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Nohra E, Appelbaum RD, Farrell MS, Carver T, Jung HS, Kirsch JM, Kodadek LM, Mandell S, Nassar AK, Pathak A, Paul J, Robinson B, Cuschieri J, Stein DM. Fever and infections in surgical intensive care: an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee clinical consensus document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2024; 9:e001303. [PMID: 38835635 PMCID: PMC11149120 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation and workup of fever and the use of antibiotics to treat infections is part of daily practice in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Fever can be infectious or non-infectious; it is important to distinguish between the two entities wherever possible. The evidence is growing for shortening the duration of antibiotic treatment of common infections. The purpose of this clinical consensus document, created by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Critical Care Committee, is to synthesize the available evidence, and to provide practical recommendations. We discuss the evaluation of fever, the indications to obtain cultures including urine, blood, and respiratory specimens for diagnosis of infections, the use of procalcitonin, and the decision to initiate empiric antibiotics. We then describe the treatment of common infections, specifically ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary infection, catheter-related bloodstream infection, bacteremia, surgical site infection, intra-abdominal infection, ventriculitis, and necrotizing soft tissue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Nohra
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel D Appelbaum
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Thomas Carver
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hee Soo Jung
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jordan Michael Kirsch
- Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center/ New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Kodadek
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samuel Mandell
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aussama Khalaf Nassar
- Department of Surgery, Section of Acute Care Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Abhijit Pathak
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jasmeet Paul
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Bryce Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph Cuschieri
- Department of Surgery, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deborah M Stein
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Pham D, Hopkins BJ, Chavez AA, Brown LS, Barshikar S, Prokesch BC. Impact of Urine Culture Reflex Policy Implementation in a Large County Hospital Inpatient Rehabilitation Unit-A Pilot Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 103:525-531. [PMID: 38261766 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To promote antimicrobial stewardship, many institutions have implemented a policy of reflexing to a urine culture based on a positive urinalysis result. The rehabilitation patient population, including individuals with brain and spinal cord injuries, may have atypical presentations of urinary tract infections. The study objective is to determine the effects of implementing a urine culture reflex policy in this specific patient population. DESIGN In an inpatient rehabilitation unit, 348 urinalyses were analyzed from August 2019 to June 2021. Urinalysis with greater than or equal to 10 white blood cells per high power field was automatically reflexed to a urine culture in this prospective study. Primary outcome was return to acute care related to urinary tract infection. Secondary outcomes included adherence to reflex protocol, antibiotic utilization and appropriateness, adverse outcomes related to antibiotic use, and reduction in urine cultures processed and the associated reduction in healthcare costs. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference before and after intervention related to the primary outcome. Urine cultures processed were reduced by 58% after intervention. CONCLUSIONS Urine culture reflex policy is likely an effective intervention to reduce the frequency of urine cultures without significantly affecting the need to transfer patients from inpatient rehabilitation back to the acute care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pham
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Parkland Memorial Hospital and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (DP); Dallas ID Associates, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Irving, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center-Grapevine, Medical City Las Colinas, Irving, Texas (BJH); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation, Charleston, Massachusetts (AAC); Department of Health System Research at Parkland Health Hospital, Dallas, Texas (LSB); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (SB); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (BCP)
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Froom P, Shimoni Z. Laboratory Tests, Bacterial Resistance, and Treatment Options in Adult Patients Hospitalized with a Suspected Urinary Tract Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1078. [PMID: 38893605 PMCID: PMC11172264 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients treated for systemic urinary tract infections commonly have nonspecific presentations, and the specificity of the results of the urinalysis and urine cultures is low. In the following narrative review, we will describe the widespread misuse of urine testing, and consider how to limit testing, the disutility of urine cultures, and the use of antibiotics in hospitalized adult patients. Automated dipstick testing is more precise and sensitive than the microscopic urinalysis which will result in false negative test results if ordered to confirm a positive dipstick test result. There is evidence that canceling urine cultures if the dipstick is negative (negative leukocyte esterase, and nitrite) is safe and helps prevent the overuse of urine cultures. Because of the side effects of introducing a urine catheter, for patients who cannot provide a urine sample, empiric antibiotic treatment should be considered as an alternative to culturing the urine if a trial of withholding antibiotic therapy is not an option. Treatment options that will decrease both narrower and wider spectrum antibiotic use include a period of watching and waiting before antibiotic therapy and empiric treatment with antibiotics that have resistance rates > 10%. Further studies are warranted to show the option that maximizes patient comfort and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Froom
- Clinical Utility Department, Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya 4244916, Israel
- School of Public Health, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zvi Shimoni
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel;
- Sanz Medical Center, Laniado Hospital, Netanya 4244916, Israel
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Castillo AY, Chan JD, Lynch JB, Bryson-Cahn C. How to disagree better: utilizing advocacy-inquiry techniques to improve communication and spur behavior change. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2023; 3:e201. [PMID: 38028895 PMCID: PMC10654947 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to provide feedback to a colleague is a key skill required for professional growth and patient safety. However, these conversations are limited by time constraints, differences in values, and a culture of "noninterference." This advocacy-inquiry-identify-teach framework creates an organized approach to initiating successful "challenging" conversations with peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Y. Castillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeannie D. Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John B. Lynch
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chloe Bryson-Cahn
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA, USA
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Kofoed B, Morris J, Rich J. An Initiative to Stop Antibiotics Prescribed for Urinary Symptoms When Urine Culture Is Negative. J Healthc Qual 2023; 45:371-376. [PMID: 37919958 DOI: 10.1097/jhq.0000000000000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Urinary symptoms pose frequent diagnostic and management challenges in the emergency department (ED). In our regional health system, we identified the problem of patients started on antibiotics for urinary symptoms in the ED without a process for eventual review or discontinuation if urine culture (UC) later resulted as negative. To address this gap, we implemented a pharmacist-driven follow-up process to discontinue antibiotics after a negative UC. After project implementation, cases reviewed by a pharmacist increased from 0% to 96.7%. Patients contacted to discontinue antibiotics increased from 0% to 40% postintervention. This process improvement is now shared across five rural departments. Our results have broad applicability in any ED environment.
