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Lan Z, Zhang Y, Liang R, Wang Z, Sun J, Lu X, He Y, Wang Y. Comprehensive comparison of integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) and AAO activated sludge methods: Influence of different operational parameters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142068. [PMID: 38636921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Due to limited land availability in municipal wastewater treatment plants, integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) technology offers significant advantages in improving nitrogen removal performance and treatment capacity. In this study, two systems, IFAS and Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic Activated sludge process (AAO), were compared by adjusting parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), nitrifying solution recycle ratio, sludge recycle ratio, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The objective was to investigate pollutant removal capacity and differences in microbial community composition between the two systems. The study showed that, at an HRT of 12 h, the IFAS system exhibited an average increase of 5.76%, 8.85%, and 12.79% in COD, NH4+-N, and TN removal efficiency respectively, compared to the AAO system at an HRT of 16 h. The TP concentration in the IFAS system reached 0.82 mg/L without the use of additives. The IFAS system demonstrated superior effluent results under lower operating conditions of HRT, nitrification solution recycle ratio, and DO. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed higher abundance of denitrification-related associated flora, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetota, in the IFAS system compared to the AAO system. Similarities were observed between microorganisms attached to the media and activated sludge in the anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic tanks. q-PCR analysis indicated that the incorporation of filler material in the IFAS system resulted in similar abundance of nitrifying bacteria genes on the biofilm as in the oxic tank. Additionally, denitrifying genes showed higher levels due to aeration scouring and the presence of alternating aerobic-anaerobic environments on the biofilm surface, enhancing nitrogen removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Lan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Renli Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xingwen Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhou X, Liu H, Fan X, Wang X, Bi X, Cheng L, Huang S, Zhao F, Yang T. Comparative Analysis of Bacterial Information of Biofilms and Activated Sludge in Full-Scale MBBR-IFAS Systems. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1121. [PMID: 38930504 PMCID: PMC11206091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study extensively analyzed the bacterial information of biofilms and activated sludge in oxic reactors of full-scale moving bed biofilm reactor-integrated fixed-film activated sludge (MBBR-IFAS) systems. The bacterial communities of biofilms and activated sludge differed statistically (R = 0.624, p < 0.01). The denitrifying genera Ignavibacterium, Phaeodactylibacter, Terrimonas, and Arcobacter were more abundant in activated sludge (p < 0.05), while comammox Nitrospira was more abundant in biofilms (p < 0.05), with an average relative abundance of 8.13%. Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas had weak co-occurrence relationships with other genera in the MBBR-IFAS systems. Potential function analysis revealed no differences in pathways at levels 1 and 2 based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) between biofilms and activated sludge. However, in terms of pathways at level 3, biofilms had more potential in 26 pathways, including various organic biodegradation and membrane and signal transportation pathways. In comparison, activated sludge had more potential in only five pathways, including glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. With respect to nitrogen metabolism, biofilms had greater potential for nitrification (ammonia oxidation) (M00528), and complete nitrification (comammox) (M00804) concretely accounted for methane/ammonia monooxygenase (K10944, K10945, and K10946) and hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (K10535). This study provides a theoretical basis for MBBR-IFAS systems from the perspective of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xing Fan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China (F.Z.); (T.Y.)
| | | | - Xuejun Bi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China (F.Z.); (T.Y.)
