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Feng M, Liu Y, Yang L, Li Z. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance gene dynamics in the composting of antibiotic fermentation waste - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129861. [PMID: 37863331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during composting of antibiotic fermentation waste (AFW) is a major concern. This review article focuses on recent literature published on this subject. The key findings are that antibiotics can be removed effectively during AFW composting, with higher temperatures, appropriate bulking agents, and suitable pretreatments improving their degradation. ARGs dynamics during composting are related to bacteria and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Higher temperatures, suitable bulking agents and an appropriate C/N ratio (30:1) lead to more efficient removal of ARGs/MGEs by shaping the bacterial composition. Keeping materials dry (moisture less than 30%) and maintaining pH stable around 7.5 after composting could inhibit the rebound of ARGs. Overall, safer utilization of AFW can be realized by optimizing composting conditions. However, further removal of antibiotics and ARGs at low levels, degradation mechanism of antibiotics, and spread mechanism of ARGs during AFW composting require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Feng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuanwang Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Lie Yang
- Wuhan University of Technology, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory for Soil Molecular Ecology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Zhang S, Li T, Hu J, Li K, Liu D, Li H, Wang F, Chen D, Zhang Z, Fan Q, Cui X, Che R. Reforestation substantially changed the soil antibiotic resistome and its relationships with metal resistance genes, mobile genetic elements, and pathogens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118037. [PMID: 37178462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the effects of reforestation on soil antibiotic resistome is essential for assessing ecosystem health, yet related studies remain scarce. Here, to determine the responses of the soil antibiotic resistome to reforestation, 30 pairs of cropland and forest soil samples were collected from southwestern China, a region with high environmental heterogeneity. All the forests had been derived from croplands more than one decade ago. The diversity and abundance of soil antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal resistance genes (MRGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and pathogens were determined by metagenomic sequencing and real-time PCR. The results showed that reforestation significantly increased soil microbial abundance and the contents of Cu, total carbon, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, and ammonium nitrogen. Nevertheless, it decreased the contents of soil Zn, Ba, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus. The main soil ARGs identified in this region were vancomycin, multidrug, and bacitracin resistance genes. Reforestation significantly increased the soil ARG abundance by 62.58%, while it decreased the ARG richness by 16.50%. Reforestation exerted no significant effects on the abundance of heavy metal resistance genes and pathogens, but it doubled the abundance of MGEs. Additionally, reforestation substantially decreased the co-occurrence frequencies of ARGs with MRGs and pathogens. In contrast, the correlation between ARGs and MGEs was greatly enhanced by reforestation. Similarly, the correlations between soil ARG abundance and environmental factors were also strengthened by reforestation. These findings suggest that reforestation can substantially affect the soil antibiotic resistome and exerts overall positive effects on soil health by decreasing ARG richness, providing critical information for assessing the effects of "grain for green" project on soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Danhong Chen
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zejin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuping Fan
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongxiao Che
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Ren J, Xu C, Shen Y, Li C, Dong L, Huhe T, Zhi J, Wang C, Jiang X, Niu D. Environmental factors induced macrolide resistance genes in composts consisting of erythromycin fermentation residue, cattle manure, and maize straw. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65119-65128. [PMID: 37079236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the growing concerns about antibiotic resistance, it is more and more important to prevent the environmental pollution caused by antibiotic fermentation residues. In this study, composted erythromycin fermentation residue (EFR) with the mixture of cattle manure and maize straw at ratios of 0:10 (CK), 1:10 (T1), and 3:10 (T2) explores the effects on physicochemical characteristics, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Results reflected that the addition of EFR reduced the carbon/nitrogen ratio of each compost and improved the piles' temperature, which promoted the composting process. However, the contents of Na+, SO42-, and erythromycin were also significantly increased. After 30 days of composting, the degradation rates of erythromycin in CK, T1, and T2 were 72.7%, 20.3%, and 37.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the total positive rates for 26 detected ARGs in T1 and T2 were 65.4%, whereas that of CK was only 23.1%. Further analysis revealed that ARGs responsible for ribosomal protection, such as ermF, ermT, and erm(35), dominated the composts of T1 and T2, and most were correlated with IS613, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen, and Zn2+. Above all, adding EFR helps to improve the nutritional value of composts, but the risks in soil salinization and ARG enrichment caused by high EC and erythromycin content should be further investigated and eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Ren
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Chuanbao Xu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yunpeng Shen
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Antibiotic Fermentation Residues, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili, 835007, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Liping Dong
