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Maguire S, Schmitt PR, Sternlicht E, Kofron CM. Endotracheal Intubation of Difficult Airways in Emergency Settings: A Guide for Innovators. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2023; 16:183-199. [PMID: 37483393 PMCID: PMC10362894 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s419715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 400,000 Americans are intubated in emergency settings annually, with indications ranging from respiratory failure to airway obstructions to anaphylaxis. About 12.7% of emergency intubations are unsuccessful on the first attempt. Failure to intubate on the first attempt is associated with a higher likelihood of adverse events, including oxygen desaturation, aspiration, trauma to soft tissue, dysrhythmia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest. Difficult airways, as classified on an established clinical scale, are found in up to 30% of emergency department (ED) patients and are a significant contributor to failure to intubate. Difficult intubations have been associated with longer lengths of stay and significantly greater costs than standard intubations. There exists a wide range of airway management devices, both invasive and noninvasive, which are available in the emergency setting to accommodate difficult airways. Yet, first-pass success rates remain variable and leave room for improvement. In this article, we review the disease states most correlated with intubation, the current landscape of emergency airway management technologies, and the market potential for innovation. The aim of this review is to inspire new technologies to assist difficult airway management, given the substantial opportunity for translation due to two key-value signposts of medical innovation: the potential to decrease cost and the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Maguire
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Phillip R Schmitt
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eliza Sternlicht
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Celinda M Kofron
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Maurya I, Maurya VP, Mishra R, Moscote-Salazar LR, Janjua T, Yunus M, Agrawal A. Airway Management of Suspected Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in the Emergency Room. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe patients of trauma offers a special challenge because of the associated head injury, maxillofacial, neck and spine injuries, which puts the airway at imminent risk. The response time for the emergency team to initiate the airway management determines the outcome of the individual undergoing treatment. A judious implementatin of triage and ATLS guidelines are helpful in the allocation of resources in airway management of trauma patients. One must not get distracted with the severity of other organ systems because cerebral tissue permits a low threshold to the hypoxic insults. Adequate preparedness and a team effort result in better airway management and improved outcomes in trauma patients with variable hemodynamic response to resuscitation. All possible efforts must be made to secure a definitive airway (if required) and should be verified clinically as well as with the available adjuncts. The success of a trauma team depends on the familiarity to the airways devices and their discrete application in various situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indubala Maurya
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, CG City, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rakesh Mishra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Tariq Janjua
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Physician Regional Medical Center, Naples, Florida, United States
| | - Mohd Yunus
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Scholman C, Westra JM, Zwakenberg MA, Dikkers FG, Halmos GB, Wedman J, Wachters JE, van der Laan BFAM, Plaat BEC. Differences in the diagnostic value between fiberoptic and high definition laryngoscopy for the characterisation of pharyngeal and laryngeal lesions: A multi-observer paired analysis of videos. Clin Otolaryngol 2019; 45:119-125. [PMID: 31747481 PMCID: PMC6972529 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High definition laryngoscopy (HDL) could lead to better interpretation of the pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa than regularly used fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FOL). The primary aim of this study is to quantify the diagnostic advantage of HDL over FOL in detecting mucosal anomalies in general, in differentiating malignant from benign lesions and in predicting specific histological entities. The secondary aim is to analyse image quality of both laryngoscopes. DESIGN Retrospective paired analysis with multiple observers evaluating endoscopic videos simulating daily clinical practice. SETTING A tertiary referral hospital. PARTICIPANTS In 36 patients, both FOL and HDL videos were obtained. Six observers were provided with additional clinical information, and 36 FOL and HDL videos were evaluated in a randomised order. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of observers using both flexible laryngoscopes were calculated for detection of mucosal lesions in general and uncovering malignant lesions. Sensitivities were calculated for prediction of specific histological entities. Image quality (scale 1-10) was assessed for both flexible laryngoscopes. RESULTS HDL reached higher sensitivity compared to FOL for detection of mucosal abnormalities in general (96.0% vs 90.4%; P = .03), differentiating malignant from benign lesions (91.7% vs 79.8%; P = .03) and prediction of specific histological entities (59.7% vs 47.2%; P < .01). Image quality was judged better with HDL in comparison with FOL (mean: 8.4 vs 5.4, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS HDL is superior to FOL in detecting mucosal anomalies in general, malignancies and specific histological entities. Image quality is considered as superior using HDL compared to FOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Scholman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Westra
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon A Zwakenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik G Dikkers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gyorgy B Halmos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wedman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E Wachters
