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Wang M, He J, Dong X, Zhang R. Effect of gradual increase of salt on performance and microbial community during granulation process. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 147:404-413. [PMID: 39003058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Salinity was considered to have effects on the characteristics, performance microbial communities of aerobic granular sludge. This study investigated granulation process with gradual increase of salt under different gradients. Two identical sequencing batch reactors were operated, while the influent of Ra and Rb was subjected to stepwise increments of NaCl concentrations (0-4 g/L and 0-10 g/L). The presence of filamentous bacteria may contribute to granules formed under lower salinity conditions, potentially leading to granules fragmentation. Excellent removal efficiency achieved in both reactors although there was a small accumulation of nitrite in Rb at later stages. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in Ra were 95.31%, 93.70% and 88.66%, while the corresponding removal efficiencies in Rb were 94.19%, 89.79% and 80.74%. Salinity stimulated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion and enriched EPS producing bacteria to help maintain the integrity and stability of the aerobic granules. Heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria were responsible for NH4+-N and NO2--N oxidation of salinity systems and large number of denitrifying bacteria were detected, which ensure the high removal efficiency of TN in the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Junguo He
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiangke Dong
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruimiao Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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2
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Patnaik L, Mallick SK. Acclimatization of a sequencing batch vertical oxidation pond with simulated agricultural wastewater using duckweed as vegetation: analysis of efficiency, Biomass, and Soil properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:47771-47788. [PMID: 39007973 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Vertical oxidation pond operated in sequencing batch mode (HRT: 1.25 day) with duckweed as the vegetation was used to acclimatize with simulated agricultural wastewater. The maximum removal rate of urea [371 g/(m3.d)] and COD [222.4 g/(m3.d)] were observed at moderate concentrations of urea (500 mg/L), N-P-K (60 mg/L), and pesticide (20 mg/L). Inhibition and toxicity posed by higher concentrations, decreased the removals of urea (83% to 61%), COD (81% to 51%), and TDS (76% to 50%) at the end of the acclimatization. Steady removal (> 99%) of PO43--P was observed during acclimatization. Effluent pH increased due to the generation of NH4+-N (maximum 370 ± 5 mg/L) from the assimilation of urea. Oxidation of ammonia led to the maximum generation of NO2--N and NO3--N of 10 mg/L and 9 mg/L, respectively. Particles less than 300 μm increased, and both specific gravity (from 2.62 to 2.42) and maximum dry density (from 1.73 to 1.30 g/cm3) of the base soil decreased with an increase in urea, N-P-K, and pesticide. Reactor biomass increased (1.42 to 1.90 g/L) up to initial concentrations of urea (500 mg/L), N-P-K (60 mg/L), and pesticide (20 mg/L), then decreased (1.68 g/L) with an increase in concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipsa Patnaik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India
| | - Subrat Kumar Mallick
- Department of Civil Engineering, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India.
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Kumar R, Saini GK, Jawed M. Resilience of aerobic sludge biomass under chlorpyrifos stress and its recovery potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141324. [PMID: 38296207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Non-agricultural sources of pesticides in urban areas are responsible for their presence in domestic wastewater. Therefore, pesticides are typically found in sewage treatment plants in developed and developing countries as micro-pollutant. The presence of pesticides in the wastewater can impart stress on the aerobic sludge biomass and disrupt the functioning of the plant. However, there exists a knowledge gap regarding the resilience of aerobic sludge biomass towards stress due to the presence of pesticides in the wastewater. This study investigated the impact of chlorpyrifos (CPS) - a widely used pesticide, on sludge biomass and explored its recovery capability when CPS is discontinued in the influent. Four duplicate reactors were operated with different CPS concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/L. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal for reactors has ranged within 18-73 % at the steady state of the stressed phase, whereas COD removal for the control reactor was 91 %. CPS stress slightly inhibited filamentous biomass growth. Biomass activity and cell viability have decreased significantly, whereas biochemical contents have varied slightly under CPS stress. The activities of the enzymes dehydrogenase and urease were significantly inhibited when compared to catalase and protease. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis reflected changes in the microbial community. The discontinuation of CPS has allowed aerobic sludge biomass to recover in its organic degradation capability (COD removal of more than 88 % at steady-state conditions of recovery phase operation), biomass growth, and cell viability. In addition, enzyme activities have retrieved to their original levels, and 78-93 % similarity of microbial community structure has been displayed between CPS-exposed and control reactor biomasses. Overall, the present study has indicated the orderly changes in the quality of aerobic sludge biomass under CPS stress through physico-chemical and biological characteristics. The study also has highlighted the self-recovery of sludge biomass characteristics stressed with different concentrations of CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Kumar
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Gurvinder Kaur Saini
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammad Jawed