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van Horrik TMZXK, Laan BJ, Huizinga AB, Hoitinga G, Poortvliet WP, Geerlings SE. Why Are We Frequently Ordering Urinalyses in Patients without Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections in the Emergency Department? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10757. [PMID: 36078472 PMCID: PMC9518362 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: In the emergency department (ED), ordering urine tests in patients without symptoms of a urinary tract infection can lead to inappropriate antimicrobial treatment. We aimed to identify factors contributing to the unnecessary ordering of urinalyses in the ED. (2) Methods: An online survey study among nurses and physicians working in the EDs of five hospitals in the Netherlands was conducted. (3) Results: The overall response rate was 26% (221/850; 85 nurses and 136 physicians). The vast majority of the respondents reported knowing when to order urine tests (197/221; 90%). Almost two-thirds of the respondents (145/221; 66%) agreed that they ordered urinalyses because it is rapid and non-invasive to patients. Most nurses (66/86; 78%) said they informed the doctor if they thought the urine test would not contribute to the patient's diagnosis, but only one-third of the physicians agreed with this statement (44/136; 32%). Most respondents (160/221; 72%) thought guidelines or protocols about urinalyses in the ED would be functional. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest urinalyses were frequently ordered in the ED to achieve a fast work process. Nurses and physicians could improve their communication about the indications for urine tests. Developing diagnostic guidelines for urine testing may be convenient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M. Z. X. K. van Horrik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Room D3-226 Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. Laan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Room D3-226 Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allard B. Huizinga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Room D3-226 Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gercora Hoitinga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter P. Poortvliet
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Meander MC, 3813 TZ Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne E. Geerlings
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Room D3-226 Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Johnson MD, Davis AP, Dyer AP, Jones TM, Spires SS, Ashley ED. Top Myths of Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases in Hospital Medicine. Am J Med 2022; 135:828-835. [PMID: 35367180 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are among the most frequently prescribed medications during hospitalization. However, approximately 30% to 50% or more of inpatient antimicrobial use is unnecessary or suboptimal. Herein, we describe 10 common myths of diagnosis and management that often occur in the hospital setting. Further, we discuss supporting data to dispel each of these myths. This analysis will provide hospitalists and other clinicians with a foundation for rational decision-making about antimicrobial use and support antimicrobial stewardship efforts at both the patient and institutional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Johnson
- Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network (DASON), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Angelina P Davis
- Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network (DASON), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - April P Dyer
- Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network (DASON), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Travis M Jones
- Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network (DASON), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - S Shaefer Spires
- Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network (DASON), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Elizabeth Dodds Ashley
- Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network (DASON), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Al-Zubaidi O, Al-Salman A. Assessment of parents’ awareness about urinary tract infections in children of Babylon Province. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BABYLON 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_82_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Reducing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection: The Impact of Routine Screening in the Geriatric Hip Fracture Population. J Trauma Nurs 2021; 28:290-297. [PMID: 34491944 DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a noted complication among geriatric hip fracture patients. This complication results in negative outcomes for both the patients and the institution providing care. Screening measures to identify predisposing factors, with early diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) present on admission, may lead to reduced rates of CAUTI. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were to determine the prevalence of UTI on admission among geriatric hip fracture patients and whether routine screening for UTI or predisposing factors at presentation resulted in reduced rates of CAUTI. METHODS A retrospective observational study of geriatric hip fracture patients from January 2017 to December 2018 at a Level I trauma center was performed. Rates of UTI on admission and CAUTI were calculated using routine admission urinalysis. RESULTS Of the 183 patients in the sample, 36.1% had UTI on admission and 4.4% of patients developed CAUTI. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, comorbidities, and complications between those with UTI on admission and those without. CONCLUSIONS Urinary tract infection on admission may be present among a large portion of geriatric hip fracture patients, leading to increased rates of CAUTI. Routine screening for UTI and its predisposing factors at admission can identify these patients earlier and lead to earlier treatments and prevention of CAUTI.
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10
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Rosarior VL, Lim PS, Wong WK, Yue CS, Yam HC, Tan SA. Antioxidant-rich Clove Extract, A Strong Antimicrobial Agent against Urinary Tract Infections-causing Bacteria in vitro. Trop Life Sci Res 2021; 32:45-63. [PMID: 34367514 PMCID: PMC8300942 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2021.32.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an exotic culinary spice that has been used for centuries due to its known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The main aim of this study is to compare the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant capacity of clove ethanolic extract (CEE) and commercial clove essential oil (CEO) at a standardised eugenol content. Disk diffusion assay showed that CEE (2000 μg) was able to exhibit broad-spectrum inhibition against both Gram negative and Gram positive Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)-causing pathogens: Proteus mirabilis (19.7 ± 0.6 mm) > Staphylococcus epidermidis (18 mm) > Staphylococcus aureus (14.7 ± 0.6 mm) > Escherichia coli (12.7 ± 0.6 mm) > Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.3 ± 0.6 mm) (according to the size of inhibition zone). Interestingly, the comparison between CEE and commercial CEO revealed that the former demonstrated stronger antimicrobial and antioxidative properties at similar eugenol concentration. The EC50 of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and reducing power assay for CEE were determined as 0.037 mg/mL, 0.68 mg/mL and 0.44 mg/mL, respectively. Besides eugenol, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses identified the presence of kaempferol, gallic acid and catechin in CEE. As a conclusion, we concluded that there was a possible synergistic effect between eugenol and the others active compounds especially kaempferol which led to the observed bioactivities in CEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lee Rosarior
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pei Shan Lim
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kit Wong
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chen Son Yue
- Department of Physical Science, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hok Chai Yam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Campus (South Wing), No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Taman Connaught, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sheri-Ann Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Middelkoop SJM, van Pelt LJ, Kampinga GA, Ter Maaten JC, Stegeman CA. Influence of gender on the performance of urine dipstick and automated urinalysis in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections at the emergency department. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 87:44-50. [PMID: 33775508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently encountered at the Emergency Department (ED). Given the anatomical differences between men and women, we aimed to clarify differences in the diagnostic performance of urinary parameters at the ED. METHODS A cohort study of adults presenting at the ED with fever and/or clinical suspected UTI. Performance of urine dipstick (UD) and automated urinalysis (UF-1000i) were analysed for the total study population and men and women separately. We focused on 1) UTI diagnosis and 2) positive urine culture (UC, ≥105 CFU/ml) as outcome. RESULTS In 360 of 917 cases (39.3%) UTI was established (men/women 35.1%/43.6%). Diagnostic accuracy of UD was around 10% lower in women compared to men. Median automated leucocyte and bacterial count were higher in women compared to men. Diagnostic performance by receiver operating analysis was 0.851 for leucocytes (men/women 0.879/0.817) and 0.850 for bacteria (men/women 0.898/0.791). At 90% sensitivity, cut-off values of leucocyte count (men 60/µL, women 43/µL), and bacterial count (men 75/µL, women 139/µL) showed performance differences in favour of men. In both men and women, diagnostic performance using specified cut-off values was not different between normal and non-normal bladder evacuation. UC was positive in 327 cases (men/women 149/178), as with UTI diagnosis, diagnostic values in men outperformed women. CONCLUSIONS Overall diagnostic accuracy of urinary parameters for diagnosing UTI is higher in men. The described differences in cut-off values for leukocyte and bacterial counts for diagnosing UTI necessitates gender-specific cut-off values, probably reflecting the influence of anatomical and urogenital differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J M Middelkoop
