials followed by 48 unperturbed and 12 perturbed trials in a random order. A stereophotogrammetric system and three force platforms were used to quantify mechanical parameters from the preparatory phase (e.g., timing and amplitude of postural adjustments) and from the stepping phase (e.g., step characteristics and dynamic stability). Activation patterns of lower leg muscles were determined by surface electromyography. Results Older participants responded to perturbation with lower increase in both magnitude (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.62) and duration (p = 0.001; η2p = 0.39) of preparatory parameters and soleus muscle activity (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.55), causing shorter (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.59) and lower (p < 0.001; η2p = 0.43) stepping, compared to young participants. Interestingly, young participants showed greater correlations between preparatory phase parameters and dynamic stability of the first step than older participants (average r of − 0.40 and − 0.06, respectively). Conclusion The results suggest that young participants took more time than older to adjust the anticipatory biomechanical response to perturbation attempting to preserve balance during stepping. In contrast, older adults were unable to modify their anticipatory adjustments in response to perturbation and mainly relied on compensatory mechanisms attempting to preserve stability via a more cautious stepping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Laudani
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Lorenzo Rum
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Valle
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Casabona
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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14
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Maktouf W, Durand S, Boyas S, Pouliquen C, Beaune B. Interactions among obesity and age-related effects on the gait pattern and muscle activity across the ankle joint. Exp Gerontol 2020; 140:111054. [PMID: 32791335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to investigate the combined effects of age and obesity on gait and to analyze the relationship between age and obesity on ankle muscle activities during walking. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 groups; the young non-obese control group (CG, n = 50, age = 31.8 ± 4.5 years; BMI = 21.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2), the young obese group (OB, n = 30, age = 35.4 ± 4.1 years; BMI = 38.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2), the non-obese older adults group (OA, n = 20, age = 76.1 ± 3.5 years; BMI = 24.4 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and the obese older adults group (OBOA, n = 20, age = 79.6 ± 5.7 years; BMI = 35.5 ± 2.7 kg/m2) walked on an instrumented gait analysis treadmill at their preferred walking speed. Spatiotemporal parameters, walking cycle phases, Vertical ground reaction force (GRFv) and center of pressure (CoP) velocity were sampled from the treadmill software. Electromyography (EMG) activity of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), the soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) were also collected during the walking test. A forward stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if body weight or age could predict ankle muscle activities during the different walking cycle phases. RESULTS Compared to OB, OBOA walked with higher CoP velocity, shorter stride, spending more time in support phase (p < .05). These manifestations were associated with higher TA and SOL activities during the 1st double support (1st DS) and higher TA activity during the single support (SS) (p < .05). Compared to OA, OBOA walked with lower GRFv, shorter and wider stride and spend more time in SU (p < .05). Moreover, SOL, TA and GM activities of OBOA were higher compared to OAG during 1st DS, SS and 2nd Double support (2nd DS), respectively (p < .05). During the 1ST DS, the stepwise multiple regression revealed that age accounted for 87% of the variance of TA activity. The addition of age contributed a further 16% to explain the variance TA activity. During the SS, age accounted for 64% and 46% of the variance of SOL and TA activity respectively. The addition of the body weight added further 15% and 66% of the variation of SOL and TA activity respectively. During the 2nd DS, body weight accounted for 86% of the variance and the addition of the body weight added a further 17% to explain the high level of GM. CONCLUSION Age in obese adults and obesity in older adults should be considered separately to evaluate neuromuscular responses during walking and, subsequently, optimize the modality of treatment and rehabilitation processes in obese individuals in order to reduce and/or prevent the risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Maktouf
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Sylvain Durand
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Sébastien Boyas
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Camille Pouliquen
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
| | - Bruno Beaune
- Le Mans University, Movement - Interactions, Performance, MIP, EA 4334, France; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France.
