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Jin Y, Yu J, Yu J, Wu Y, Deng S, Jiang Y, Huang Z, Wu D, Zhu W. Ce/N @BC prepared based on plant metallurgy strategy: A novel activator of peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123558. [PMID: 38355088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A novel carbon catalyst was created based on plant metallurgy strategy for organic pollutants removal. Plants rich in CeO2 NPs in water were used as carbon precursors and pyrolyzed with urea to obtain Ce/N co-doped carbon catalysts, which were used in the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by active peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The results showed that the Ce/N @BC/PMS system achieved to 94.5% degradation of SMX in 40 min at a rate constant of 0.0602 cm-1. The activation center of PMS is widely dispersed Ce oxide nanocrystals, and CeO2 NPs promote the formation of oxygen centered PFR with enhanced catalytic ability and longer half-life. In addition, N-doping facilitates the transfer of π-electrons within the sp2 carbon of biochar, increasing active sites and thus improving PMS activation efficiency. The degradation process was contributed to by both radical and non-radical activation mechanisms including 1O2 and direct electron transfer, with O2•- serving as 1O2's precursor. Through the DFT calculations, LC-MS and toxicological analyses, the degradation pathway of pollutants and the toxicity changes throughout the entire degradation process were further revealed, indicating that the degradation of SMX could effectively reduce ecological toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiao Jin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin, 644000, PR China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin, 644000, PR China.
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Institute of New Energy and Low Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Yuerong Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin, 644000, PR China
| | - Siwei Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Soil and Groundwater Pollution Prevention Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, 610046, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yinying Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin, 644000, PR China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Yibin, 644000, PR China
| | - Donghai Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
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Lei H, Wang J, Sun Y, Wu Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang X. Thermally activated persulfate (TAP)-enhanced tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate removal in real-world waters based on a response-surface approach as well as toxicological evaluation on its degradation products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115924. [PMID: 38171103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
As a typical organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is refractory in aqueous environment. The application of TAP is a promising method for removing pollutants. Herein, the removal of TCEP using TAP was rigorously investigated, and the effects of some key variables were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time approach. To further evaluate the interactions among variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was employed. Under optimized conditions (pH 5, [PS]0: [TCEP]0 = 500:1), the maximum removal efficiency (RE) of TCEP reached up to 90.6%. In real-world waters, the RE of TCEP spanned the range of 56%- 65% in river water, pond water, lake water and sanitary sewage. The low-concentration Cl- (0.1 mM) promoted TCEP degradation, but the contrary case occurred when the high-concentration Cl-, NO3-, CO32-, HCO3-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, NH4+ and humic acid were present owing to their prominently quenching effects on SO4•-. Both EPR and scavenger experiments revealed that the main radicals in the TAP system were SO4•- and •OH, in which SO4•- played the most crucial role in TCEP degradation. GC-MS/MS analysis disclosed that two degradation products appeared, sourcing from the replacement, oxidation, hydroxylation and water-molecule elimination reactions. The other two products were inferred from the comprehensive literature. As for acute toxicity to fish, daphnid and green algae, product A displayed the slightly higher toxicity, whereas other three products exhibited the declining toxicity as compared to their parent molecule. These findings offer a theoretical/practical reference for high-efficiency removal of TCEP and its ecotoxicological risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Lei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yueying Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China.