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L J van Pelt
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G A Kampinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J C Ter Maaten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C A Stegeman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Tryphena C, Sahni RD, John S, Jeyapaul S, George A, Helan J. A retrospective study on the microbial spectrum and antibiogram of uropathogens in children in a secondary care hospital in Rural Vellore, South India. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1706-1711. [PMID: 34123916 PMCID: PMC8144762 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2090_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common among children. Empiric antibiotics have to be started as early as possible or it may lead to an irreversible renal parenchymal damage and renal scarring in children. The objectives were to determine the prevalence and microbial profile of paediatric UTI and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Methodology: This is a retrospective study which looked at urine cultures of children below 15 years that were sent during the study period. Results: Among the total urine cultures sent only 21.2% showed significant growth of organisms. The most common organism isolated was E. coli (75.5%). E. coli was least sensitive to cefpodoxime and co-trimoxazole, whereas highly sensitive to nitrofurantoin. Of the total children who had significant growth, 46% had ESBL. Discussion: The prevalence of culture-proven UTI among children was found to be 21.2%. The most common organism isolated among the study population was E. coli (75.5%) followed by Enterococcus species (19.0%) and Klebsiella species (14.5%). It was also found that E. coli was least sensitive to cefpodoxime (31.6%) and co-trimoxazole (26.3%), moderately to amoxicillin-clavulanate (52.4%), whereas highly sensitive to nitrofurantoin (82.9%). This was similar with the studies done at other secondary care hospitals, in Oman and Oddanchathram, South India. Conclusions: With the increasing resistance, cephalosporins should not be used in treating paediatric UTI, whereas nitrofurantoin can be started as an empiric antibiotic, which can later be changed according to the susceptibility pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherryl Tryphena
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rani Diana Sahni
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sushil John
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shalini Jeyapaul
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anne George
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jasmine Helan
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Campbell A, Hartling L, Louie-Poon S, Scott SD. Exploring the Experiences and Information Needs of Parents Caring for a Child With a Urinary Tract Infection: A Qualitative Study. J Patient Exp 2021; 8:23743735211008299. [PMID: 34179429 PMCID: PMC8205397 DOI: 10.1177/23743735211008299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children, however, clinical
practice variations can leave parents unsure how to care for their child. We aim
to develop knowledge tools that provide evidence-based information about
pediatric UTIs. To inform tool development, we asked parents to share their
experiences and information needs in caring for a child with a UTI. Using
qualitative description methods, 16 semistructured interviews were conducted
with 18 parents. Parents were recruited through the emergency department (ED) of
a major Canadian urban pediatric hospital. Five major themes emerged: (1) parent
descriptions of their child’s symptoms and behaviors; (2) UTIs have an effect on
the entire family; (3) reasons for going to the ED; (4) parent experiences with
UTI treatment, management, and follow-up strategies for their child; and (5)
parent information needs and preferred information sources for UTIs. Our
findings highlight the diversity of UTI symptoms children experience, which
causes uncertainty and confusion for parents. This diversity suggests the
development of knowledge tools for parents about UTIs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Hartling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Veillette JJ, Waters CD, Gelman SS, Hoopes L, Vargyas G, McKay A, Good T, Olson J, Vento TJ. Antibiotic prescribing for adult bacteriuria and pyuria in community hospital emergency departments. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 40:1-5. [PMID: 33326910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe emergency department (ED) antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and to identify improvement opportunities. METHODS Patients treated for UTI in 16 community hospital EDs were reviewed to identify prescribing that was unnecessary (any treatment for ASB, duration >7 days for cystitis or >14 days for pyelonephritis) or suboptimal [ineffective antibiotics (nitrofurantoin/fosfomycin) or duration <7 days for pyelonephritis]. Duration criteria were based on recommendations for complicated UTI since criteria for uncomplicated UTI were not reviewed. 14-day repeat ED visits were evaluated. RESULTS Of 250,788 ED visits, UTI was diagnosed in 13,466 patients (5%), and 1427 of these (11%) were manually reviewed. 286/1427 [20%, 95% CI: 18-22%] met criteria for ASB and received 2068 unnecessary antibiotic days [mean (±SD) 7 (2) days]. Mean treatment duration was 7 (2) days for cystitis and 9 (2) days for pyelonephritis. Of 446 patients with cystitis, 128 (29%) were prescribed >7 days (total 396 unnecessary). Of 422 pyelonephritis patients, 0 (0%) were prescribed >14 days, 20 (5%) were prescribed <7 days, and 9 (2%) were given ineffective antibiotics. Overall, prescribing was unnecessary or suboptimal in 443/1427 [31%, 95% CI: 29-33%] resulting in 2464/11,192 (22%) unnecessary antibiotic days and 8 (0.5%) preventable ED visits. CONCLUSIONS Among reviewed patients, poor UTI prescribing in 16 EDs resulted in unnecessary antibiotic days and preventable readmissions. Key areas for improvement include non-treatment of ASB and shorter durations for cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Veillette
- Infectious Diseases Telehealth Service, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA.
| | - C Dustin Waters
- Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Healthcare, McKay-Dee Hospital, Ogden, UT, USA
| | - Stephanie S Gelman
- Infectious Diseases Telehealth Service, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Hoopes
- Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Healthcare, Bear River Valley Hospital, Tremonton, UT, USA
| | - George Vargyas
- Utah Emergency Physicians, Intermountain Medical Center Emergency Department, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Alyssa McKay
- Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Healthcare, American Fork Hospital, American Fork, UT, USA
| | - Tatiana Good
- Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Healthcare, American Fork Hospital, American Fork, UT, USA
| | - Jared Olson
- Department of Pharmacy, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Todd J Vento
- Infectious Diseases Telehealth Service, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
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15
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Petty LA, Vaughn VM, Flanders SA, Patel T, Malani AN, Ratz D, Kaye KS, Pogue JM, Dumkow LE, Thyagarajan R, Hsaiky LM, Osterholzer D, Kronick SL, McLaughlin E, Gandhi TN. Assessment of Testing and Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Initiated in the Emergency Department. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa537. [PMID: 33324723 PMCID: PMC7724506 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing antibiotic use in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) has been inpatient focused. However, testing and treatment is often started in the emergency department (ED). Thus, for hospitalized patients with ASB, we sought to identify patterns of testing and treatment initiated by emergency medicine (EM) clinicians and the association of treatment with outcomes. Methods We conducted a 43-hospital, cohort study of adults admitted through the ED with ASB (February 2018-February 2020). Using generalized estimating equation models, we assessed for (1) factors associated with antibiotic treatment by EM clinicians and, after inverse probability of treatment weighting, (2) the effect of treatment on outcomes. Results Of 2461 patients with ASB, 74.4% (N = 1830) received antibiotics. The EM clinicians ordered urine cultures in 80.0% (N = 1970) of patients and initiated treatment in 68.5% (1253 of 1830). Predictors of EM clinician treatment of ASB versus no treatment included dementia, spinal cord injury, incontinence, urinary catheter, altered mental status, leukocytosis, and abnormal urinalysis. Once initiated by EM clinicians, 79% (993 of 1253) of patients remained on antibiotics for at least 3 days. Antibiotic treatment was associated with a longer length of hospitalization (mean 5.1 vs 4.2 days; relative risk = 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.23) and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) (0.9% [N = 11] vs 0% [N = 0]; P = .02). Conclusions Among hospitalized patients ultimately diagnosed with ASB, EM clinicians commonly initiated testing and treatment; most antibiotics were continued by inpatient clinicians. Antibiotic treatment was not associated with improved outcomes, whereas it was associated with prolonged hospitalization and CDI. For best impact, stewardship interventions must expand to the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Petty
- Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Valerie M Vaughn
- Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Scott A Flanders
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Twisha Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anurag N Malani
- Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Joseph Mercy Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Ratz
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Keith S Kaye
- Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason M Pogue
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa E Dumkow
- Department of Pharmacy, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Lama M Hsaiky
- Department of Pharmacy, Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn, Michigan, USA
| | - Danielle Osterholzer
- Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven L Kronick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth McLaughlin
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tejal N Gandhi
- Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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16