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15
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Mahmood I, Martinez-Hernandez U, Dehghani-Sanij AA. A model identification approach to quantify impact of whole-body vertical vibrations on limb compliant dynamics and walking stability. Med Eng Phys 2020; 80:8-17. [PMID: 32451270 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research is ongoing in the field of orthoses/exoskeleton design for efficient lower limbs assistance. However, despite wearable devices reported to improve lower limb mobility, their structural impacts on whole-body vertical dynamics have not been investigated. This study introduced a model identification approach and frequency domain analysis to quantify the impacts of orthosis-generated vibrations on limb stability and contractile dynamics. Experiments were recorded in the motion capture lab using 11 unimpaired subjects by wearing an adjustable ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). The lower limb musculoskeletal structure was identified as spring-mass (SM) and spring-mass-damper (SMD) based compliant models using the whole-body centre-of-mass acceleration data. Furthermore, Nyquist and Bode methods were implemented to quantify stabilities resulting from vertical impacts. Our results illustrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in lower limb contractile properties by wearing AFO compared with a normal walk. Also, stability margins quantified by wearing AFO illustrated a significant variance in terms of gain-margins (p < 0.05) for both loading and unloading phases whereas phase-margins decreased (p < 0.05) only for the respective unloading phases. The methods introduced here provide evidence that wearable orthoses significantly affect lower limb vertical dynamics and should be considered when evaluating orthosis/prosthesis/exoskeleton effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mahmood
- Institute of Design, Robotics, and Optimisation, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Uriel Martinez-Hernandez
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas A Dehghani-Sanij
- Institute of Design, Robotics, and Optimisation, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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16
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Mantilla J, Wang D, Bargiotas I, Wang J, Cao J, Oudre L, Vidal PP. Motor style at rest and during locomotion in human. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2269-2284. [PMID: 32319842 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans exhibit various motor styles that reflect their intra- and interindividual variability when implementing sensorimotor transformations. This opens important questions, such as, At what point should they be readjusted to maintain optimal motor control? Do changes in motor style reveal the onset of a pathological process and can these changes help rehabilitation and recovery? To further investigate the concept of motor style, tests were carried out to quantify posture at rest and motor control in 18 healthy subjects under four conditions: walking at three velocities (comfortable walking, walking at 4 km/h, and race walking) and running at maximum velocity. The results suggest that motor control can be conveniently decomposed into a static component (a stable configuration of the head and column with respect to the gravitational vertical) and dynamic components (head, trunk, and limb movements) in humans, as in quadrupeds, and both at rest and during locomotion. These skeletal configurations provide static markers to quantify the motor style of individuals because they exhibit large variability among subjects. Also, using four measurements (jerk, root mean square, sample entropy, and the two-thirds power law), it was shown that the dynamics were variable at both intra- and interindividual levels during locomotion. Variability increased following a head-to -toe gradient. These findings led us to select dynamic markers that could define, together with static markers, the motor style of a subject. Finally, our results support the view that postural and motor control are subserved by different neuronal networks in frontal, sagittal, and transversal planes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During human locomotion, motor control can be conveniently decomposed into a static and dynamic components. Variable dynamics were observed at both the intra- and interindividual levels during locomotion. Variability increased following a head-to-toe gradient. Finally, our results support the view that postural and motor control are subserved by different neuronal networks in the frontal, sagittal, and transversal planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mantilla
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SSA, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Paris, France
| | - Danping Wang
- Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China.,Plateforme Sensorimotricité, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis Bargiotas
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SSA, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Paris, France
| | - Junhong Wang
- Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiuwen Cao
- Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laurent Oudre
- L2TI, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Vidal