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard F A M van der Laan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn E C Plaat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Grunwell JR, Kamat PP, Miksa M, Krishna A, Walson K, Simon D, Krawiec C, Breuer R, Lee JH, Gradidge E, Tarquinio K, Shenoi A, Shults J, Nadkarni V, Nishisaki A. Trend and Outcomes of Video Laryngoscope Use Across PICUs. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:741-749. [PMID: 28492404 PMCID: PMC6317345 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Video (indirect) laryngoscopy is used as a primary tracheal intubation device for difficult airways in emergency departments and in adult ICUs. The use and outcomes of video laryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy has not been quantified in PICUs or cardiac ICUs. DESIGN Retrospective review of prospectively collected observational data from a multicenter tracheal intubation database (National Emergency Airway Registry for Children) from July 2010 to June 2015. SETTING Thirty-six PICUs/cardiac ICUs across the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Singapore. PATIENTS Any patient admitted to a PICU or a pediatric cardiac ICU and undergoing tracheal intubation. INTERVENTIONS Use of direct laryngoscopy versus video laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were 8,875 tracheal intubations reported in the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children database, including 7,947 (89.5%) tracheal intubations performed using direct laryngoscopy and 928 (10.5%) tracheal intubations performed using video laryngoscopy. Wide variability in video laryngoscopy use exists across PICUs (median, 2.6%; range, 0-55%). Video laryngoscopy was more often used in older children (p < 0.001), in children with history of a difficult airway (p = 0.01), in children intubated for ventilatory failure (p < 0.001), and to facilitate the completion of an elective procedure (p = 0.048). After adjusting for patient-level covariates, a secular trend, and site-level variance, the use of video laryngoscopy significantly increased over a 5-year period compared with fiscal year 2011 (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.7-26.8 for fiscal year 2014 and odds ratio, 11.2; 95% CI, 3.2-38.9 for fiscal year 2015). The use of video laryngoscopy was independently associated with a lower occurrence of tracheal intubation adverse events (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42-0.77; p < 0.001) but not with a lower occurrence of severe tracheal intubation adverse events (adjusted odds ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.56-1.32; p = 0.49) or fewer multiple attempts at endotracheal intubation (adjusted odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.71-1.22; p = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS Using National Emergency Airway Registry for Children data, we described patient-centered adverse outcomes associated with video laryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in the largest reported international cohort of children to date. Data from this study may be used to design sufficiently powered prospective studies comparing patient-centered outcomes for video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy during endotracheal intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R Grunwell
- 1Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. 2Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. 3Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children's Hospital, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY. 4Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite, Atlanta, GA. 5Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. 6Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA. 7Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. 8Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. 9Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ. 10Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. 11Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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Swaminathan AK, Berkowitz R, Baker A, Spyres M. Do emergency medicine residents receive appropriate video laryngoscopy training? A survey to compare the utilization of video laryngoscopy devices in emergency medicine residency programs and community emergency departments. J Emerg Med 2015; 48:613-9. [PMID: 25648052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Video laryngoscopy (VL) has emerged as a critical tool in the "difficult airway" armamentarium of emergency physicians. The resultant increase in the types of available VL devices has made Emergency Medicine Residency (EMR) training in VL increasingly challenging. Additionally, the prevalence of VL devices in the community is unknown. Because Emergency Medicine (EM) residents go on to work in diverse settings, many in non-EMR emergency departments (EDs), it is preferable that they receive training on the airway modalities they will encounter in practice. OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence and type of VL devices in EMR programs to non-EMR EDs. METHODS This was a survey study conducted from July 2012 to October 2012 of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited, MD EMR programs in the United States and non-EMR EDs in New York State. A chi-squared test was performed to determine whether the difference in VL prevalence was significant. RESULTS There were 158 EMR programs and 132 non-EMR EDs surveyed; 97.8% of EMR and 84.3% of non-EMR EDs reported having some form of VL in their departments. The difference in proportion of EMR vs. non-EMR EDs that have VL was χ(2) = 13 (p < 0.001). The Glidescope® device (Verathon Medical, Bothell, WA) was present in 87.7% of EMR programs and 79.3% of non-EMR EDs. CONCLUSIONS The majority of EMR programs trained residents in VL. The Glidescope device was used most frequently. Non-EMR EDs in New York State had a lower presence of VL devices, with the Glidescope device again being the most common. These results demonstrate that VL is pervasive in both practice environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Swaminathan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine/Bellevue Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Berkowitz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine/Bellevue Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Annalee Baker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine/Bellevue Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Meghan Spyres
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine/Bellevue Hospital, New York, New York
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Vassiliadis J, Tzannes A, Hitos K, Brimble J, Fogg T. Comparison of the C-MAC video laryngoscope with direct Macintosh laryngoscopy in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 2015; 27:119-25. [DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Vassiliadis
- Emergency Department; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Clinical Skills and Simulation Centre; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Discipline of Emergency Medicine; Sydney University Medical School; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Alex Tzannes