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Rothe K, Spinner CD, Waschulzik B, Janke C, Schneider J, Schneider H, Braitsch K, Smith C, Schmid RM, Busch DH, Katchanov J. A diagnostic algorithm for detection of urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients with bacteriuria: The "Triple F" approach supported by Procalcitonin and paired blood and urine cultures. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240981. [PMID: 33091046 PMCID: PMC7580978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For acute medicine physicians, distinguishing between asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) and clinically relevant urinary tract infections (UTI) is challenging, resulting in overtreatment of ABU and under-recognition of urinary-source bacteraemia without genitourinary symptoms (USB). We conducted a retrospective analysis of ED encounters in a university hospital between October 2013 and September 2018 who met the following inclusion criteria: Suspected UTI with simultaneous collection of paired urinary cultures and blood cultures (PUB) and determination of Procalcitonin (PCT). We sought to develop a simple algorithm based on clinical signs and PCT for the management of suspected UTI. Individual patient presentations were retrospectively evaluated by a clinical "triple F" algorithm (F1 ="fever", F2 ="failure", F3 ="focus") supported by PCT and PUB. We identified 183 ED patients meeting the inclusion criteria. We introduced the term UTI with systemic involvement (SUTI) with three degrees of diagnostic certainty: bacteremic UTI (24.0%; 44/183), probable SUTI (14.2%; 26/183) and possible SUTI (27.9%; 51/183). In bacteremic UTI, half of patients (54.5%; 24/44) presented without genitourinary symptoms. Discordant bacteraemia was diagnosed in 16 patients (24.6% of all bacteremic patients). An alternative focus was identified in 67 patients, five patients presented with S. aureus bacteremia. 62 patients were diagnosed with possible UTI (n = 20) or ABU (n = 42). Using the proposed "triple F" algorithm, dichotomised PCT of < 0.25 pg/ml had a negative predictive value of 88.7% and 96.2% for bacteraemia und accordant bacteraemia respectively. The application of the algorithm to our cohort could have resulted in 33.3% reduction of BCs. Using the diagnostic categories "possible" or "probable" SUTI as a trigger for initiation of antimicrobial treatment would have reduced or streamlined antimicrobial use in 30.6% and 58.5% of cases, respectively. In conclusion, the "3F" algorithm supported by PCT and PUB is a promising diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Rothe
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christoph D. Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Waschulzik
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Janke
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Schneider
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Krischan Braitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Smith
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juri Katchanov
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Pinkerton M, Bongu J, James A, Lowder J, Durkin M. A qualitative analysis of diagnostic testing, antibiotic selection, and quality improvement interventions for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238453. [PMID: 32877460 PMCID: PMC7467288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) can often be diagnosed based solely on symptoms and should be treated with a short course of narrow spectrum antibiotics. However, clinicians often order urine analyses and prescribe long courses of broad spectrum antibiotics. OBJECTIVE The objectives of our study are: 1) Understand how primary care providers and residents clinically approach UTIs and 2) to understand specific opportunities, based on provider type, to target future antibiotic stewardship interventions. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews of community primary care providers (n = 15) and internal medicine residents (n = 15) in St. Louis, Missouri from 2018-2019. A 5-point Likert scale was used to evaluate participant preferences for possible interventions. Interviews were transcribed, de-identified, and coded by two independent researchers using a combination inductive and deductive approach. KEY RESULTS Several common themes emerged. Both providers and residents ordered urine tests to "confirm" presence of urinary tract infections. Antibiotic prescription decisions were often based on historical practice and anecdotal experience rather than local susceptibility data or clinical practice guidelines. Community providers were more comfortable treating patients over the phone than residents and tended to prescribe longer courses of antibiotics. Both community providers and residents voiced frustrations with guidelines being difficult to easily incorporate due to length and extraneous information. Preferences for receiving and incorporating guidelines into practice varied. Both groups felt benchmarking would improve prescribing practices but had reservations about implementation. Community providers preferred pragmatic clinical decision support systems and nurse triage algorithms. Residents preferred order sets. CONCLUSIONS Significant opportunities exist to optimize urinary tract infection management among residents and community providers. Multifaceted interventions that include provider education, synthesis of guidelines, and pragmatic clinical decision support systems are needed to improve antibiotic prescribing and diagnostic testing; optimal interventions to improve UTI management may vary based on provider training level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pinkerton
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jahnavi Bongu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aimee James
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jerry Lowder
- Division of Urogynecology and Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael Durkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Başer A, Yilmaz A, Başer HY, Özlülerden Y, Zümrütbaş AE. Which patient should start empirical antibiotic treatment in urinary tract infection in emergency departments? Turk J Emerg Med 2020; 20:111-117. [PMID: 32832730 PMCID: PMC7416856 DOI: 10.4103/2452-2473.290064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the factors that would lead the doctors in EDs to a more the accurate diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) and the correct initiation of empirical antibiotherapy in the emergency room and reduce the use of unnecessary antibiotherapy. METHODS: This study is a prospective observational study from a single-center, investigating patients with an age of 18 years and older who presented to the emergency department (ED) with the symptoms of UTI between January and May 2018. The guiding parameters to establish a UTI diagnosis and start an empirical antibiotherapy were investigated between the negative (Group 1) and positive (>103 colonies) (Group 2) groups, as a result of urine culture in terms of urine culture. RESULTS: Our study included a total of 108 patients (59 women and 49 men). The average age was 47.11 ± 14.97. Age and gender were similar among the groups and not a discriminating factor in the diagnosis of UTI. High Charlson Comorbidity Index score, history of chronic kidney failure and cerebrovascular disease, leukocyte esterase, nitrite positivity, and leukocyte cluster presence were higher in Group 2. We suggest that these parameters might be predictive values to detect bacterial growth in urine culture. Empirical antibiotherapy was started in 48.4% of the patients in Group 1 and 95.7% of the patients in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: In EDs, admission complaints of the patients and physical examination findings do not always result in the diagnosis of UTI. Our study showed that UTI diagnosis could be made more accurately using leukocyte esterase, nitrite positivity, the presence of leukocyte clusters, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index score. We also suggest that regional antibiotic resistance should be considered before starting empirical antibiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Başer
- Department of Urology, Hitit University School of Medicine, Corum, Turkey
| | - Atakan Yilmaz
- Department of Urology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hülya Yilmaz Başer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hitit University Erol Olcak Education and Research Hospital, Corum, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özlülerden
- Department of Urology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ali Ersin Zümrütbaş
- Department of Urology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
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19
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Evaluating and prioritizing antimicrobial stewardship programs for nursing homes: A modified Delphi panel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41:1028-1034. [PMID: 32624031 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic use in nursing homes is often inappropriate, in terms of overuse and misuse, and it can be linked to adverse events and antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) can optimize antibiotic use by minimizing unnecessary prescriptions, treatment cost, and the overall spread of antimicrobial resistance. Nursing home providers and residents are candidates for ASP implementation, yet guidelines for implementation are limited. OBJECTIVE To support nursing home providers with the selection and adoption of ASP interventions. DESIGN AND SETTING A multiphase modified Delphi method to assess 15 ASP interventions across criteria addressing scientific merit, feasibility, impact, accountability, and importance. This study included surveys supplemented with a 1-day consensus meeting. PARTICIPANTS A 16-member multidisciplinary panel of experts and resident representatives. RESULTS From highest to lowest, 6 interventions were prioritized by the panel: (1) guidelines for empiric prescribing, (2) audit and feedback, (3) communication tools, (4) short-course antibiotic therapy, (5) scheduled antibiotic reassessment, and (6) clinical decision support systems. Several interventions were not endorsed: antibiograms, educational interventions, formulary review, and automatic substitution. A lack of nursing home resources was noted, which could impede multifaceted interventions. CONCLUSIONS Nursing home providers should consider 6 key interventions for ASPs. Such interventions may be feasible for nursing home settings and impactful for improving antibiotic use; however, scientific merit supporting each is variable. A multifaceted approach may be necessary for long-term improvement but difficult to implement.