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SSA, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Paris, France.,Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Mahmood I, Martinez-Hernandez U, Dehghani-Sanij AA. Evaluation of gait transitional phases using neuromechanical outputs and somatosensory inputs in an overground walk. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 69:102558. [PMID: 31989950 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a bipedal walk, the human body experiences continuous changes in stability especially during weight loading and unloading transitions which are reported crucial to avoid fall. Prior stability assessment methods are unclear to quantify stabilities during these gait transitions due to methodological and/or measurement limitations. This study introduces Nyquist and Bode methods to quantify stability gait transitional stabilities using the neuromechanical output (CoP) and somatosensory input (GRF) responses. These methods are implemented for five different walking conditions grouped into walking speed and imitated rotational impairments. The trials were recorded with eleven healthy subjects using motion cameras and force platforms. The time rate of change in O/Is illustrated impulsive responses and modelled in the frequency domain. Nyquist and Bode stability methods are applied to quantify stability margins. Stability margins from outputs illustrated loading phases as stable and unloading phases as unstable in all walking conditions. There was a strong intralimb compensatory interaction (p < .001, Spearman correlation) found between opposite limbs. Overall, both walking groups illustrated a decrease (p < .05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) in stability margins compared with normal/preferred speed walk. Further, stabilities quantified from outputs were found greater in magnitudes than the instability quantified from inputs illustrating the neuromotor balance control ability. These stability outcomes were also compared by applying extrapolated-CoM method. These methods of investigating gait dynamic stability are considered as having important implications for the assessment of ankle-foot impairments, rehabilitation effectiveness, and wearable orthoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mahmood
- Institute of Design, Robotics, and Optimisation, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Abbas A Dehghani-Sanij
- Institute of Design, Robotics, and Optimisation, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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Begue J, Peyrot N, Dalleau G, Caderby T. Age-related changes in the control of whole-body angular momentum during stepping. Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Hausamann P, Daumer M, MacNeilage PR, Glasauer S. Ecological Momentary Assessment of Head Motion: Toward Normative Data of Head Stabilization. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:179. [PMID: 31214001 PMCID: PMC6558158 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Head stabilization is fundamental for balance during locomotion but can be impaired in elderly or diseased populations. Previous studies have identified several parameters of head stability with possible diagnostic value in a laboratory setting. Recently, the ecological validity of measures obtained in such controlled contexts has been called into question. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological validity of previously described parameters of head stabilization in a real-world setting. Ten healthy subjects participated in the study. Head and trunk movements of each subject were recorded with inertial measurement units (IMUs) for a period of at least 10 h. Periods of locomotion were extracted from the measurements and predominant frequencies, root mean squares (RMSs) and bout lengths were estimated. As parameters of head stabilization, attenuation coefficients (ACs), harmonic ratios (HRs), coherences, and phase differences were computed. Predominant frequencies were distributed tightly around 2 Hz and ACs, HRs, and coherences exhibited the highest values in this frequency range. All head stability parameters exhibited characteristics consistent with previous reports, although higher variances were observed. These results suggest that head stabilization is tuned to the 2 Hz fundamental frequency of locomotion and that previously described measures of head stability could generalize to a real-world setting. This is the first study to address the ecological validity of these measures, highlighting the potential use of head stability parameters as diagnostic tools or outcome measures for clinical trials. The low cost and ease of use of the IMU technology used in this study could additionally be of benefit for a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hausamann
- Chair for Data Processing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Chair for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.,The Human Motion Institute, Sylvia Lawry Center for Multiple Sclerosis Research e.V., Munich, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Daumer
- Chair for Data Processing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,The Human Motion Institute, Sylvia Lawry Center for Multiple Sclerosis Research e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Paul R MacNeilage
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Stefan Glasauer
- Chair for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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20
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Rum L, Laudani L, Vannozzi G, Macaluso A. Age-related changes in upper body contribution to braking forward locomotion in women. Gait Posture 2019; 68:81-87. [PMID: 30465946 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gait termination is a transitory task that requires the lower body to produce braking forces and inhibit forward propulsion. However, it is still unknown whether the upper body plays an active role in braking of gait and whether this mechanism is impaired with ageing. RESEARCH QUESTION Do older women exhibit an impaired control of upper body segments during gait termination with respect to young women? METHODS Ten young and 10 older women performed three gait termination trials at comfortable speed while fixing the gaze on a visual target. A 3D motion analysis system was used to measure head, trunk and pelvis angular displacement and velocity, and estimate neck, waist and hip moments through Plug-in Gait modeling. Cross-correlation analysis of kinematic waveforms between paired adjacent segments (head-trunk and trunk-pelvis) was performed to investigate upper body coordination. Surface EMG activity of erector