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Muloiwa M, Dinka M, Nyende‐Byakika S. Application of Artificial Neural Network for predicting biomass growth during domestic wastewater treatment through a biological process. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2200058. [PMID: 37153027 PMCID: PMC10158627 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological treatment process is responsible for removing organic and inorganic matter in wastewater. This process relies heavily on microorganisms to successfully remove organic and inorganic matter. The aim of the study was to model biomass growth in the biological treatment process. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm was used to model biomass growth. Three metrics: coefficient of determination (R 2), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean squared error (MSE) were used to evaluate the performance of the model. Sensitivity analysis was applied to confirm variables that have a strong influence on biomass growth. The results of the study showed that MLP ANN algorithm was able to model biomass growth successfully. R 2 values were 0.844, 0.853, and 0.823 during training, validation, and testing phases, respectively. RMSE values were 0.7476, 1.1641, and 0.7798 during training, validation, and testing phases respectively. MSE values were 0.5589, 1.3551, and 0.6081 during training, validation, and testing phases, respectively. Sensitivity analysis results showed that temperature (47.2%) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (40.2%) were the biggest drivers of biomass growth. Aeration period (4.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration (3.2%), and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) (5.1%) contributed minimally. The biomass growth model can be applied at different wastewater treatment plants by different plant managers/operators in order to achieve optimum biomass growth. The optimum biomass growth will improve the removal of organic and inorganic matter in the biological treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Muloiwa
- Department of Civil EngineeringTshwane University of TechnologyPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Megersa Dinka
- Department of Civil Engineering ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
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Muloiwa M, Dinka M, Nyende-Byakika S. Impact of temperature and airflow rate on the removal of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants in the biological treatment process. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Negi R, Kumar R, Jawed M. Recovery potential of aerobic sludge biomass from Co (II) stress in sequencing batch reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61954-61966. [PMID: 35378654 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in higher concentrations are often encountered in domestic sewage of developing and under-developed countries. High metallic concentrations can stress reactor sludge biomass morphology impeding its performance in organics reduction. However, the extent of damage and ability of sludge biomass to recover from the metallic stress is not fully understood. Also, there is no protocol to identify and prevent the sludge biomass from metallic stress in fully functional sewage treatment plants (STPs). This study investigates performance, metabolic activity, morphology, and settling characteristics of the sludge biomass under different Co(II) stress conditions. The extent of recovery in biomass, when the supply of Co(II) metal ion was discontinued in the inlet stream, was explored. The study also proposed a protocol based on simple settling characteristics of sludge biomass to get an early indication of metal infiltration to prevent potential damage to the biomass morphology. Four sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with Co(II) ion concentrations of 0 (designated as RCo0), 5 (RCo5), 25 (RCo25), and 75 mg/L (RCo75) in the feed were operated with a cycle time of 12 h. Reactors were operated for 35 days with Co(II) in the feed (termed as stressed phase operation) followed by 24 days of operation without Co(II) in the feed (termed as recovery phase operation). Results show that COD removal in reactor RCo75 reduced to 48% on the 10th day of stressed phase operation, showing a lag in COD removal due to metallic stress. The activity of biomass in reactors RCo5, RCo25, and RCo75 was reduced by 39%, 45%, and 49%, respectively, in the stressed phase compared to the biomass in control reactor. Recovery in COD removal efficiency and specific biomass activity were observed in all the reactors after the removal of metallic stress. The settleability of sludge biomass in reactors RCo25 and RCo75 was significantly affected. Transformation in the shape of flocs in reactor RCo25 and RCo75 biomasses revealed the prolonged effect of metallic stress, which was observed to be irreversible even during the recovery phase operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajhans Negi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Environmental Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Rajneesh Kumar
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammad Jawed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Mallick SK, Chakraborty S. Treatment of petroleum wastewater contaminated with hydrocarbons and inorganics by anoxic-aerobic sequential moving bed reactors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112430. [PMID: 33780816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the biotransformation of virulent petroleum refinery concoction with phenol (750 mg/L), emulsified crude oil (300 mg/L), S2- (750 mg/L), NH4+-N (350 mg/L) and NO3--N (1000 mg/L) in anoxic (A1) - aerobic (A2) moving bed reactors operated in series. The efficacy of the system was analysed through measurement of pollutant concentrations, GC-MS and FTIR peaks of the influent and effluent, and biomass activity studies. The system was able to eliminate the organics and inorganics with more than 99% efficiency at 80 h HRT and 64 h cycle time. GC-MS results revealed breakage of high molecular weight organics to smaller compounds after anoxic treatment. Further treatment of anoxic effluent by aerobic biomass reduced the number of peaks in the final effluent significantly. FTIR results were in accord with the GC-MS results. Heterotrophic activity (HA) of the aerobic biomass was higher than anoxic biomass due to its higher free energy change. Anoxic biomass showed chemolithotrophic activity (CA), suggesting survival in the absence of organics. Gas generated from anoxic reactor consisted of 91% nitrogen, 1% CO2, 1% H2S and rest was unaccounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Mallick