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Antibiotic Fermentation Residues, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili, 835007, China
| | - Taoli Huhe
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Junqiang Zhi
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, No. 21 Chaoqian Road, Changping District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chongqing Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, No. 21 Chaoqian Road, Changping District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Bijie Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, De Gou Ma Jia Yuan, Qixingguan District, Bijie, 551700, China
| | - Dongze Niu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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Ren J, Deng L, Li C, Li Z, Dong L, Zhao J, Zhang J, Niu D. Evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community during erythromycin fermentation residue composting. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119746. [PMID: 35835274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiency of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is the biggest challenge for the treatment of erythromycin fermentation residue (EFR). In the current research, 0% (control), 10% (T1), and 30% (T2) spray-dried EFR were composted with bulking materials, consisting of cattle manure and maize straw, for 30 days. Environmental factors and bacterial community on the behaviors of ARGs were further investigated. Apart from the high levels of erythromycin, the electrical conductivities were also increased by 66.7% and 291.7% in the samples of T1 and T2, respectively. After 30 days of composting, total ARGs in the samples of control were decreased by 78.1%-91.2%, but those of T1 and T2 were increased 14.5-16.7- and 38.5-68.7-fold. ARGs related to ribosomal protection (erm) dominated the samples of T1 and T2 at D 13 and 30, especially that ermF accounted for more than 80% of the total ARGs. Furthermore, the results of bacterial community revealed that EFR promoted the growth of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, but inhibited that of Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Chloroflexi. Network analysis revealed that the enriched ARGs had strong correlation with seven bacterial genera, including Halomonas, Oceanobacillus, and Alcaligenes, most of which are halotolerant. Above all, erythromycin combined with high salinity can have synergistic effect on the enrichment of ARGs and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Ren
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Liujie Deng
- State Environmental Protection Antibiotic Mycelial Dreg Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization Engineering Technology Center, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yili 835007, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Environmental Protection Antibiotic Mycelial Dreg Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization Engineering Technology Center, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yili 835007, China
| | - Liping Dong
- State Environmental Protection Antibiotic Mycelial Dreg Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization Engineering Technology Center, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yili 835007, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute and Key Laboratory of Forensic Pathology, Ministry of Public Security, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Hebei Cixin Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Langfang 065600, China
| | - Dongze Niu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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Zhang Q, Niu D, Ni S, An W, Li C, Huhe T, Wang C, Jiang X, Ren J. Effects of pH and Metal Ions on the Hydrothermal Treatment of Penicillin: Kinetic, Pathway, and Antibacterial Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710701. [PMID: 36078417 PMCID: PMC9517829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues lead to the risk of resistance gene enrichment, which is the main reason why penicillin mycelial dreg (PMD) is defined as hazardous waste. Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an effective method to treat penicillin mycelial dreg, but the degradation mechanism of penicillin is unclear. In the study, we researched the effects of pH (4-10) at 80-100 °C and metal ions (Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) at several concentrations on the HT of penicillin, identified the degradation products (DPs) under different conditions, and evaluated the antibacterial activity of hydrothermally treated samples. The results show that penicillin degradation kinetics highly consistent with pseudo-first-order model (R2 = 0.9447-0.9999). The degradation rates (k) at pH = 4, 7, and 10 were 0.1603, 0.0039, and 0.0485 min-1, indicating acidic conditions were more conducive to penicillin degradation. Among the four tested metal ions, Zn2+ had the most significant catalytic effect. Adding 5 mg·L-1 Zn2+ caused 100% degradation rate at pH = 7 after HT for 60 min. Six degradation products (DPs) with low mass-to-charge (m/z ≤ 335) were detected under acidic condition. However, only two and three DPs were observed in the samples catalyzed by Zn2+ and alkali, respectively, and penilloic acid (m/z = 309) was the main DPs under these conditions. Furthermore, no antibacterial activity to Bacillus pumilus was detected in the medium with up to 50% addition of the treated samples under acidic condition. Even though acid, alkali, and some metal ions can improve the degradation ability of penicillin, it was found that the most effective way for removing its anti-bacterial activity was under the acidic condition. Therefore, resistance residue indicates the amount of additive in the process of resource utilization, and avoids the enrichment of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaopan Zhang
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dongze Niu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shensheng Ni
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenying An
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Taoli Huhe
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (J.R.)