spinae (L3), sternocleidomastoid and neck extensor muscles was recorded. Statistics was carried out by MANOVA. RESULTS Older participants exhibited delayed peak extensor torques of neck, waist and hip compared to young participants, along with lower progression speed. Both groups showed a slight flexion of the trunk counteracted by a backward tilt of head and pelvis during braking. In addition, older women displayed a peculiar upper body coordination pattern, with the head coupling with trunk motion, as shown by cross-correlation. Older women displayed shorter lumbar erector spinae onset latency relative to last heel contact than young (16 ± 68 ms vs 92 ± 37 ms). SIGNIFICANCE The upper body plays an active role in the braking of gait and this mechanism is impaired in older women. Moreover, the age-related coupling of head and trunk motion may produce an unbalancing effect on whole-body stability during the braking mechanism, thus leading to a higher risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rum
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Laudani
- Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, CF23 6XD, Cardiff, UK
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135, Rome, Italy
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21
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Ciprandi D, Zago M, Bertozzi F, Sforza C, Galvani C. Influence of energy cost and physical fitness on the preferred walking speed and gait variability in elderly women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 43:1-6. [PMID: 30125726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Typically gait speed decreases and gait variability increases in elderly. The aim of this study was to define the influence of energy cost of walking on gait speed and of health-related physical fitness on gait variability. Thirty healthy young and older women were recruited in the study. Energy cost of walking (NetCW) was analyzed with indirect calorimetry while a kinematic analysis was performed with an optoelectronic system to calculate gait variability (GV) during treadmill walking at different speeds. Gait speed was defined as the preferred walking speed (PWS) of the subject and health related physical fitness (HRPF) comprised body fat, strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness. In healthy elderly women, the coefficient of variation of step width was found to be a better indicator of GV than stride time, stride length and double support coefficients of variation. GV was not affected by age allowing a high PWS. Furthermore, significant associations, adjusted for age, body mass index and number of falls, were identified neither between NetCW and the PWS, nor between HRPF and GV; only a significant association was found between hand-grip strength and gait stability. Findings highlighted the importance to evaluate hand-grip strength as an indicator of gait efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ciprandi
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, I-20133 Milan, Italy; Exercise and Sport Science Degree Course, Faculties of Education and Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Vle Suzzani 279, I-20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, I-20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Pzza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Bertozzi
- Exercise and Sport Science Degree Course, Faculties of Education and Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Vle Suzzani 279, I-20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Christel Galvani
- Applied Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Vle Suzzani 279, I-20162 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Thomas NM, Donovan T, Dewhurst S, Bampouras TM. Visually fixating or tracking another person decreases balance control in young and older females walking in a real-world scenario. Neurosci Lett 2018; 677:78-83. [PMID: 29689345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Balance control during overground walking was assessed in 10 young (23.6 ± 3.4) and 10 older (71.0 ± 5.5 years) healthy females during free gaze, and when fixating or tracking another person in an everyday use waiting room. Balance control was characterised by medial/lateral sacrum acceleration dispersion, and gaze fixations were simultaneously assessed with eye tracking equipment. The results showed decreased balance control when fixating a stationary (p = 0.003, gav = 0.19) and tracking a walking (p = 0.027, gav = 0.16) person compared to free gaze. The older adults exhibited reduced baseline stability throughout, but the decrease caused by the visual tasks was not more profound than the younger adults. The decreased balance control when fixating on or tracking the observed person was likely due to more challenging conditions for interpreting retinal flow, which facilitated less reliable estimates of self-motion through vision. The older adults either processed retinal flow during the tasks as effectively as the young adults, or they adopted a more rigid posture to facilitate visual stability, which masked any ageing effect of the visual tasks. The decrease in balance control, the first to be shown in this context, may warrant further investigation in those with ocular or vestibular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Thomas
- Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, Active Ageing Research Group, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, LA1 4DH, UK; Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Tim Donovan
- Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, Active Ageing Research Group, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, LA1 4DH, UK
| | - Susan Dewhurst
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Bournemouth University, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Theodoros M Bampouras
- Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, Active Ageing Research Group, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, LA1 4DH, UK
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