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Li G, Yu Y, Li X, Jia H, Ma X, Opoku PA. Research progress of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process based on integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS). ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13235. [PMID: 38444262 PMCID: PMC10915381 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process is considered one of the cutting-edge solutions to the traditional wastewater treatment challenges, allowing suspended sludge and attached biofilm to grow in the same system. In addition, the coupling of IFAS with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) can further improve the efficiency of biological denitrification. This paper summarises the research progress of IFAS coupled with the anammox process, including partial nitrification anammox, simultaneous partial nitrification anammox and denitrification, and partial denitrification anammox technologies, and describes the factors that limit the development of related processes. The effects of dissolved oxygen, influent carbon source, sludge retention time, temperature, microbial community, and nitrite-oxidising bacteria inhibition methods on the anammox of IFAS are presented. At the same time, this paper gives an outlook on future research focus and engineering practice direction of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of EducationJilin Jianzhu UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yunyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of EducationJilin Jianzhu UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of EducationJilin Jianzhu UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hongsheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of EducationJilin Jianzhu UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaoning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of EducationJilin Jianzhu UniversityChangchunChina
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Bosco Mofatto PM, Cosenza A, Di Trapani D, Mannina G. Reducing biosolids from a membrane bioreactor system: Assessing the effects on carbon and nutrient removal, membrane fouling and greenhouse gas emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120345. [PMID: 38401496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the effects on carbon and nutrient removal, membrane fouling and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of an Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic (OSA) - Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant fed with real wastewater. The influence of three sludge return internal ratios (IR) was investigated by testing 45, 75 and 100%. The results showed that with the increase of IR, the biological sludge production substantially decreased by 85.8% due to the combination of cell lysis and endogenous metabolism. However, a worsening of ammonia removal efficiencies occurred (from 94.5 % to 84.7 with an IR value of 45 and 100%, respectively) mostly due to the ammonia release caused by cell lysis under anaerobic conditions. The N2O emission factor increased with the rise of IR (namely, from 2.17% to 2.54% of the total influent nitrogen). In addition, a variation of carbon footprint (CF) (0.78, 0.62 and 0.75 kgCO2eq m-3 with 45, 75 and 100% IR, respectively) occurred with IR mainly due to the different energy consumption and carbon oxidation during the three periods. The study's relevance is to address the optimal operating conditions in view of reducing sludge production. In this light, the need to identify a trade-off between the advantages of reducing sludge production and the disadvantages of increasing membrane fouling and GHG emissions must be identified in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alida Cosenza
- Engineering Department, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, Bdg. 8, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Trapani
- Engineering Department, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, Bdg. 8, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mannina
- Engineering Department, Palermo University, Viale delle Scienze, Bdg. 8, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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Waqas S, Harun NY, Sambudi NS, Abioye KJ, Zeeshan MH, Ali A, Abdulrahman A, Alkhattabi L, Alsaadi AS. Effect of Operating Parameters on the Performance of Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge for Wastewater Treatment. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:704. [PMID: 37623765 PMCID: PMC10456300 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) is a hybrid wastewater treatment process that combines suspended and attached growth. The current review provides an overview of the effect of operating parameters on the performance of IFAS and their implications for wastewater treatment. The operating parameters examined include hydraulic retention time (HRT), solids retention time (SRT), dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, temperature, nutrient loading rates, and aeration. Proper control and optimization of these parameters significantly enhance the treatment efficiency and pollutant removal. Longer HRT and appropriate SRT contribute to improved organic matter and nutrient removal. DO levels promote the growth of aerobic microorganisms, leading to enhanced organic matter degradation. Temperature influences microbial activity and enzymatic reactions, impacting treatment efficiency. Nutrient loading rates must be carefully managed to avoid system overload or inhibition. Effective aeration ensures uniform distribution of wastewater and biofilm carriers, optimizing contact between microorganisms and pollutants. IFAS has been used in water reuse applications, providing a sustainable and reliable water source for non-potable uses. Overall, IFAS has proven to be an effective and efficient treatment process that can provide high-quality effluent suitable for discharge or reuse. Understanding the effects of these operating parameters helps to optimize the design and operation for efficient wastewater treatment. Further research is needed to explore the interactions between different parameters, evaluate their impact under varying wastewater characteristics, and develop advanced control strategies for improved performance and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharjeel Waqas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Noorfidza Yub Harun
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Simprug, Jakarta Selatan 12220, Indonesia;
| | - Kunmi Joshua Abioye
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Hamad Zeeshan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Abulhassan Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Aymn Abdulrahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Loai Alkhattabi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad S. Alsaadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.)