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3
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Feng Z, Yang Z, Yang S, Xiong H, Ning Y, Wang C, Li Y. Current status and future challenges of chlorobenzenes pollution in soil and groundwater (CBsPSG) in the twenty-first century: a bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111748-111765. [PMID: 37843707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The global industrial structure had undertaken significant changes since the twenty-first century, making a severe problem of chlorobenzene pollution in soil and groundwater (CBsPSG). CBsPSG receives increasing attention due to the high toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation of chlorobenzenes. To date, despite the gravity of this issue, no bibliometric analysis (BA) of CBsPSG does exist. This study fills up the gap by conducting a BA of 395 articles related to CBsPSG from the Web of Science Core Collection database using CiteSpace. Based on a comprehensive analysis of various aspects, including time-related, related disciplines, keywords, journal contribution, author productivity, and institute and country distribution, the status, development, and hotspots of research in the field were shown visually and statistically. Moreover, this study has also delved into the environmental behavior and remediation techniques of CBsPSG. In addition, four challenges (unequal research development, insufficient cooperation, deeply mechanism research, and developing new technologies) have been identified, and corresponding suggestions have been proposed for the future development of research in the field. Afterwards, the limitations of BA were discussed. This work provides a powerful insight into CBsPSG, enabling to quickly identify the hotspot and direction of future studies by relevant researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Feng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hanxiang Xiong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Ning
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Changxiang Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yilian Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Musajan Z, Xiao P. Facile fabrication of mesoporous carbon-anchored cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as a heterogeneous activator of peroxymonosulfate for efficient degradation of Congo red. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48088-48106. [PMID: 36750515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, mesoporous carbon-anchored cobalt ferrite nanocomposites (nano-CoFe2O4@MC) were fabricated using a hydrothermal method for application as heterogeneous catalysts to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS), in order to solve the problems of low activation performance and secondary pollution caused by the inter-particle agglomeration, metal ion leaching, and difficult recovery of nano metal catalysts. Analysis techniques such as SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, FTIR, VSM, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the prepared nanocomposites have excellent surface properties, structural stability, and magnetic properties. The performance of nano-CoFe2O4@MC for Congo red (CR) degradation was evaluated by comparison with other treatment systems and study of the influence of experimental parameters, including the anchoring ratios, catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, initial pH, CR concentration, coexisting anions, and humic acid. Both radical and nonradical pathways were observed in the activation process of PMS by nano-CoFe2O4@MC. The analysis results of the element composition and ionic state of the catalyst show that the redox cycle of two ion pairs, Co3+/Co2+ and Fe2+/Fe3+, could enhance the multipath electron transfer on the catalyst surface to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species. Identification of the intermediate products revealed CR was transformed into 12 intermediates through two branch pathways in the nano-CoFe2O4@MC/PMS system. After five cycles of use, the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst did not decrease significantly. Nanocomposites with high catalytic performance, stability, recyclability, and a low ion leaching rate have broad application prospects in the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulhumar Musajan
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Pengfei Xiao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China.
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5
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Yang Y, Zhu J, Zeng Q, Zeng X, Zhang G, Niu Y. Enhanced activation of peroxydisulfate by regulating pyrolysis temperature of biochar supported nZVI for the degradation of oxytetracycline. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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6
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Gui C, Li G, Song M, Lei Z. Absorption of dichloromethane in deep eutectic solvents: Experimental and computational thermodynamics. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Lin C, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Song C, Meng F, Song B, Zuo G, Qi Q, Wang Y, Yu L, Song M. Oxygen-mediated dielectric barrier discharge plasma for enhanced degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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8
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Degradation of surrogate and real naphthenic acids from simulated and real oil sand process water using electrochemically activated peroxymonosulfate (EO-PMS) process. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Pirsaheb M, Hossaini H, Asadi A, Jafari Z. Persulfate activation by magnetic SnS2-Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite under visible light for detoxification of organophosphorus pesticide. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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10
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Senthilkumar A, Ganeshbabu M, Karuppiah Lazarus J, Sevugarathinam S, John J, Ponnusamy SK, Velayudhaperumal Chellam P, Sillanpää M. Thermal and Radiation Based Catalytic Activation of Persulfate Systems in the Removal of Micropollutants: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abiramasundari Senthilkumar
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Madhubala Ganeshbabu
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Jesintha Karuppiah Lazarus
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Shalini Sevugarathinam
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Vellakulam 625701, India
| | - Juliana John
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India
| | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Arvaniti OS, Ioannidi AA, Mantzavinos D, Frontistis Z. Heat-activated persulfate for the degradation of micropollutants in water: A comprehensive review and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115568. [PMID: 35777153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work is a critical review of the most important studies that have dealt with heat-activated persulfate to degrade persistent micropollutants in the last six years. The effect of the different operating parameters is discussed, wherein in all cases, the efficiency was favored at higher temperatures and oxidant concentrations. Particular emphasis was given to the effect of the aqueous matrix. Since heat activation is a homogeneous process based on the production of free radicals, in most of the studies presented, the removal of pollutants decreases as the complexity of the aqueous matrix increases except in cases where secondary oxidative species are produced that are selective with specific pollutants. It has also been observed that the change in toxicity usually follows the removal of the parent compound despite the formation of several by-products. Nowadays, combining different processes for the simultaneous activation of persulfate seems to be gaining ground. A hybrid process is an interesting strategy to reduce costs and increase efficiency, especially in real wastewater. In this light, the most interesting studies of hybrid systems for the destruction of micropollutants in recent years based on thermally activated persulfate are also summarized. Finally, some steps are proposed for future research towards the industrial application, including the study of chemical mixtures, the integrated toxicity assessment, the examination of simultaneous disinfection and decomposition of pollutants into real wastewater, the estimation of the required costs, and energy the combination of processes and their coupling with renewable sources, and the design of pilot plants and the scale-up of the hybrid processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Arvaniti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandra A Ioannidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR, 50132, Kozani, Greece.
