A Case Report: An Acute Spinal Epidural Hematoma after Acupuncture Mimicking Stroke

Stroke-like manifestation of a spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with spontaneous resolution: a case report

BACKGROUND

This case report presents the case of a man with no known coagulopathy or preceding trauma, who spontaneously developed a spinal epidural hematoma (SEH). This is an uncommon condition which can have variable presentations including hemiparesis mimicking stroke, resulting in the potential for misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 28-year-old Chinese male with no past medical history presented with sudden onset neck pain associated with bilateral upper limbs and right lower limb subjective numbness but intact motor function. He was discharged after adequate pain relief but re-attended the emergency department with right hemiparesis. A magnetic resonance imaging of his spine revealed an acute cervical spinal epidural hematoma at C5 and C6. While admitted, he had spontaneous improvement of his neurological function and was eventually managed conservatively.

CONCLUSIONS

SEH, although uncommon, can be a mimic of stroke and it is important to avoid misdiagnosis as it is a time critical diagnosis, and administration of thrombolysis or antiplatelets can lead to unfavourable outcomes. Having a high clinical suspicion can help to guide us in the choice of imaging and interpretation of subtle signs to reach the correct diagnosis in a timely manner. Further research is required to better understand the factors that would favour a conservative approach as opposed to surgical treatment.

How to Avoid Misdiagnosing Spontaneous Cervical Spinal Epidural Hematoma as Ischemic Stroke: 3 Case Reports and Literature Review

When spontaneous cervical spinal epidural hematoma (SCEH) presents with hemiparesis, it can be misdiagnosed with ischemic stroke (IS), and the treatment of IS such as thrombolysis may deteriorate the symptoms of patients with SCEH, leading to worse sequelae or even death. We reported 3 SCEH patients who were initially suspected as IS in our center between Jun 2020 and April 2022 and analyzed their clinical characteristics together with 48 patients reported in the literature from Jan 1995 to April 2022. Two of the 3 SCEH patients had neck symptoms, while none of them presented cranial nerve symptoms. Cranial computed tomography (CT) scans were negative; however, abnormal signals in the cervical spinal canal were observed during cranial computed tomography angiography (CTA) and subsequent cervical CT confirmed the diagnosis of SCEH. All of them avoid mistreatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Subsequently, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of a total of 51 patients. Thirteen of them developed symptoms during activity. Neck pain was an important sign of SCEH because 35 patients had neck pain or neck discomfort. Sensory impairment was reported in a small proportion of patients (11/51), which varied a lot in the patients. Some special manifestations highly suggested spinal cord lesions and provided evidence for the early differential diagnosis of SCEH and stroke, but the incidence of which was quite low: ipsilateral Horner syndrome in 2 patients, Brown-Séquard syndrome in 2 cases, and Lhermitte's sign in 1 case. Only a minority (8/51) of the patients were correctly diagnosed at the emergency unit using cervical CT. Six patients were correctly diagnosed when performing CTA. A large portion of the cases (21/51) were first misdiagnosed as IS, but no responsible lesions were found on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and subsequent cervical MRI confirmed the diagnosis. Sixteen patients were diagnosed with SCEH after the deterioration of symptoms. A total of 13 patients received rt-PA, and 10 of them had symptoms aggravation after thrombolysis. For patients with acute onset of hemiparesis but without cranial nerve symptoms, especially those accompanied by clinical features such as neck pain, ipsilateral Horner syndrome, Brown-Séquard syndrome, and Lhermitte's sign, SCEH should be highly suspected rather than stroke. Careful differential diagnosis should be performed with a comprehensive medical history and thorough physical examination. Cervical CT scan is a reasonable choice for quick differential diagnosis prior to administering potentially harmful therapy, especially rt-PA.

Neck pain and absence of cranial nerve symptom are clues of cervical myelopathy mimicking stroke: Two case reports

BACKGROUND

Cervical myelopathy is a potential stroke imitator, for which intravenous thrombolysis would be catastrophic.

CASE SUMMARY

We herein present two cases of cervical myelopathy. The first patient presented with acute onset of right hemiparesis and urinary incontinence, and the second patient presented with sudden-onset right leg monoplegia. The initial diagnoses for both of them were ischemic stroke. However, both of them lacked cranial nerve symptom and suffered neck pain at the beginning of onset. Their cervical spinal cord lesions were finally confirmed by cervical computed tomography. A literature review showed that neck pain and absence of cranial nerve symptom are clues of cervical myelopathy.

CONCLUSION

The current report and the review remind us to pay more attention to these two clues in suspected stroke patients, especially those within the thrombolytic time window.