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Sohail N, Riedel R, Dorneanu B, Arellano-Garcia H. Prolonging the Life Span of Membrane in Submerged MBR by the Application of Different Anti-Biofouling Techniques. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:217. [PMID: 36837720 PMCID: PMC9962460 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is an efficient technology for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater for the last two decades. It is a single stage process with smaller footprints and a higher removal efficiency of organic compounds compared with the conventional activated sludge process. However, the major drawback of the MBR is membrane biofouling which decreases the life span of the membrane and automatically increases the operational cost. This review is exploring different anti-biofouling techniques of the state-of-the-art, i.e., quorum quenching (QQ) and model-based approaches. The former is a relatively recent strategy used to mitigate biofouling. It disrupts the cell-to-cell communication of bacteria responsible for biofouling in the sludge. For example, the two strains of bacteria Rhodococcus sp. BH4 and Pseudomonas putida are very effective in the disruption of quorum sensing (QS). Thus, they are recognized as useful QQ bacteria. Furthermore, the model-based anti-fouling strategies are also very promising in preventing biofouling at very early stages of initialization. Nevertheless, biofouling is an extremely complex phenomenon and the influence of various parameters whether physical or biological on its development is not completely understood. Advancing digital technologies, combined with novel Big Data analytics and optimization techniques offer great opportunities for creating intelligent systems that can effectively address the challenges of MBR biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman Sohail
- Department of Biotechnology of Water Treatment, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Ramona Riedel
- Department of Biotechnology of Water Treatment, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Bogdan Dorneanu
- Department of Process and Plant Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Harvey Arellano-Garcia
- Department of Process and Plant Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus/Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
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7
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Zhao W, Bai M. Upgrading integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge (IFAS) system into separated two-sludge denitrifying phosphorus removal system: Nutrient removal and microbial structure. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135918. [PMID: 35940405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge (IFAS) system was upgraded into a separated two-sludge denitrifying phosphorus removal system to treat domestic sewage with a low carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N = 3.6). The system was operated in IFAS mode for 135 days and then converted to the separated two-sludge mode to perform denitrifying phosphorus removal for 110 days. With denitrification and phosphorus removal conducted using "single carbon source", the experimental results show that the total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and phosphorus (P) removal efficiencies were improved by 13.4% and 36.5%, respectively. As the activated sludge unit and biofilm unit were separated, Dechloromonas (4.10%) and Candidatus Accumulibacter (1.56%) were enriched in activated sludge system, while the nitrifiers Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas occupied the biofilm with proportions of 19.6% and 5.68%, respectively. The separated two-sludge denitrifying phosphorus removal system was characterized by higher nutrient removal and functional bacteria enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, 264209, PR China.
| | - Meng Bai
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
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Enhanced Nitrogen Removal in a Pilot-Scale Anoxic/Aerobic (A/O) Process Coupling PE Carrier and Nitrifying Bacteria PE Carrier: Performance and Microbial Shift. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrated fixed-film activated sludge technology (IFAS) has a great advantage in improving nitrogen removal performance and increasing treatment capacity of municipal wastewater treatment plants with limited land for upgrading and reconstruction. This research aims at investigating the enhancing effects of polyethylene (PE) carrier and nitrifying bacteria PE (NBPE) carrier on nitrogen removal efficiency of an anoxic/aerobic (A/O) system from municipal wastewater and revealing temporal changes in microbial community evolution. A pilot-scale A/O system and a pilot-scale IFAS system were operated for nearly 200 days, respectively. Traditional PE and NBPE carriers were added to the IFAS system at different operating phases. Results showed that the treatment capacity of the IFAS system was enhanced by almost 50% and 100% by coupling the PE carrier and NBPE carrier, respectively. For the PE carrier, nitrifying bacteria abundance was maintained at 7.05%. In contrast, the nitrifying bacteria on the NBPE carrier was enriched from 6.66% to 23.17%, which could improve the nitrogen removal and treating capacity of the IFAS system. Finally, the ammonia efficiency of the IFAS system with NBPE carrier reached 73.0 ± 7.9% under 400% influent shock load and hydraulic retention time of 1.8 h. The study supplies a suitable nitrifying bacteria enrichment method that can be used to help enhance the nitrogen removal performance of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The study’s results advance the understanding of this enrichment method that effectively improves nitrogen removal and anti-resistance shock-load capacity.