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Thermally activated persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Processes — recent progress and challenges in mineralization of persistent organic chemicals: a review. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mohammed S, Shajeelammal J, Asok A, Shukla S. Autoclave and pulsed ultrasound cavitation based thermal activation of persulfate for regeneration of hydrogen titanate nanotubes as recyclable dye adsorbent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:63304-63320. [PMID: 35449338 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the dye removal application, regeneration of hydrogen titanate nanotubes (HTN, H2Ti3O7) has been achieved via thermal activation of persulfate anion (PS, S2O82-) by using the conventional hot plate technique which has limitations from the commercial perspective since it does not provide any precise control over the thermal generation process typically during the scale-up operation. To overcome this drawback, HTN have been synthesized via hydrothermal process which exhibit the methylene blue (MB) adsorption of 93% at the initial dye concentration and solution pH of 90 µM and 10 respectively. HTN have been regenerated via the thermal activation of PS by varying its initial concentration and regeneration temperature, within the range of 0.27-1 wt% and 40-80 °C, under the thermal conditions set by the autoclave and pulsed ultrasound (US) cavitation process. The results of recycling experiments suggest that the optimum values of initial PS concentration and temperature, for the regeneration of HTN under the autoclave conditions, are 1 wt% and 70 °C with the maximum MB adsorption of 92%, while, the corresponding values for the pulsed US cavitation process are 1 wt%, 80 °C, and 91% respectively. Thus, the regeneration and recycling of HTN have been successfully demonstrated by using the autoclave and pulsed US cavitation process. Under the optimum conditions, MB degradation involves the generation and attack of SO4•- for both the thermal generation techniques. The regeneration techniques developed here may be utilized in future during the scale-up operation and also for the regeneration of adsorbents besides HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahansha Mohammed
- Functional Materials Section (FMS), Materials Science and Technology Division (MSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Industrial Estate P. O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Jameelammal Shajeelammal
- Functional Materials Section (FMS), Materials Science and Technology Division (MSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Industrial Estate P. O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Adersh Asok
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Photosciences and Photonics Section (PPS), Chemical Sciences and Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-NIIST, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Satyajit Shukla
- Functional Materials Section (FMS), Materials Science and Technology Division (MSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Industrial Estate P. O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Sánchez-Yepes A, Santos A, Rosas JM, Rodríguez-Mirasol J, Cordero T, Lorenzo D. Regeneration of Granulated Spent Activated Carbon with 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Using Thermally Activated Persulfate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:9611-9620. [PMID: 35855725 PMCID: PMC9284557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chlorinated organic
compounds (COCs) are persistent organic pollutants
often found in groundwater near industrial sites or in industrial
wastewaters. Adsorption into activated carbon is a common strategy
to remediate these waters, but spent activated carbon results in a
toxic residue to manage. To avoid the transport of the chlorinated
compounds out of the site, the in-situ regeneration of the spent activated
carbon can be considered for reuse to implement a circular economy.