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20
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Wu M(W, Pu L, Grealish L, Jones C, Moyle W. The effectiveness of nurse‐led interventions for preventing urinary tract infections in older adults in residential aged care facilities: A systematic review. J Clin Nurs 2020; 29:1432-1444. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Lin (Winnie) Wu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Lihui Pu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Laurie Grealish
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - Cindy Jones
- Department of Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University Gold Coast Qld Australia
| | - Wendy Moyle
- Healthcare Practice and Survivorship Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Brisbane Qld Australia
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21
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de Rossi P, Cimerman S, Truzzi JC, Cunha CAD, Mattar R, Martino MDV, Hachul M, Andriolo A, Vasconcelos Neto JA, Pereira-Correia JA, Machado AMO, Gales AC. Joint report of SBI (Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases), FEBRASGO (Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations), SBU (Brazilian Society of Urology) and SBPC/ML (Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine): recommendations for the clinical management of lower urinary tract infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:110-119. [PMID: 32360431 PMCID: PMC9392033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition in women. There is an increased concern on reduction of bacterial susceptibility resulting from wrongly prescribing antimicrobials. This paper summarizes the recommendations of four Brazilian medical societies (SBI – Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, FEBRASGO – Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations, SBU – Brazilian Society of Urology, and SBPC/ML – Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine) on the management of urinary tract infection in women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria should be screened at least twice during pregnancy (early and in the 3rd trimester). All cases of significant bacteriuria (≥105 CFU/mL in middle stream sample) should be treated with antimicrobials considering safety and susceptibility profile. In women with typical symptoms of cystitis, dipsticks are not necessary for diagnosis. Urine cultures should be collected in pregnant women, recurrent UTI, atypical cases, and if there is suspicion of pyelonephritis. First line antimicrobials for cystitis are fosfomycin trometamol in a single dose and nitrofurantoin, 100 mg every 6 hours for five days. Second line drugs are cefuroxime or amoxicillin-clavulanate for seven days. During pregnancy, amoxicillin and other cephalosporins may be used, but with a higher chance of therapeutic failure. In recurrent UTI, all episodes should be confirmed by urine culture. Treatment should be initiated only after urine sampling and with the same regimens indicated for isolated episodes. Prophylaxis options of recurrent UTI are behavioral measures, non-antimicrobial and antimicrobial prophylaxis. Vaginal estrogens may be recommended for postmenopausal women. Other non-antimicrobial prophylaxis, including cranberry and immunoprophylaxis, have weak evidence supporting their use. Antimicrobial prophylaxis may be offered as a continuous or postcoital scheme. In pregnant women, options are cephalexin, 250–500 mg and nitrofurantoin, 100 mg (contraindicated after 37 weeks of pregnancy). Nonpregnant women may use fosfomycin trometamol, 3 g every 10 days, or nitrofurantoin, 100 mg (continuous or postcoital).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de Rossi
- Conjunto Hospitalar do Mandaqui and Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FEBRASGO), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Cimerman
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Truzzi
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) and Instituto do Câncer Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho (IAVC), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rosiane Mattar
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Departamento de Obstetrícia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marinês Dalla Valle Martino
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo and Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Hachul
- Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia (SBU), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adagmar Andriolo
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João Antônio Pereira-Correia
- Serviço de Urologia do Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro and Departamento de Urologia Feminina da Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia (SBU), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonia M O Machado
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Hospital São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Gales
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Departamento de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Long B, Koyfman A. Oncologic Emergencies: The Fever With Too Few Neutrophils. J Emerg Med 2019; 57:689-700. [PMID: 31635928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is associated with a variety of complications, including neutropenic fever, which can result in severe morbidity and mortality. This oncologic emergency requires ED management. OBJECTIVE This narrative review provides focused updates for emergency clinicians regarding neutropenic fever. DISCUSSION Neutropenic fever is defined by fever with oral temperature >38.3°C or temperature >38.0°C for 1 hour with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 1000 cells/microL. Patients who have received chemotherapy within 6 weeks of presentation are at high risk for neutropenia. While most patients with neutropenic fever do not have an identifiable bacterial source of fever, clinicians should treat patients for bacterial infection. Rapid assessment and management are vital to improving outcomes in patients with suspected or confirmed neutropenic fever. History and examination should focus on the most common sites of infection: the gastrointestinal tract, blood, skin, lung, and urinary tract. However, physical examination and laboratory or imaging assessment may not display classic signs of infection. Blood cultures should be obtained, and broad-spectrum antibiotics are recommended. Oncology consultation is an integral component in the care of these patients. Several risk scores can assist in stratifying patients who may be appropriate for discharge home and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Neutropenic fever is an oncologic emergency. Rapid diagnosis and care of patients with neutropenic fever can improve outcomes, along with oncology consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Burkett E, Carpenter CR, Arendts G, Hullick C, Paterson DL, Caterino JM. Diagnosis of urinary tract infection in older persons in the emergency department: To pee or not to pee, that is the question. Emerg Med Australas 2019; 31:856-862. [PMID: 31478344 PMCID: PMC10509932 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Doreen is a 79-year-old woman referred by her general practitioner to the ED for intravenous antibiotics for a urinary tract infection (UTI). She lives in a residential aged care facility (RACF) and staff report malodourous and cloudy urine. She denies dysuria or frequency. On examination Doreen is frail with vital signs of: temperature 37.7°C, pulse 87 bpm, blood pressure 130/70; there is no suprapubic or flank tenderness. Do you perform a dipstick test on Doreen’s urine for a suspected UTI?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Burkett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Healthcare Improvement Unit, Clinical Excellence Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Glenn Arendts
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Emergency Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carolyn Hullick
- Emergency Department, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Caterino
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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24
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Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) affects patients of all ages and is a diagnosis that emergency physicians might make multiple times per shift. This article reviews the evaluation and management of patients with infections of the urinary tract. Definitions of asymptomatic bacteriuria, uncomplicated UTI, and complicated UTI are presented, as well as techniques for distinguishing them. The pathophysiology and clinical and laboratory diagnoses of UTI are described. Treatment of UTI is reviewed, with attention to bacteriuria and special populations, including pregnant, elderly/geriatric, and spinal cord injury patients.