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Latif EF. Applying novel methods in conventional activated sludge plants to treat low-strength wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:323. [PMID: 35359231 PMCID: PMC8971158 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional activated sludge system is confidently widely used for biological treatment plants of municipal wastewater but suffering from operation problems that affect their efficiencies and effluent qualities, especially when treating low-strength wastewater with increasing incoming flow. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the novel methods used in upgrading conventional activated sludge treatment systems receiving low-strength wastewater to generate good effluent quality. GPS-X Simulator V 8.0 was used for model calibration and plant performance prediction. The calibrated GPS-X model proved that eliminating primary settling from the treatment process does not affect BOD5 and COD removal, while TSS removal is decreased, and NH4-N removal is increased. Increasing the return activated sludge flow from 50 to 150% of influent flow does not affect conventional activated sludge process, while the change of waste activated flow had a vital effect on process performance. The presence of an anoxic zone in conventional activated sludge processes treating low-strength wastewater has no significant impact on plant performance. Also, the model outputs proved that adding filling media to the aeration tank was able to handle an increase of influent flow and a stable performance of BOD5, and NH4-N removal was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Latif
- Deptartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Ittisupornrat S, Phetrak A, Theepharaksapan S, Mhuantong W, Tobino T. Effect of prolonged sludge retention times on the performance of membrane bioreactor and microbial community for leachate treatment under restricted aeration. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131153. [PMID: 34214930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leachate treatment is challenging owing to the complex composition of pollutants. This study investigated the treatment performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and the microbial community structure corresponding to the effect of prolonged sludge retention times (SRTs) under restricted aeration. In the present study, a pilot-scale MBR was designed to treat leachate after being pretreated with an anaerobic filter for continuous operation for 240 days. The experimental results showed that removal performance of over 90% was achieved for biochemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, and suspended solids when the MBR was operated at SRTs of 150-300 days. The results on microbial communities revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria were the major phyla. Furthermore, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria belonging to Nitrosomonadaceae were considered to play a vital role in the ammonia-nitrogen removal. A high abundance of Rhizobiales was detected on the biofilm of the membrane, which could be the key driver of bio-fouling. The dynamic changes in the microbial community indicate steady performance of MBR and can act as an indicator of membrane bio-fouling. The results of our study highlight that MBR can be viably operated in long SRTs under restricted aeration for leachate treatment with technical, economic, and environmental feasibility for resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suda Ittisupornrat
- Environmental Research and Training Centre, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Pathum thani, Thailand
| | - Athit Phetrak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Suthida Theepharaksapan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum thani, Thailand
| | - Tomohiro Tobino
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Waqas S, Bilad MR, Man Z, Wibisono Y, Jaafar J, Indra Mahlia TM, Khan AL, Aslam M. Recent progress in integrated fixed-film activated sludge process for wastewater treatment: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 268:110718. [PMID: 32510449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process is considered as one of the leading-edge processes that provides a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. IFAS was introduced as an advancement of the moving bed biofilm reactor by integrating the attached and the suspended growth systems. IFAS offers advantages over the conventional activated sludge process such as reduced footprint, enhanced nutrient removal, complete nitrification, longer solids retention time and better removal of anthropogenic composites. IFAS has been recognized as an attractive option as stated from the results of many pilot and full scales studies. Generally, IFAS achieves >90% removals for combined chemical oxygen demand and ammonia, improves sludge settling properties and enhances operational stability. Recently developed IFAS reactors incorporate frameworks for either methane production, energy generation through algae, or microbial fuel cells. This review details the recent development in IFAS with the focus on the pilot and full-scale applications. The microbial community analyses of IFAS biofilm and floc are underlined along with the special emphasis on organics and nitrogen removals, as well as the future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharjeel Waqas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Zakaria Man
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yusuf Wibisono
- Bioprocess Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Asim Laeeq Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Defense Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Defense Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Ucar D, Yilmaz T, Di Capua F, Esposito G, Sahinkaya E. Comparison of biogenic and chemical sulfur as electron donors for autotrophic denitrification in sulfur-fed membrane bioreactor (SMBR). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122574. [PMID: 31865157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two sulfur-oxidizing membrane bioreactors (SMBRs) performing autotrophic denitrification at different HRTs (6-26 h), one supplemented with biogenic elemental sulfur (S0bio) and the other with chemically-synthesized elemental sulfur (S0chem), were compared in terms of nitrate reduction rates, impact on membrane filtration and microbial community composition. Complete denitrification with higher rates (up to 286 mg N-NO3-/L d) was observed in the SMBR supplemented with S0bio (SMBRbio), while nitrate was never completely reduced in the SMBR fed with S0chem (SMBRchem). Trans membrane pressure was higher for SMBRbio due to smaller particle size and colloidal properties of S0bio. Microbial communities in the two SMBRs were similar and dominated by Proteobacteria, with Pleomorphomonas and Thermomonas being the most abundant genera in both bioreactors. This study reveals that S0bio can be effectively used for nitrate removal in autotrophic denitrifying MBRs and results in higher nitrate reduction rates compared to S0chem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ucar