| | - Chongqing Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Bijie Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Bijie 551700, China
| | - Jianjun Ren
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (J.R.)
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Yu C, Li M, Zhang B, Xin Y, Tan W, Meng F, Hou J, He X. Hydrothermal pretreatment contributes to accelerate maturity during the composting of lignocellulosic solid wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126587. [PMID: 34933104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the optimal conditions and mechanism of lignocellulose degradation in the hydrothermal pretreatment coupled with aerobic fermentation (HTPAF). The optimized process parameters in the hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) were discussed. The response relationship between enzyme activity and microbial community in HTPAF were explored. The results showed that with the moisture content of 50%-90%, the lignin content decreased by 150 mg/g after treatment at 120 °C for 6 h, and a loose pore structure was formed on the surface of the chestnut shells after HTP. The compost maturity time was shortened to 12 days. The dominant microbial genera in HTPAF were Gallicola, Moheibacter and Atopostipes, which were significant different with that of the traditional composting. HTPAF is beneficial to increase the maximum temperature of aerobic fermentation and quickly degrade lignin to shorten the maturity time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengze Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Yanjun Xin
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Fanhua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Xiaosong He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
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Ren J, Deng L, Li C, Dong L, Li Z, Zhao J, Zhang J, Niu D. Safety of composts consisting of hydrothermally treated penicillin fermentation residue: Degradation products, antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial diversity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118075. [PMID: 34492529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Combining hydrothermal treatment and composting is an effective method to dispose of penicillin fermentation residue (PFR), but the safety and related mechanism are still unclear. In this study, penicillin solution was hydrothermally treated to decipher its degradation mechanism, and then hydrothermally treated PFR (HT-PFR) was mixed with bulking agents at ratios of 2:0 (CK), 2:1.5 (T1), and 2:5 (T2) to determine the absolute abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the succession of bacterial community. Results showed that penicillin was degraded to several new compounds without the initial lactam structure after hydrothermal treatment. During composting, temperature and pH of the composts increased with the raising of HT-PFR proportion, except the pH at days 2. After 52 days of composting, the absolute copies of ARGs (blaTEM, blaCMY2, and blaSFO) and the relative abundance of bacteria related to pathogens were reduced significantly (P < 0.05). Especially, the total amount of ARGs in the samples of CK and T1 were decreased to equal level (around 5 log10 copies/g), which indicated that more ARGs were degraded in the latter by the composting process. In the CK samples, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria accounted for ~69.8% of the total bacteria, but they were gradually replaced by Firmicutes with increasing proportions of HT-PFR, which can be caused by the high protein content in PFR. Consisting with bacterial community, more gram-positive bacteria were observed in T1 and T2, and most of them are related to manganese oxidation and chitinolysis. As composting proceeded, bacteria having symbiotic or pathogenic relationships with animals and plants were reduced, but those related to ureolysis and cellulolysis were enriched. Above all, hydrothermal treatment is effective in destroying the lactam structure of penicillin, which makes that most ARGs and pathogenic bacteria are eliminated in the subsequent composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Ren
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Liujie Deng
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Antibiotic Residues, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yili, 835007, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Liping Dong
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Antibiotic Residues, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yili, 835007, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Antibiotic Residues, Yili Chuanning Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yili, 835007, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute and Key Laboratory of Forensic Pathology, Ministry of Public Security, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Hebei Cixin Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Langfang, 065600, China
| | - Dongze Niu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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