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Does treatment of urinary tract infections reflect the antibiotic stewardship program guidelines? J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2019; 31:693-698. [PMID: 30908406 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protocols are required for antibiotic use for treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). This project assessed antibiotic prescribing practices for UTI in three LTCFs to elucidate practice and its relationship to protocols in these settings. A retrospective chart review of UTI cases occurring between February 1, 2017, and July 30, 2017, was conducted to describe provider management in three LTCFs. Sixty-three cases with compelling urinary symptoms potentially suggestive of UTI were included in the review. Urine culture findings indicated that a more than 100,000 CFU/ml colony count was present in 46% (n = 29) of the cases; however, 63.5% (n = 40) of the cases received antibiotics. Eleven cases (17.4%) received antibiotics based on symptoms without UTI diagnosis. Empirical treatment was initiated in 35% (n = 22) of the cases. When urine culture reports were available, previously untreated 28.57% (n = 18) cases received antibiotics for colony counts of >100,000 CFU/ml. Antibiotics were given for colony counts of <100,000 CFU/ml for 17.46% (n = 11) of the cases. Increased urinary frequency or burning on urination (95.23%) and change in behavior (88.9%) were the primary reasons for initiation of urinalysis and urine culture testing. Nurse practitioner implementation of protocols for antibiotic stewardship programs in LTCFs can prevent overprescription for UTI in these facilities.
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Sapora JA, Hardie RJ, Evans N. Use of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device for treatment of bilateral proximal ureteral injury in a 9-month-old cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919831856. [PMID: 30886728 PMCID: PMC6415474 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919831856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 9-month-old male domestic longhair cat presented following iatrogenic ureteral trauma after an attempted laparoscopic ovariectomy. Prior to identifying that the cat was male, both ureters were transected approximately 4 mm from the renal pelves. Initial management involved a left-sided Boari flap neoureterocystostomy, cystonephropexy and right ureteronephrectomy. Thirty-six hours later, the cat developed uroabdomen due to leakage from the neoureterocystostomy site. At a tertiary referral institution, the ureter was reconstructed via end-to-end anastomosis and a left-sided subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device was placed in the event the anastomosis failed. Five weeks after SUB placement, the cat was dysuric and stranguric. A urine culture was negative and clinical signs were attributed to sterile cystitis secondary to device placement. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was 22 mg/dl and creatinine was 1.2 mg/dl. Contrast pyelography confirmed device patency, but no contrast was identified through the ureteral anastomosis. At 12 months, BUN and creatinine were 1.5 mg/dl and 25 mg/dl, respectively, and a subclinical urinary tract infection was identified (Enterococcus faecalis). Antibiotic therapy was not prescribed in order to prevent multidrug resistance. At 42 months, BUN was 38 mg/dl and creatinine was 2.0 mg/dl. The cat had occasional and intermittent signs of pollakiuria and stranguria but was otherwise doing well. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first case report to describe the use of a SUB device for management of traumatic proximal ureteral injury in a cat with one kidney. The case outcome provides valuable information about the direct effect of the SUB device and the presence of chronic Enterococcus species infection on long-term renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Sapora
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Hardie
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
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Claeys KC, Blanco N, Morgan DJ, Leekha S, Sullivan KV. Advances and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections: the Need for Diagnostic Stewardship. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:11. [PMID: 30834993 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urinary tract infections (UTIs), including catheter-associated UTIs, are among the most common bacterial infections in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Diagnosis of true UTI remains a clinical challenge, and excessive antimicrobial treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) or contaminated urine cultures is common. RECENT FINDINGS Challenges with the appropriate diagnosis of UTIs include the lack of specific signs and symptoms, no definitive diagnostic criteria, high incidence of ASB, contamination of samples, and frequent lack of indications for ordering urine cultures. Promising interventions include education and feedback, indication requirements when ordering cultures, and use of reflex culture policies that limit urine cultures. Antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship interventions can work synergistically to decrease ordering of urine cultures without clear indication and prevent excessive antimicrobial administration in patients without clearly defined UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Claeys
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Natalia Blanco
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Surbhi Leekha
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kaede V Sullivan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon P Mooijaart
- Institute for Evidence Based Medicine in Old Age, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Katie Gallacher
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer K Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Tudela P, Molinos S, Esquerrà A, Carreres A. Bacteriuria asintomática en urgencias. Una causa frecuente de error diagnóstico. Med Clin (Barc) 2019; 152:29-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jaeger C, Waymack J, Sullivan P, Lankala S, Petersen L, Coultas C, Griffen D. Refining reflex urine culture testing in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 37:1380-1382. [PMID: 30587393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Waymack
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
| | | | - Shreya Lankala
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
| | | | | | - David Griffen
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
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Abstract
The emergency department (ED) is the hub of the US health care system. Acute infectious diseases are frequently encountered in the ED setting, making this a critical setting for antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Systems level and behavioral stewardship interventions have demonstrated success in the ED setting but successful implementation depends on institutional support and the presence of a physician champion. Antimicrobial stewardship efforts in the ED should target high-impact areas: antibiotic prescribing for nonindicated respiratory tract conditions, such as bronchitis and sinusitis; overtreatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria; and using two antibiotics (double coverage) for uncomplicated cases of cellulitis or abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pulia
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 800 University Bay Drive, Suite 300, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Robert Redwood
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1100 Delaplaine Ct, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Larissa May
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street, Suite 2100, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Llor C, Moragas A, Cordoba G. [Twenty-five myths in infectious diseases in primary care associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment]. Aten Primaria 2018; 50 Suppl 2:57-64. [PMID: 30270191 PMCID: PMC6836970 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overdiagnosis and overprescribing is common in current clinical practice of infectious diseases in primary care. On the basis of studies published in the medical literature we identify my means of a non-systematic review a total of 25 myths associated with the diagnosis and treatment and present the literature pertaining to each myth. These myths result in extraneous testing (overdiagnosis) and excessive antimicrobial treatment (overtreatment). Most of these myths are ingrained among general practitioners in our country. Not only should these myths be debunked from our clinical practice, but they should also be reversed, and we encourage our readers to critically appraise their practice when it comes down to the misconceptions treated in this manuscript. We attempt to give guidance to clinicians facing these frequent clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Llor
- Centro de Salud Via Roma, Barcelona, España; Grupo de Trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la semFYC.
