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Han C, Du S, Zhang W, Zhang D, Wen Z, Chai J, Zhao K, Sun S. Exploration of optimal disinfection model based on groundwater risk assessment in disinfection process. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 261:115107. [PMID: 37290298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under the influence of different types of disinfectants and disinfection environments, the removal level of pathogens and the formation potential of disinfection by-products (DBPs) will have a dual impact on the groundwater environment. The key points for sustainable groundwater safety management are how to balance the positive and negative relationship and formulate a scientific disinfection model in combination with risk assessment. In this study, the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and peracetic acid (PAA) concentrations on pathogenic E. coli and DBPs were investigated using static-batch and dynamic-column experiments, as well as the optimal disinfection model for groundwater risk assessment was explored using quantitative microbial risk assessment and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) models. Compared to static disinfection, deposition and adsorption were the dominant factors causing E. coli migration at lower NaClO levels of 0-0.25 mg/L under dynamic state, while disinfection was its migration factor at higher NaClO levels of 0.5-6.5 mg/L. In contrast, E. coli removed by PAA was the result of the combined action of deposition, adsorption, and disinfection. The disinfection effects of NaClO and PAA on E. coli differed under dynamic and static conditions. At the same NaClO level, the health risk associated with E. coli in groundwater was higher, whereas, under the same PAA conditions, the health risk was lower. Under dynamic conditions, the optimal disinfectant dosage required for NaClO and PAA to reach the same acceptable risk level was 2 and 0.85 times (irrigation) or 0.92 times (drinking) of static disinfection, respectively. The results may help prevent the misuse of disinfectants and provide theoretical support for managing twin health risks posed by pathogens and DBPs in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shanghai Du
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Dayi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Juanfen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kaichao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Simiao Sun
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Hooshmandi M, Mazaheri Tehrani A, Habibi Mohraz M, Leili M, Assari MJ. Evaluation of Seasonal Variation on the Health Risks Using the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Approach in a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hamadan, Iran. J Res Health Sci 2023; 23:e00576. [PMID: 37571947 PMCID: PMC10422144 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2023.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a source of airborne bacterial contamination that can pose health risks to staff. The aim of this study was to evaluate seasonal variations in the health risks of exposure to Staphylococcus aureus bioaerosols using the quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach in a WWTP in Hamadan, Iran. STUDY DESIGN This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. METHODS This study determined the emission concentrations of S. aureus bioaerosols in summer and winter. Then, the health risks of three exposure scenarios (the worker, field engineer, and laboratory technician) were evaluated using the QMRA approach. The bioaerosol samples were collected every 12 days in both summer and winter of 2021 with a nutrient agar using a single-stage cascade impactor (Quick Take 30, SKC Inc.) in both outdoor and indoor environments. RESULTS The results demonstrated that in both seasons, S. aureus bioaerosol concentrations in outdoor and indoor environments were below the standard established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (500 CFU/m3 ). While in summer, the annual infection risks and the disease burden for the three exposure scenarios in both outdoor and indoor environments were higher than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (≤10-4 pppy) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (≤10-6 DALYs pppy-1) benchmarks, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings provided high health risks for staff in the three exposure scenarios of an indoor environment, which should not be ignored, as well as emphasizing the use of the QMRA approach to estimate health risks caused by occupational exposure to bioaerosols and taking executive measures to protect staff working in the WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Hooshmandi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Habibi Mohraz
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health Engineering, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad javad Assari
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health Engineering, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Bhatt A, Dada AC, Prajapati SK, Arora P. Integrating life cycle assessment with quantitative microbial risk assessment for a holistic evaluation of sewage treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160842. [PMID: 36509266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach was employed in the present study to combine life cycle assessment (LCA) with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to assess an existing sewage treatment plant (STP) at Roorkee, India. The midpoint LCA modeling revealed that high electricity consumption (≈ 576 kWh.day-1) contributed to the maximum environmental burdens. The LCA endpoint result of 0.01 disability-adjusted life years per person per year (DALYs pppy) was obtained in terms of the impacts on human health. Further, a QMRA model was developed based on representative sewage pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7, Giardia sp., adenovirus, norovirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The public health risk associated with intake of pathogen-laden aerosols during treated water reuse in sprinkler irrigation was determined. A cumulative health risk of 0.07 DALYs pppy was obtained, where QMRA risks contributed 86 % of the total health impacts. The annual probability of illness per person was highest for adenovirus and norovirus, followed by SARS-CoV-2, E. coli O157:H7 and Giardia sp. Overall, the study provides a methodological framework for an integrated LCA-QMRA assessment which can be applied across any treatment process to identify the hotspots contributing maximum environmental burdens and microbial health risks. Furthermore, the integrated LCA-QMRA approach could support stakeholders in the water industry to select the most suitable wastewater treatment system and establish regulations regarding the safe reuse of treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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Li S, Wang S, Wong MH, Zaynab M, Wang K, Zhong L, Ouyang L. Changes in the composition of bacterial communities and pathogen levels during wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1232-1243. [PMID: 35913690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants have been described as a potential source of spreading pathogens to the receiving water. However, few studies are reporting the presence and concentration changes of pathogens in these matrices. High-throughput sequencing provides new insights into understanding the changes of bacterial communities throughout wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, the changes in microbial community composition and the levels of representative pathogens of effluents during the wastewater treatment process in two municipal WWTPs (A and B) were analyzed using Illumina NovaSeq sequencing and qPCR. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in all samples, accounting for 45.0-75.2% of the bacterial community, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Nitrospirae. A slight difference was observed between the bacterial community compositions of WWTPs A and B. However, a significant difference in the community compositions of effluent samples at different treatment stages was observed. Nutrients had a more substantial impact on bacterial community composition than physicochemical factors. Most human-associated Bacteroides and Mycobacterium were eliminated during the wastewater treatment process in both WWTPs. The bacterial community richness in WWTP A was significantly higher than that in WWTP B. The results of this study will provide insights into the potential problems that exist in WWTPs. In turn, these insights can enable the efficient and stable operation of WWTPs and help prevent the spread of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Shilin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Consortium On Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Madiha Zaynab