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Saswati Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Tomar SK, Chakraborty S. Impact of high phenol loading on aerobic granules from two different kinds of industrial sludge along with thiocyanate and ammonium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123824. [PMID: 32688255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two sequencing batch reactors inoculated with two different kinds of industrial sludge; refinery sludge (R1) and brewery sludge (R2), were operated to observe the impact of high phenol loading (5.71 kg COD m-3 day-1) along with 100 mg L-1 of ammonia-nitrogen and thiocyanate on the granular stability and performance. R2 granules were stable and degraded all the pollutants up to an organic loading of 5.71 kg COD m-3 day-1 with the large size and high extracellular polymeric substances of 2769.94 ± 62.26 µm and 114.83 ± 1.33 mg gVSS-1, respectively, whereas R1 granules disintegrated at an organic loading of more than 3.32 kg COD m-3 day-1. At higher phenol loading, granular biomass activity was 3.43 and 16.35 mg COD removed mgVSS-1 day-1 in R1 and R2, respectively, from the initial sludge activities of 8.01 (refinery sludge) and 6.56 (brewery sludge) mg COD removed mgVSS-1 day-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar Tomar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Saswati Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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Ghosh S, Chakraborty S. Influence of inoculum variation on formation and stability of aerobic granules in oily wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109239. [PMID: 31306929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study provides extensive information about oily wastewater treatment in aerobic granular reactors (AGR) using three different inoculums from sewage, refinery and brewery. Initially, sodium acetate was used for granule formation while AGR with brewery inoculum had maximum granule size (5.44 ± 0.05 mm) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS: 471.22 ± 2.0 mg/g VSS). But, during emulsified diesel exposure, refinery sludge granules achieved maximum granule size of 3.49 ± 0.01 mm and EPS of 204.85 ± 2.01 mg/g VSS with maximum 67.39 ± 0.15% oil removal efficiency. AGRs achieved 99.9 ± 0.05% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 91.67 ± 0.14% ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal efficiencies. Refinery granules remained stable at maximum 310 ± 10 mg/L diesel concentration whereas, the stability thresholds for sewage and brewery granules were 170 ± 15 and 250 ± 10 mg/L, respectively. Brevibacterium paucivorans strain SG001, Micrococcus aloeverae strain SG002 and Staphylococcus hominis strain SG003 were identified as the major pollutant degraders isolated from sewage, refinery and brewery sludge. Micrococcus aloeverae strain SG002 exhibited maximum pollutant removal efficiencies (COD: 99.9 ± 0.01%, NH4+-N: 99.9 ± 0.01%, oil: 61.34 ± 0.85%) among the three species. Re-addition of sodium acetate restored granule structure and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanti Ghosh
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Saswati Chakraborty
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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El Ouardi M, Laabd M, Abou Oualid H, Brahmi Y, Abaamrane A, Elouahli A, Ait Addi A, Laknifli A. Efficient removal of p-nitrophenol from water using montmorillonite clay: insights into the adsorption mechanism, process optimization, and regeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19615-19631. [PMID: 31079303 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present research highlights the use of a montmorillonite clay to remove p-nitrophenol (PNP) from aqueous solution. The montmorillonite clay was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses, and zero point charge in order to establish the adsorption behavior-properties relationship. The physiochemical parameters like pH, initial PNP concentration, and adsorbent dose as well as their binary interaction effects on the PNP adsorption yield were statistically optimized using response surface methodology. As a result, 99.5% removal of PNP was obtained under the optimal conditions of pH 2, adsorbent dose of 2 g/l, and PNP concentration of 20 mg/l. The interaction between adsorbent dose and initial concentration was the most influencing interaction on the PNP removal efficiency. The mass transfer of PNP at the solution/adsorbent interface was described using pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion. Langmuir isotherm well fitted the experimental equilibrium data with a satisfactory maximum adsorption capacity of 122.09 mg/g. The PNP adsorption process was thermodynamically spontaneous and endothermic. The regeneration study showed that the montmorillonite clay exhibited an excellent recycling capability. Overall, the montmorillonite clay is very attractive as an efficient, low-cost, eco-friendly, and recyclable adsorbent for the remediation of hazardous phenolic compounds in industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud El Ouardi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
- University Campus of Ait Melloul, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Laabd
- Laboratory of Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hicham Abou Oualid
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Mohammedia, University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Younes Brahmi
- Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Benguerir, Morocco
| | | | - Abdelaziz Elouahli
- Biomaterials and Electrochemistry Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Ait Addi
- Physical Chemistry and Environment Team, Faculty of Science, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Laknifli
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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de Sousa Rollemberg SL, Mendes Barros AR, Milen Firmino PI, Bezerra Dos Santos A. Aerobic granular sludge: Cultivation parameters and removal mechanisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:678-688. [PMID: 30201322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been the focus of many investigations, and the main parameters responsible for AGS formation are hydrodynamic shear force, short periods and feast-famine cycles. However, some other parameters are associated with AGS maintenance after long periods of operation. This review evaluates the parameters responsible for AGS formation and maintenance and some reference values are proposed. In addition, some discussions are addressed about the main metabolic pathways that AGS uses for the removal of some compounds, such as nutrients, organic matter, dyes, recalcitrant compounds, among others. Finally, the main microbial groups present in the AGS and their respective functions are discussed. It is also highlighted that many parameters that are taken as reference currently for AGS cultivation and maintenance can be optimized for energy savings, implementation costs, among others, as well as a greater recovery of resources during wastewater treatment, within the scope of the biorefinery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paulo Igor Milen Firmino
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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