| | - Ana Moragas
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Centro de Salud Jaume I, Tarragona, España
| | - Gloria Cordoba
- Centro de Investigación y Educación en Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad de Copenhague, Copenhague, Dinamarca
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Abstract
Oncology patients are a unique patient population in the emergency department (ED). Malignancy and associated surgical, chemotherapeutic, or radiation therapies put them at an increased risk for infection. The most ominous development is neutropenic fever, which happens often and may not present with signs or symptoms other than fever. A broad differential diagnosis is essential when considering infectious disease pathology in both neutropenic and non-neutropenic oncology patients in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Cantwell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, 1 Riverside Circle, 4th Floor, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Jack Perkins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, 1 Riverside Circle, 4th Floor, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.
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Long B, Koyfman A. The Emergency Department Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018; 36:685-710. [PMID: 30296999 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection seen in the emergency department. The spectrum of UTI includes simple versus complicated infection and lower versus upper UTI. No one history or examination finding is definitive for diagnosis. Testing often includes urinalysis and/or urine dipstick, and several pitfalls may occur in interpretation. Urine cultures should be obtained in complicated or upper UTIs but not simple and lower tract UTIs, unless a patient is pregnant. Imaging often is not required. Most patients with simple cystitis and pyelonephritis are treated as outpatients. A variety of potentially dangerous conditions may mimic UTI and pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3841 Roger Brooke Drive, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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35
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Gates A, Shulhan J, Featherstone R, Scott SD, Hartling L. A systematic review of parents' experiences and information needs related to their child's urinary tract infection. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2018; 101:1207-1215. [PMID: 29395475 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a first step toward the development of an animated video and infographic to increase parents' knowledge of pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs), we conducted a systematic review of their experiences and information needs. METHODS We searched Ovid Medline, Ovid PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global for studies published in 2000 or thereafter. We appraised quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We summarised the quantitative data narratively and the qualitative data thematically. RESULTS We identified 1493 records and included four. Sample size ranged from 20 to 2726 parents. The children ranged from <1 to 12 years old and had experienced one to >10 UTIs. Parents were not always aware of UTI symptoms and generally received little information. Parents sought information online, and desired it via other means. Some parents were not confident in healthcare providers' (HCPs') knowledge of UTIs. Inadequate information about diagnostic tests sometimes resulted in fear and non-compliance. CONCLUSIONS From the limited literature, it appears that parents would like information about prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, but do not always consider HCPs good information sources. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Care providers should communicate information in ways that suit parents' self-identified needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gates
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE) and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Jocelyn Shulhan
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE) and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Robin Featherstone
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE) and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Shannon D Scott
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Lisa Hartling
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE) and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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36
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Rönneikkö JK, Jämsen ER, Mäkelä M, Finne-Soveri H, Valvanne JN. Reasons for home care clients' unplanned Hospital admissions and their associations with patient characteristics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2018; 78:114-126. [PMID: 29957266 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unplanned hospitalizations and emergency room visits occur frequently among home care clients The aim of this study was to identify typical discharge diagnoses and their associations with patient characteristics among a total of 6812 Finnish home care clients aged ≥63 years who were hospitalized within one year of their first home care assessment. METHODS A register-based study based on Resident Assessment Instrument-Home Care (RAI-HC) assessments and nationwide hospital discharge records. The RAI-HC assessments were linked to the hospital discharge records of the participants' first unplanned hospitalization. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of RAI-HC determinants with discharge diagnoses. RESULTS The most common reason for the first hospitalization was an infectious disease (21%; n = 1446). When hospitalizations were classified according to the main diagnosis, chronic skin ulcers, functional impairment and daily urinary incontinence were associated with hospitalization due to infectious diseases; impaired cognitive capacity, Alzheimer's disease or other dementia and polypharmacy (protective effect) were associated with hospitalizations due to dementia; age of ≥90 years, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease and using ≥10 drugs with hospitalizations due to heart diseases; and moderate or strong pain with hospitalization due to musculoskeletal disorders. Previous falls, female sex and an earlier hip fracture were associated with injury-related hospitalizations. Feelings of loneliness increased the odds of hospitalization due to geriatric symptoms without a specific diagnosis. CONCLUSION Patient characteristics and geriatric syndromes identified using RAI-HC predict the reasons for future hospitalizations among new home care clients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esa R Jämsen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Gerontology, Finland; Research Center (GEREC), Universities of Jyväskylä and Tampere, Finland, Hatanpää hospital, Finland; Service Line of General Practice and Geriatrics, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Mäkelä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jaakko N Valvanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Gerontology, Finland; Research Center (GEREC), Universities of Jyväskylä and Tampere, Finland, Hatanpää hospital, Finland; Promotion of Senior Citizens' Welfare, City of Tampere, Finland, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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37
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Redwood R, Knobloch MJ, Pellegrini DC, Ziegler MJ, Pulia M, Safdar N. Reducing unnecessary culturing: a systems approach to evaluating urine culture ordering and collection practices among nurses in two acute care settings. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:4. [PMID: 29340148 PMCID: PMC5759376 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inappropriate ordering and acquisition of urine cultures leads to unnecessary treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). Treatment of ASB contributes to antimicrobial resistance particularly among hospital-acquired organisms. Our objective was to investigate urine culture ordering and collection practices among nurses to identify key system-level and human factor barriers and facilitators that affect optimal ordering and collection practices. Methods We conducted two focus groups, one with ED nurses and the other with ICU nurses. Questions were developed using the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework. We used iterative categorization (directed content analysis followed by summative content analysis) to code and analyze the data both deductively (using SEIPS domains) and inductively (emerging themes). Results Factors affecting optimal urine ordering and collection included barriers at the person, process, and task levels. For ED nurses, barriers included patient factors, physician communication, reflex culture protocols, the electronic health record, urinary symptoms, and ED throughput. For ICU nurses, barriers included physician notification of urinalysis results, personal protective equipment, collection technique, patient body habitus, and Foley catheter issues. Conclusions We identified multiple potential process barriers to nurse adherence with evidence-based recommendations for ordering and collecting urine cultures in the ICU and ED. A systems approach to identifying barriers and facilitators can be useful to design interventions for improving urine ordering and collection practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Redwood
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Mary Jo Knobloch
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Daniela C Pellegrini