- Emergency Department; St George Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Greater Sydney HEMS; Ambulance Service of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kerry Hitos
- Discipline of Surgery; The University of Sydney; Westmead Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Westmead Research Centre for the Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes; The University of Sydney; Westmead Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jessica Brimble
- Emergency Department; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Toby Fogg
- Emergency Department; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Discipline of Emergency Medicine; Sydney University Medical School; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- CareFlight; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Sakles JC, Mosier JM, Patanwala AE, Dicken JM, Kalin L, Javedani PP. The C-MAC® video laryngoscope is superior to the direct laryngoscope for the rescue of failed first-attempt intubations in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2014; 48:280-6. [PMID: 25498851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of the C-MAC® video laryngoscope (CMAC) to the direct laryngoscope (DL) when used to rescue a failed first attempt intubation in the emergency department (ED). METHODS Data were prospectively collected on all patients intubated in an academic ED center over a five-year period from February 1, 2009 to January 31, 2014 when both the CMAC and the DL were available. Following each intubation the operator completed a continuous quality improvement (CQI) form documenting patient, operator and intubation characteristics. All orotracheal intubations attempted by emergency physicians (EPs) on adult patients with a failed first intubation attempt, and in which the CMAC or the DL was used for the second attempt, were included. The primary outcome was successful intubation on the second attempt using either the CMAC or the DL. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS During the five-year study period, there were 460 adult orotracheal intubation attempts by EPs which were not successful on the first attempt. In 398 (86.5%) of these cases the same operator performed the second attempt. The CMAC was utilized for the second attempt in 141 cases and was successful in 116 (82.3%; 95% CI 75.0%-88.2%) and the DL was utilized in 94 cases and was successful in 58 (61.7%; 95% CI 51.1%-71.5%). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis the CMAC was associated with an increased odds (adjusted OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.9-6.7) of a second attempt success compared to the DL. CONCLUSIONS After a failed first intubation attempt in the ED, regardless of the initial device used, the CMAC was more successful than the DL when used for the second attempt. This suggests that the CMAC is the preferred rescue device after an initial intubation attempt in the ED fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Sakles
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jarrod M Mosier
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Asad E Patanwala
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John M Dicken
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leah Kalin
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Parisa P Javedani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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Sakles JC, Mosier J, Chiu S, Cosentino M, Kalin L. A comparison of the C-MAC video laryngoscope to the Macintosh direct laryngoscope for intubation in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60:739-48. [PMID: 22560464 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We determine the proportion of successful intubations with the C-MAC video laryngoscope (C-MAC) compared with the direct laryngoscope in emergency department (ED) intubations. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data entered into a continuous quality improvement database during a 28-month period in an academic ED. After each intubation, the operator completed a standardized data form evaluating multiple aspects of the intubation, including patient demographics, indication for intubation, device(s) used, reason for device selection, difficult airway characteristics, number of attempts, and outcome of each attempt. Intubation was considered ultimately successful if the endotracheal tube was correctly inserted into the trachea with the initial device. An attempt was defined as insertion of the device into the mouth regardless of whether there was an attempt to pass the tube. The primary outcome measure was ultimate success. Secondary outcome measures were first-attempt success, Cormack-Lehane view, and esophageal intubation. Multivariate logistic regression analyses, with the inclusion of a propensity score, were performed for the outcome variables ultimate success and first-attempt success. RESULTS During the 28-month study period, 750 intubations were performed with either the C-MAC with a size 3 or 4 blade or a direct laryngoscope with a Macintosh size 3 or 4 blade. Of these, 255 were performed with the C-MAC as the initial device and 495 with a Macintosh direct laryngoscope as the initial device. The C-MAC resulted in successful intubation in 248 of 255 cases (97.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 94.4% to 98.9%). A direct laryngoscope resulted in successful intubation in 418 of 495 cases (84.4%; 95% CI 81.0% to 87.5%). In the multivariate regression model, with a propensity score included, the C-MAC was positively predictive of ultimate success (odds ratio 12.7; 95% CI 4.1 to 38.8) and first-attempt success (odds ratio 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.8). When the C-MAC was used as a video laryngoscope, a Cormack-Lehane grade I or II view (video) was obtained in 117 of 125 cases (93.6%; 95% CI 87.8% to 97.2%), whereas when a direct laryngoscope was used, a grade I or II view was obtained in 410 of 495 cases (82.8%; 95% CI 79.2% to 86.1%). The C-MAC was associated with immediately recognized esophageal intubation in 4 of 255 cases (1.6%; 95% CI 0.4% to 4.0%), whereas a direct laryngoscope was associated with immediately recognized esophageal intubation in 24 of 495 cases (4.8%; 95% CI 3.1% to 7.1%). CONCLUSION When used for emergency intubations in the ED, the C-MAC was associated with a greater proportion of successful intubations and a greater proportion of Cormack-Lehane grade I or II views compared with a direct laryngoscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Sakles
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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