- Environmental Engineering Department, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Tulay Yilmaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Francesco Di Capua
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, via Claudio 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Erkan Sahinkaya
- Bioengineering Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hassan K, Hamdy O, Helmy M, Mostafa H. Enhancing treated wastewater effluent characteristics using hybrid biofilm/activated sludge process - a case study. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:217-227. [PMID: 32333655 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper documents the results of 12 months of monitoring of an upgraded hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (MBBR-CAS WWTP). It also targets the assessment of the increment of the hydraulic load on existing treatment units with a zero construction and land cost. The influent flow to the plant was increased from 21,000 m3 d-1 to 30,000 m3 d-1, 40% of the existing CAS reactor volume was used for the MBBR zone with a carrier fill fraction of 47.62% and with Headworks Bio ActiveCell™ 515 used as media; no modifications were made for the primary and secondary tanks. The hybrid reactor showed high removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), with average effluent values recording 33.00 ± 8.87 mg L-1, 52.90 ± 9.65 mg L-1 and 29.50 ± 6.64 mg L-1 respectively. Nutrient removals in the hybrid modified biological reactor were moderate compared with carbon removal despite the high C/N ratio of 12.33. Findings in this study favor the application of MBBR in the upgrading of existing CAS plants with the plant BOD5 removal efficiency recording an increase of about 5% compared with the plant before upgrade and effluent values well within the legal requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hassan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering, Shorouk Academy, Nakheel District, 11837, Shorouk, Egypt E-mail: ;
| | - Olfat Hamdy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering, Shorouk Academy, Nakheel District, 11837, Shorouk, Egypt E-mail: ;
| | - Mohamed Helmy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering, Shorouk Academy, Nakheel District, 11837, Shorouk, Egypt E-mail: ;
| | - Hossam Mostafa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Abdo Pasha Square, 11517, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
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Roveto PM, Schuler AJ. Performance and diversity responses of nitrifying biofilms developed on varied materials and topographies to stepwise increases of aeration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:429-439. [PMID: 30851582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrifying biofilms were grown on 3D-printed nylon with three different surface characteristics (flat, millimeter-scale indentations, and indentations with activated carbon (AC) coating) and were subjected to sequentially increasing aeration-based shear to determine the interplay between surface, performance, and microbial populations towards improved design of wastewater treatment media. Biofilms were evaluated for nitrification, biomass detachment, and microbial composition based on Illumina 16s rRNA sequencing. Indentations provided greater stability over flat with respect to population diversity after detachment events but did not improve ammonia removal. AC-surface biofilm had significantly higher removal than uncoated surfaces at low aeration (1.0 L/min, fine) and significantly lower at high aeration (5.0 L/min, coarse). Principal component analyses of microbial communities illustrated temporal shifts over two similar cycles of growth and shear-induced biomass loss, demonstrating that biofilms grew similar consortia across all surfaces, but tended to revert to earlier individual compositions after shear events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Roveto
- University of New Mexico, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, United States.
| | - Andrew J Schuler
- University of New Mexico, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, United States.
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15
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Cinà P, Bacci G, Arancio W, Gallo G, Fani R, Puglia AM, Di Trapani D, Mannina G. Assessment and characterization of the bacterial community structure in advanced activated sludge systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 282:254-261. [PMID: 30870691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed to assess and characterize the structure of bacterial community in advanced activated sludge systems. In particular, activated sludge samples were collected from an Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge - Membrane Bioreactor pilot plant under a University of Cape Town configuration with in-series anaerobic (Noair)/anoxic (Anox)/aerobic (Oxy) reactors - and further analyzed. The achieved results - based on Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of 16S rDNA amplicons - revealed that the bacterial biofilm (bf) communities on plastic carriers of Oxy and Anox reactors had a greater diversity compared to suspended (sp) bacterial flocs of Oxy, Anox and Noair. Indeed, the Shannon diversity indices of both biofilm communities were higher than those of suspended growth samples (Oxy-bf = 4.1 and Anox-bf = 4.2 vs. Oxy-sp = 3.4, Anox-sp = 3.5 and Noair-sp = 3.4). The most striking differences have been reported in Rhodobacteraceae being more abundant in biofilm specimens than in suspended biomass samples. The vast majority of the identified bacteria differs from those obtained by culture dependent method, thus suggesting that NGS-based method is really suitable to analyze the bacterial community composition, even in advanced systems for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cinà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bacci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Walter Arancio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Puglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Trapani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mannina
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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16
