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Harmsen M, Tabak C, Höglund-Isaksson L, Humpenöder F, Purohit P, van Vuuren D. Uncertainty in non-CO 2 greenhouse gas mitigation contributes to ambiguity in global climate policy feasibility. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2949. [PMID: 37268633 PMCID: PMC10238505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its projected crucial role in stringent, future global climate policy, non-CO2 greenhouse gas (NCGG) mitigation remains a large uncertain factor in climate research. A revision of the estimated mitigation potential has implications for the feasibility of global climate policy to reach the Paris Agreement climate goals. Here, we provide a systematic bottom-up estimate of the total uncertainty in NCGG mitigation, by developing 'optimistic', 'default' and 'pessimistic' long-term NCGG marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves, based on a comprehensive literature review of mitigation options. The global 1.5-degree climate target is found to be out of reach under pessimistic MAC assumptions, as is the 2-degree target under high emission assumptions. In a 2-degree scenario, MAC uncertainty translates into a large projected range in relative NCGG reduction (40-58%), carbon budget (±120 Gt CO2) and policy costs (±16%). Partly, the MAC uncertainty signifies a gap that could be bridged by human efforts, but largely it indicates uncertainty in technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Harmsen
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, NL-2594, AV, The Hague, the Netherlands.
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte Tabak
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, NL-2594, AV, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Höglund-Isaksson
- Pollution Management Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, POBox 60 12 03, D-14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pallav Purohit
- Pollution Management Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Detlef van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, NL-2594, AV, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Assessing the potential of a Trichoderma-based compost activator to hasten the decomposition of incorporated rice straw. Sci Rep 2022; 12:448. [PMID: 35013411 PMCID: PMC8748449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for a Trichoderma-based compost activator was tested for in-situ rice straw decomposition, under both laboratory and field conditions. Inoculation of Trichoderma caused a 50% reduction in the indigenous fungal population after 2 weeks of incubation for both laboratory and field experiments. However, the Trichoderma population declined during the latter part of the incubation. Despite the significant reduction in fungal population during the first 2 weeks of incubation, inoculated samples were found to have higher indigenous and total fungal population at the end of the experiments with as much as a 300% increase in the laboratory experiment and 50% during day-21 and day-28 samplings in the field experiment. The laboratory incubation experiment revealed that inoculated samples released an average of 16% higher amounts of CO2 compared to uninoculated straw in sterile soil samples. Unsterile soil inoculated with Trichoderma released the highest amount of CO2 in the laboratory experiment. In the field experiment, improved decomposition was observed in samples inoculated with Trichoderma and placed below ground (WTBG). From the initial value of around 35%, the C content in WTBG was down to 28.63% after 42 days of incubation and was the lowest among treatments. This is significantly lower compared with NTBG (No Trichoderma placed below ground, 31.1% C), WTSS (With Trichoderma placed on soil surface, 33.83% C), and NTSS (No Trichoderma placed on soil surface, 34.30% carbon). The WTBG treatment also had the highest N content of 1.1%. The C:N ratio of WTBG was only 26.27, 39.51% lower than the C:N ratio of NTBG, which is 43.43. These results prove that the Trichoderma-based inoculant has the potential to hasten the decomposition of incorporated rice straw.
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Soam S, Borjesson P, Sharma PK, Gupta RP, Tuli DK, Kumar R. Life cycle assessment of rice straw utilization practices in India. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 228:89-98. [PMID: 28056373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to find potential utilization practice of rice straw in India from an environmental perspective. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted for four most realistic utilization practices of straw including: (1) incorporation into the field as fertilizer (2) animal fodder (3) electricity (4) biogas. The results show that processing of 1 ton straw to electricity and biogas resulted in net reduction of 1471 and 1023kg CO2 eq., 15.0 and 3.4kg SO2 eq. and 6.7 and 7.1kg C2H6 eq. emissions in global warming, acidification and photochemical oxidation creation potential respectively. Electricity production from straw replaces the coal based electricity and resulted in benefits in most of the environmental impacts whereas use as an animal fodder resulted in eutrophication benefits. The burning of straw is a harmful practice of managing straw in India which can be avoided by utilizing straw for bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shveta Soam
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Pal Borjesson
- Environmental and Energy Systems Studies, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Pankaj K Sharma
- College of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Village & P.O. Bidholi, Prem Nagar, Dehradun, UA 248007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Deepak K Tuli
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India.
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