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Keju Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Liao Ouyang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Rocha-Melogno L, Crank KC, Ginn O, Bergin MH, Brown J, Gray GC, Hamilton KA, Bibby K, Deshusses MA. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of outdoor aerosolized pathogens in cities with poor sanitation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154233. [PMID: 35245543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aeromicrobiological transmission pathway of enteric pathogens in places with unsafe sanitation services is poorly understood. In an attempt to partly fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the potential public health impact of bioaerosols near open waste canals (OWCs) using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). We used data acquired in La Paz, Bolivia to characterize the risk of disease that aerosolized enteric pathogens may pose through food, fomites and inhalation (all followed by ingestion). Three reference pathogens were selected to conduct the assessment: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Shigella flexneri, and Campylobacter jejuni. Inhalation followed by ingestion had the highest median infection risk per event i.e. 3 × 10-5 (3 infections for every 100,000 exposures), compared to contaminated food e.g. 5 × 10-6 and fomites e.g. 2 × 10-7, all for C. jejuni infections. Our sensitivity analysis showed that bacterial fluxes from the air were the most influential factor on risk. Our results suggest that fecal bacterial aerosols from OWCs present non-negligible risks of infection in La Paz, with median annual infection risks by C. jejuni being 18 (food), and 100 (inhalation) times greater than the EPA's standard for drinking water (1 × 10-4). We included two of the QMRA models presented here in a novel web application we developed for user-specified application in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rocha-Melogno
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; ICF, 2635 Meridian Parkway Suite 200, Durham, NC 27713, United States
| | - Katherine C Crank
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Olivia Ginn
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 770 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Marc A Deshusses
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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Maniakova G, Salmerón I, Nahim-Granados S, Malato S, Oller I, Rizzo L, Polo-López MI. Sunlight advanced oxidation processes vs ozonation for wastewater disinfection and safe reclamation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147531. [PMID: 33991917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar processes (sunlight/H2O2, solar photo-Fenton with EDDS at neutral pH) were compared to a consolidated technology (ozonation) in the inactivation of target bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Enterococcus spp.) under realistic conditions (real secondary treated urban wastewater (WW), pilot scale reactors, natural sunlight) to evaluate their possible industrial application. The highest bacteria inactivation rate (all the target pathogens were inactivated below the detection limit (DL) (100 CFU/100 mL) within 45 min treatment) was observed for ozonation (83 mgO3/L h). Similar inactivation behavior for all bacteria was observed for sunlight/H2O2 (50 mg/L) and solar photo-Fenton (SPF) with EDDS (1:1 molar ratio, 0.1 mM of Fe and 50 mg/L of H2O2). Although the DL was not reached, faster inactivation kinetics (0.007, 0.013 and 0.002 1/min for E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Enterococcus spp., respectively) and lower bacterial concentration after a 180 min treatment were observed for sunlight/H2O2 process compared to SPF (0.005, 0.01 1/min and no inactivation, respectively), Enterococcus spp. being the higher resistance microorganism. The negative effect of carbonates on disinfection performance was also evaluated. Quantitative microbial risk assessment for the ingestion of lettuce irrigated with untreated and treated WW was estimated. Disinfection by ozonation and sunlight/H2O2 processes were found to drastically decrease the associated microbiological risk (the mean risk of illness decreased from 0.10 (untreated) to 1.35 × 10-4 (treated) for E. coli and from 0.03 to 2.21 × 10-6 for Salmonella).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Maniakova
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Irene Salmerón
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Samira Nahim-Granados
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Isabel Oller
- Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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Jia L, Liu W, Cao J, Wu Z, Yang C. Foam fractionation for effective removal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from water body: Strengthening foam drainage by artificially inducing foam evolution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112628. [PMID: 33932836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lack of microbial contamination is of great significance to drinking water safety and water reclamation. In this work, foam fractionation was employed to remove Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) from aqueous solution and dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS12) was used as the collector. Since the attachment of strain cells on the bubble surface would impede the reflux of interstitial liquid in the plateau borders (PBs), a novel strategy in strengthening foam drainage was developed through artificially inducing foam evolution. Two gas distributors with different pore diameters had been mounted at the bottom of the column for regulating the radial distribution of bubble size in the foam phase. Experimental results indicated that gas diffuse and bubble coarsening could be significantly promoted by increasing the size difference among the adjacent bubbles. Bubble coalescence contributed to broadening the width of plateau borders, thereby avoiding the borders blockage by strain cells. During bubble coalescence, surfactant molecules would be partially shifted from the surface of small bubble towards that of large bubble due to the molecule density difference. The increase in surface excess of surfactant molecules on gas-liquid interface was conducive to improving foam stability. Under the suitable conditions of air flow rates of gas distributor with 0.125 mm of pore diameter 75 mL/min and gas distributor with 0.425 mm of pore diameter 125 mL/min, BS12 concentration 0.1 g/L, and P. aeruginosa concentration 2.0 × 104 CFU/mL, the removal percentage and enrichment ratio of P. aeruginosa were 99.6% and 10.6, respectively. This work is expected to provide some new light for strengthening foam drainage in the presence of solid particles and to facilitate the industrialization of foam fractionation in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Dingzi Gu, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Dingzi Gu, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300130, China.
| | - Jilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Efficient Energy Saving, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.
| | - Zhaoliang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Dingzi Gu, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8 Guangrong Road, Dingzi Gu, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300130, China
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