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Matthew J Ziegler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Michael Pulia
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 800 University Bay Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA
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Batista OMA, Monteiro RM, Machado MB, Ferreira AM, Valle ARMDC, Watanabe E, Madeiro MZDA, Moura MEB. Cateter urinário: o tempo de exposição e calibre podem influenciar na formação de biofilme? ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0194201800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do tempo de exposição e calibre na formação de biofilme em cateteres urinários de Foley (CUFs). Método: Pesquisa in vitro com amostras de fragmentos de CUFs em látex siliconizado de diferentes calibres (n° 14 e n° 16 Frenchs). A urina artificial foi confeccionada, inoculada com bactérias-padrão Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) e incubada a 37 °C por 24 horas e 72 horas. As análises foram realizadas por meio de cultura (carga bacteriana) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Resultados: Não houve diferença na carga bacteriana dos biofilmes formados nas superfícies dos CUFs com relação aos diferentes calibres (p > 0,05). Por outro lado, o tempo de exposição (24 horas e 72 horas) foi o fator determinante para formação do biofilme de P. aeruginosa nos CUFs (p < 0,05). Conclusão: O tempo de exposição influenciou a formação do biofilme de P. aeruginosa nos CUFs, independentemente dos calibres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Evandro Watanabe
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Beahm NP, Nicolle LE, Bursey A, Smyth DJ, Tsuyuki RT. The assessment and management of urinary tract infections in adults: Guidelines for pharmacists. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2017; 150:298-305. [PMID: 28894499 DOI: 10.1177/1715163517723036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Beahm
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Beahm) and Medicine and Dentistry (Tsuyuki), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Lindsay E Nicolle
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Beahm) and Medicine and Dentistry (Tsuyuki), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Alistair Bursey
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Beahm) and Medicine and Dentistry (Tsuyuki), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Daniel J Smyth
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Beahm) and Medicine and Dentistry (Tsuyuki), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Ross T Tsuyuki
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Beahm) and Medicine and Dentistry (Tsuyuki), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
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40
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Cheung F, Loeb CA, Croglio MP, Waltzer WC, Weissbart SJ. Bacteria on Urine Microscopy Is Not Associated with Systemic Infection in Patients with Obstructing Urolithiasis. J Endourol 2017; 31:942-945. [PMID: 28558478 DOI: 10.1089/end.2017.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determining whether bacterial presence in urine microscopy represents infection is important as ureteral stent placement is indicated in patients with obstructing urolithiasis and infection. We aim to investigate whether the presence of bacteria on urine microscopy is associated with other markers of infection in patients with obstructing urolithiasis presenting to the emergency room. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 199 patients with obstructing urolithiasis and divided patients into two groups according to the presence of bacteria on urine microscopy. The primary outcome was serum white blood cell count and secondary outcomes were objective fever, subjective fever, tachycardia, pyuria, and final urine culture. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to assess whether the presence of bacteria on microscopy was associated with other markers of infection. RESULTS The study included 72 patients in the bacteriuria group and 127 without bacteriuria. On univariate analysis, the presence of bacteria was not associated with leukocytosis, objective fever, or subjective fever, but it was associated with gender (p < 0.001), pyuria (p < 0.001), positive nitrites (p = 0.001), positive leukocyte esterase (p < 0.001), and squamous epithelial cells (p = 0.002). In a multilinear regression model including the presence of squamous cells, age, and sex, the presence of bacteriuria was not related to serum white blood cell count (coefficient -0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.1, 0.2; p = 0.17), heart rate (coefficient 0.85; 95% CI -2.5, 4.2; p = 0.62), presence of subjective or objective fever (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 0.8, 3.1; p = 0.18), or the presence of squamous epithelial cells (coefficient -4.4; 95% CI -10, 1.2; p = 0.12). However, the presence of bacteriuria was related to only the degree of pyuria (coefficient 16.4; 95% CI 9.6, 23.3; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Bacteria on urine microscopy is not associated with other markers of systemic infection and may largely represent a contaminant. Renal colic may be a risk factor for providing a contaminated urine specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Cheung
- 1 Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook University Medical Center , Stony Brook, New York
| | - Charles A Loeb
- 2 Stony Brook University School of Medicine , Stony Brook, New York
| | | | - Wayne C Waltzer
- 1 Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook University Medical Center , Stony Brook, New York
| | - Steven J Weissbart
- 1 Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook University Medical Center , Stony Brook, New York
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Johnson G, Gibson W. A Response to "Top Ten Myths Regarding the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections". J Emerg Med 2017; 52:e213. [PMID: 28256351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Wilson MP, Nordstrom K, Anderson EL, Ng AT, Zun LS, Peltzer-Jones JM, Allen MH. American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Task Force on Medical Clearance of Adult Psychiatric Patients. Part II: Controversies over Medical Assessment, and Consensus Recommendations. West J Emerg Med 2017; 18:640-646. [PMID: 28611885 PMCID: PMC5468070 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2017.3.32259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergency medical evaluation of psychiatric patients presenting to United States emergency departments (ED), usually termed “medical clearance,” often varies between EDs. A task force of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry (AAEP), consisting of physicians from emergency medicine, physicians from psychiatry and a psychologist, was convened to form consensus recommendations for the medical evaluation of psychiatric patients presenting to U.S.EDs. Methods The task force reviewed existing literature on the topic of medical evaluation of psychiatric patients in the ED and then combined this with expert consensus. Consensus was achieved by group discussion as well as iterative revisions of the written document. The document was reviewed and approved by the AAEP Board of Directors. Results Eight recommendations were formulated. These recommendations cover various topics in emergency medical examination of psychiatric patients, including goals of medical screening in the ED, the identification of patients at low risk for co-existing medical disease, key elements in the ED evaluation of psychiatric patients including those with cognitive disorders, specific language replacing the term “medical clearance,” and the need for better science in this area. Conclusion The evidence indicates that a thorough history and physical examination, including vital signs and mental status examination, are the minimum necessary elements in the evaluation of psychiatric patients. With respect to laboratory testing, the picture is less clear and much more controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Wilson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kimberly Nordstrom
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Office of Behavioral Health, Department of Human Services, State of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Eric L Anderson
- University of Maryland, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge, Maryland
| | - Anthony T Ng
- Uniformed Services School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leslie S Zun
- Chicago Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Michael H Allen
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Gralton J, Boston B, Cook C, Thomas K, Taylor P, Kizny Gordon A, Smerdely P, Hughes G, Louey M, Curtis P. A pilot study on improving the appropriateness of urine specimen collection among catheterised patients in acute aged care. Infect Dis Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Optimizing Inpatient Urine Culture Ordering Practices Using the Electronic Medical Record: A Pilot Study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 38:486-488. [PMID: 28025951 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2016.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A prospective quasi-experimental before-and-after study of an electronic medical record-anchored intervention of embedded education on appropriate urine culture indications and indication selection reduced the number of urine cultures ordered for catheterized patients at an academic medical center. This intervention could be a component of CAUTI-reduction bundles. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:486-488.
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