In this work, the regeneration of a commercial granular activated
carbon (GAC) has been carried out using thermally activated sodium
persulfate (TAP). GAC was previously saturated in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
(124-TCB) as the model compound. The initial adsorption value was
350 mg124-TCB·gGAC–1. First, the nonproductive consumption
of sodium persulfate was studied at different temperatures using nonsaturated
GAC. Then, the regeneration of the saturated GAC (5 g) was studied
by an aqueous solution (166 mM) of TAP (1 L) at a temperature range
from 20 to 80 °C. The possible recovery of the adsorption capacity
was studied after 3 h of treatment in three successive adsorption–regeneration
cycles at the selected temperature (60 °C). The physicochemical
changes of the GAC were also investigated before and after the regeneration
treatments. The results evidence the significant deposition of sulfate
on the GAC after each treatment of regeneration, which avoids the
recovery of the initial adsorption capacity. Therefore, each regeneration
cycle was necessarily followed by a washing step at 60 °C to
remove this sulfate. After that, the regeneration treatment achieved
a stable and high recovery of the initial adsorption capacity of about
48.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Sánchez-Yepes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Aurora Santos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Juana M. Rosas
- Departamento de Ingenierí́a Química, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Rodríguez-Mirasol
- Departamento de Ingenierí́a Química, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Tomás Cordero
- Departamento de Ingenierí́a Química, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - David Lorenzo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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15
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Abatement of Naphthalene by Persulfate Activated by Goethite and Visible LED Light at Neutral pH: Effect of Common Ions and Organic Matter. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naphthalene (NAP) has received particular attention due to its impact on the environment and human health, mandating its removal from water systems. In this work, the abatement of NAP in the aqueous phase was achieved using persulfate (PS) activated by Fe (III) and monochromatic LED light at a natural pH. The reaction was carried out in a slurry batch reactor using goethite as the Fe (III) source. The influence of the PS concentration, goethite concentration, irradiance, temperature and presence of organic matter, chloride, and bicarbonate on the abatement of NAP was studied. These variables were shown to have a different effect on NAP removal. The irradiance showed a maximum at 0.18 W·cm−2 where the photonic efficiency was the highest. As for the concentration of goethite and PS, the influence of the first one was negligible, whereas for PS, the best results were reached at 1.2 mM due to a self-inhibitory effect at higher concentrations. The temperature effect was also negative in the PS consumption. Regarding the effect of ions, chloride had no influence on NAP conversion but carbonates and humic acids were affected. Lastly, this treatment to remove NAP has proved to be an effective technique since minimum conversions of 0.92 at 180 min of reaction time were reached. Additionally, the toxicity of the final samples was decreased.
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Li X, Jie B, Lin H, Deng Z, Qian J, Yang Y, Zhang X. Application of sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation technology in degradation of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs): Recent advances and prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114664. [PMID: 35149402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The large amount of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in wastewater has caused serious impacts on human health. In the past few years, Sulfate radical (SO4•-) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are widely recognized for their high removal rates of recalcitrant TrOCs from water. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS) are stable and non-toxic strong oxidizing oxidants and can act as excellent SO4•- precursors. Compared with hydroxyl radicals(·OH)-based methods, SR-AOPs have a series of advantages, such as long half-life and wide pH range, the oxidation capacity of SO4•- approaches or even exceeds that of ·OH under suitable conditions. In this review, we present the progress of activating PS/PMS to remove TrOCs by different methods. These methods include activation by transition metal, ultrasound, UV, etc. Possible activation mechanisms and influencing factors such as pH during the activation are discussed. Finally, future activation studies of PS/PMS are summarized and prospected. This review summarizes previous experiences and presents the current status of SR-AOPs application for TrOCs removal. Misconceptions in research are avoided and a research basis for the removal of TrOCs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Borui Jie
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Huidong Lin
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zhongpei Deng
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Junyao Qian
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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Tian K, Hu L, Li L, Zheng Q, Xin Y, Zhang G. Recent advances in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes for organic wastewater treatment. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Mirehbar S, Fernández-Velayos S, Mazario E, Menéndez N, Herrasti P, Recio F, Sirés I. Evidence of cathodic peroxydisulfate activation via electrochemical reduction at Fe(II) sites of magnetite-decorated porous carbon: Application to dye degradation in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Zhang Y, Xu M, Liang S, Feng Z, Zhao J. Mechanism of persulfate activation by biochar for the catalytic degradation of antibiotics: Synergistic effects of environmentally persistent free radicals and the defective structure of biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148707. [PMID: 34214814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of antibiotics threatens the water environment and human health. Green treatment method is needed to degrade antibiotics such as biochar. Few studies have examined the environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and defective structure of biochar during the biochar-mediated catalytic degradation of antibiotics. In this study, biochar prepared from poplar and pine sawdust was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to generate instant radicals (SO4•- and •OH) and degrade tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and doxycycline (DOX). The preparation temperatures ranged from 300 °C to 900 °C. EPFRs were the main activator of PMS at 300-500 °C, and the defective structure of biochar was the main activator at 800-900 °C. The concentrations of EPFRs ranged from 1.75 × 1018 spins/g to 6.44 × 1018 spins/g. According to the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameter (g-factor), the main types of EPFRs were carbon-centered radicals (g1 < 2.0030) or carbon-centered radicals with oxygen atoms (2.0030 < g2 < 2.0040). Optimization of the degradation experiment revealed that the removal rate of antibiotics peaked when the preparation temperature was 500 °C and 900 °C. In the biochar/PMS system, the antibiotics removal rate of 90% was achieved in 40 min with an average apparent rate constant (kobs) of 0.0588 min-1. Analysis of the mechanism revealed that the free radical pathway (EPFRs and defective structure) can effectively activate PMS to generate SO4•- and •OH. However, control experiments suggested that the non-free radical pathway (singlet oxygen) had little effect on antibiotic degradation. After five cycles, the removal rate of antibiotics by biochar was still greater than 70%, indicating that biochar retains a high degradation ability. These results indicate that optimizing the preparation conditions can effectively expand the application range of the biochar/PMS system and improve the degradation of antibiotic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Mengqi Xu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Shengxu Liang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Ziyan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
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20
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Wang S, Meng Q, Zhu Q, Niu Q, Yan H, Li K, Li G, Li X, Liu H, Liu Y, Li Q. Efficient decomposition of lignocellulose and improved composting performances driven by thermally activated persulfate based on metagenomics analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148530. [PMID: 34217085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, fresh dairy manure and bagasse pith were used as raw materials to study the effect of potassium persulfate in the aerobic composting process. The influence of sulfate radical anion (SO4-·) generated by thermally activated persulfate on physicochemical parameters, lignocellulose degradation, humic substance (HS) formation, microbial community succession, and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) composition were assessed during composting. Experimental results showed that the degradation rates of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the treatment group with potassium persulfate (PS) (61.47%, 74.63%, 73.1%) were higher than that in blank control group (CK) (59.98%, 71.47%, 70.89%), respectively. Additionally, persulfate additive promoted dynamic variation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and accelerated the formation of HS. Furthermore, metagenomics analysis revealed that persulfate changed the structure of the microbial community, and the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria increased by 17.64% and 34.09% in PS, whereas 12.09% and 29.96% in CK. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and auxiliary activities (AAs) families were crucial to degrade lignocellulose, and their abundances were more in PS. Redundancy analysis (RDA) manifested that Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were closely associated with lignocellulosic degradation. In brief, persulfate could accelerate the degradation of organic components, promote the formation of HS, optimize the structure of microbial community, and improve the compost quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qingran Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qiuhui Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qiuqi Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hailong Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xintian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Youyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qunliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Guangxi Biorefinery, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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21
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Checa-Fernández A, Santos A, Romero A, Domínguez CM. Remediation of real soil polluted with hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-HCH and β-HCH) using combined thermal and alkaline activation of persulfate: Optimization of the operating conditions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Su J, Chen H, Wang J, Yang Q. Enhanced dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by Ni-doped zero-valent iron nanoparticles @ magnetic Fe3O4 (Ni4/Fe@Fe3O4) nanocomposites. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Oba BT, Zheng X, Aborisade MA, Liu J, Yohannes A, Kavwenje S, Sun P, Yang Y, Zhao L. Remediation of trichloroethylene contaminated soil by unactivated peroxymonosulfate: Implication on selected soil characteristics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112063. [PMID: 33588171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on activated Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has been attracting many people in the field of soil and water remediation in many ways while ignoring the shortcomings. The high cost of activators, and energy input, as well as the expense to separate the catalyst and transition metal reducing agent from the treated soil, were some disadvantages of using activated PMS. Based on the above rationales of problems related to the use of activated PMS, this study aimed to study the performance of using unactivated peroxymonosulfate for the advanced oxidation process to remediate soil contaminated by trichloroethylene (TCE), and to evaluate the synergistic effect on selected soil properties after treatment. The results showed that within 45 min, a single injection of 5 mM PMS at its initial pH value can degrade 86.90% of the total TCE in the soil. However, when PMS was continuously injected, the removal rate was increased to 95.25%. The direct reaction of TCE and PMS was the main cause of degradation. PMS can degrade TCE in a wide pH range (pH 3-11), but the maximum degradation was at pH = 2.9 (the initial pH of PMS). After the treatment, the soil organic matter (SOM) was degraded significantly. In contrast, FTIR, SEM, and hydrometer tests conducted on the soil showed that the treatment had no significant effect on the functional groups and particle size distribution of the treated soil. The study on the effect of the treatment on the concentration of bioavailable heavy metals in the treated soil showed that only manganese and copper metals were significantly increased after the treatment. According to the results obtained in this study, it is more beneficial and feasible to use unactivated peroxymonosulfate in the advanced oxidation process when remediating soil contaminated by chlorinated organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tafa Oba