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Ismail Z, Aziz MMA, Mahmood NAN, Ismail S, Umor NA, Faua'ad Syed Muhammad SA. Optimisation of a modified submerged bed biofilm reactor for biological oleochemical wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 226:156-162. [PMID: 30119039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oleochemicals industry effluence mainly contains a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) in a range of 6000-20,000 ppm. An effective biological wastewater treatment process must be carried out before wastewater is discharged into the environment. In this study, a submerged bed biofilm reactor (SBBR) was adapted to the biological oleochemical wastewater treatment plant observed in the present study. The effect of wastewater flow rate (100-300 mL/min), Cosmoball® percentage in the SBBR system (25-75%), and percentage of activated sludge (0-50%) were investigated in terms of COD reduction. The Box-Behnken design was used for response surface methodology (RSM) and to create a set of 18 experimental runs, which was needed for optimising the biological oleochemical wastewater treatment. A quadratic polynomial model with estimated coefficients was developed to describe COD reduction patterns. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the wastewater flow rate was the most effective factor in reducing COD, followed by activated sludge percentage and Cosmoball® carrier percentage. Under the optimum conditions (i.e., a wastewater flow rate of 103.25 mL/min a Cosmoball® carrier percentage of 71.94%, and an activated sludge percentage of 40.50%) a COD reduction of 98% was achieved. Thus, under optimum conditions, as suggested by the BBD, SBBR systems can be used as a viable means of biological wastewater treatment in the oleochemicals industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Ismail
- Department of Bioprocess & Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Md Maniruzzaman A Aziz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Azmi Nik Mahmood
- Department of Bioprocess & Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Ismail
- Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy (ECRE), School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azrimi Umor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, University Teknologi MARA, 72000, UiTM Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Syed Anuar Faua'ad Syed Muhammad
- Department of Bioprocess & Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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Shen Y, Ji Y, Li C, Luo P, Wang W, Zhang Y, Nover D. Effects of Phytoremediation Treatment on Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Different Petroleum-Contaminated Soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102168. [PMID: 30279389 PMCID: PMC6211031 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increased exploitation and use of petroleum resources is leading to increased risk of petroleum contamination of soil and groundwater. Although phytoremediation is a widely-used and cost-effective method for rehabilitating soils polluted by petroleum, bacterial community structure and diversity in soils undergoing phytoremediation is poorly understood. We investigate bacterial community response to phytoremediation in two distinct petroleum-contaminated soils (add prepared petroleum-contaminated soils) from northwest China, Weihe Terrace soil and silty loam from loess tableland. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to compare the bacterial communities in 24 different samples, yielding 18,670 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The dominant bacterial groups, Proteobacteria (31.92%), Actinobacteria (16.67%), Acidobacteria (13.29%) and Bacteroidetes (6.58%), increased with increasing petroleum concentration from 3000 mg/kg–10,000 mg/kg, while Crenarchaeota (13.58%) and Chloroflexi (4.7%) decreased. At the order level, RB41, Actinomycetales, Cytophagales, envOPS12, Rhodospirillales, MND1 and Xanthomonadales, except Nitrososphaerales, were dominant in Weihe Terrace soil. Bacterial community structure and diversity in the two soils were significantly different at similar petroleum concentrations. In addition, the dominant genera were affected by available nitrogen, which is strongly associated with the plants used for remediation. Overall, the bacterial community structure and diversity were markedly different in the two soils, depending on the species of plants used and the petroleum concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
- School of Biological and Environmental, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Groundwater and Eco-Environment of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chunrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Pingping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Daniel Nover
- School of Engineering, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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18
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Mannina G, Capodici M, Cosenza A, Di Trapani D, Olsson G. Greenhouse gas emissions and the links to plant performance in a fixed-film activated sludge membrane bioreactor - Pilot plant experimental evidence. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:1145-1151. [PMID: 28579177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the interlinkages among the operational variables of a University of Cape Town (UCT) Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant. Specifically, dedicated experimental tests were carried out with the final aim to find-out a constitutive relationship among operational costs (OCs), effluent quality index (EQI), effluent fines (EF). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were also included in the study. Results showed that the EQI increases at low flow rate likely due to the dissolved oxygen (DO) limitation in the biological processes. Direct GHGs increase with the increasing of the air flow due to the anoxic N2O contribution. Irreversible membrane fouling reduce from 98% to 85% at the air flow rate of 0.57m3h-1 and 2.56m3h-1, respectively. However, the increase of the air flow rate leads to the increase of the N2O-N flux emitted from the MBR (from 40% to 80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mannina
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Capodici
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alida Cosenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Trapani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gustaf Olsson
- Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation (IEA), Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100Ole Römers väg 1, Lund, Sweden
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