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xuehao Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | | | - Jiashu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ashenafi Yohannes
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sheila Kavwenje
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peizhe Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yongkui Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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24
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Millán M, García-Orozco VM, Lobato J, Fernández-Marchante CM, Roa-Morales G, Linares-Hernández I, Natividad R, Rodrigo MA. Toward more sustainable photovoltaic solar electrochemical oxidation treatments: Influence of hydraulic and electrical distribution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112064. [PMID: 33588169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Powering electrochemical technologies with renewable energies is a promising way to get more sustainable environmental remediation techniques. However, the operational conditions of those processes must be optimized to undergo fast and efficient treatments. In this work, the influence of electrical and hydraulic connections in the performance of a set of two electrolyzers directly powered by photovoltaic panels was evaluated. Despite both electrolyzers were assembled using the same electrode material, they showed different performances. Results indicate that the electrolyzer with higher ohmic resistance and higher overpotential attained a greater production of oxidant species, being produced under the most efficient strategy around 4.8 and 15.1 mmol of oxidants per Ah by electrolyzer 1 and 2, respectively. Nevertheless, an excess of oxidant production because of an inefficient energy management, led to low removal efficiencies as a consequence of a waste of energy into undesirable reactions. Regarding the hydraulic distribution of wastewater between the cells, it was found to influence on the total remediation attained, being the serial connection 2.5 and 1.8 more efficient than a parallel wastewater distribution under series and parallel electrical strategies, respectively. Regarding electrical strategies, parallel connections maximize the use of power produced by the photovoltaic panels. Furthermore, this allows the system to work under lower current densities, reducing the mass transfer limitations. Considering both advantages, a hydraulic connection of the cells in series and an electrical connection in parallel was found to reach the highest specific removal of pollutant, 2.52 mg clopyralid (Wh)-1. Conversely, the opposite strategy (parallel hydraulic connection-series electrical connection) showed the lowest remediation ratio, 0.48 mg clopyralid (Wh)-1. These results are important to be considered in the design of electrolytic treatments of waste directly powered by photovoltaic panels, because they show the way to optimize the cells stack layout in full-scale applications, exhibiting significant impact on the sustainability of the electrochemical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Millán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V M García-Orozco
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - J Lobato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C M Fernández-Marchante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - G Roa-Morales
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - I Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA). Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Km.14.5, carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - R Natividad
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Joint Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CCIQS UAEM-UNAM), Toluca-Atlacomulco Road km 14.5, Campus UAEMéx "El Rosedal", Toluca, State of Mexico, 50200, Mexico
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo Jose Cela n 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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25
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Dominguez CM, Romero A, Checa-Fernandez A, Santos A. Remediation of HCHs-contaminated sediments by chemical oxidation treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141754. [PMID: 32889469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-HCH), and the inadequate management of their wastes, is a huge environmental problem. The lindane production during the last century has generated huge volumes of solid wastes of other HCH isomers, causing hot points of soil and groundwater contamination. The soil treated in this work was obtained from a landfill located in the nearby of an old lindane factory, containing α-HCH and β-HCH as main contaminants. This study addresses for the first time the application of different chemical oxidation treatments, viz. Fenton process (H2O2 + Fe), persulfate (PS) activated by temperature (20 and 40 °C), by alkali (NaOH) and by the combination of alkali and temperature (NaOH, 40 °C) for the remediation of HCH-polluted soils (CHCHs = 155 mg kg-1). The intrinsic characteristics of the soil (high carbonate content) led to high consumption of H2O2 (XH2O2 ≈ 100% at 24 h) and complete iron precipitation, making unappropriated the application of the Fenton process. The efficiency of thermal PS was limited by the low solubility of HCH isomers in the aqueous phase, the high refractoriness of these compounds towards oxidation, and the presence of the contaminants in the form of particulate matter. After 25 days of treatment, a conversion of chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) of 50% was achieved (VL/Wsoil = 2, CPS = 40 g L-1, 40 °C), whereas the application of PS activated by alkali and temperature (40 °C) led to promising results. At pH above 12, HCHs were dehydrochlorinated to trichlorobenzenes, which were further oxidized by hydroxyl radicals. The hydrolysis rate of β-HCH was the limiting step of the process, and it was favored by increasing the reaction temperature. At 40 °C, a conversion of COCs above 95% was achieved (VL/Wsoil = 2, CPS = 40 g L-1, CNaOH = 13.5 g L-1, 14 days) with low oxidant consumption (XPS = 30%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Dominguez
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Romero
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Checa-Fernandez
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Santos
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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