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de Souza DG, Ramalho WP, de Arruda FV, Camarota F, da Cunha HF. Fire seasonality plays a limited role in the reproduction of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. in a tropical savanna. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:1196-1204. [PMID: 37823877 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic fires are an increasing threat to tropical savannas and their plant populations. In the Brazilian Cerrado, human-made fires at the end of the dry season are replacing natural fires at the beginning of the dry season. Critically, these late burns occur under more intense climate variables. Here, we aimed to understand the potential role of fire seasonality on individuals of Anacardium humile, a widespread Cerrado species of cultural and economic importance. We conducted two prescribed burnings, one at the beginning of the dry season (early burning) and one at the end of the dry season (late burning) when climate variables were remarkably different. We assessed the reproductive responses of A. humile individuals over 4 years and compared individuals from the fire treatments with those from an unburned area (control). The reproductive phenology of A. humile varied over time and was influenced by climate variables. The seasons of different burning had similar impacts on the reproductive phenology of A. humile, and this impact lasted for at least 4 years. While A. humile populations do not depend on fire for reproduction, they produced more flowers and fruits for up to 2 years with the fire treatments. We provide empirical evidence of the role of climate variables on the phenology of A. humile and demonstrate the importance of considering the role of time after fire events. The similar responses of A. humile to fire seasonality show that Cerrado fire management can be more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G de Souza
- Departmento Técnico, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e de Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Goiás, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | - W P Ramalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - F V de Arruda
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - F Camarota
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - H F da Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
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2
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Maciel EA, Martins VF, Torres RR, Martins FR. How do intrinsic and extrinsic causes interact in the extinction vulnerability of South American savanna shrub and tree species? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118256. [PMID: 37247542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although a growing body of literature recognises the importance of rarity for biodiversity conservation, it is unclear how the interaction of different forms of rarity, extrinsic causes of extinction, and protection affect species' vulnerability. Here we addressed the extinction vulnerability of 2203 shrub and tree species of the South American savanna (SAS). For this, species were attributed a form of rarity, a synergistic risk index (SRI), and a protection index (PI). The SRI combines three extrinsic causes of extinction (climate hazard, fire frequency, and human footprint). The PI is the ratio between the number of a species occurrences within protected areas and the total number of occurrences in the SAS. By combining the SRI and PI, we classified common and rare species into five vulnerability classes. Some regions of the SAS show high values of climate hazard, fire frequency, human footprint, and SRI. Each extrinsic cause of extinction is differently distributed across the SAS and shows no or low spatial congruence with the SRI. Many species show a low ratio of occurrences within PAs, which in combination with high SRI results in high vulnerability to extinction. Surprisingly, the number of common species in the higher vulnerability classes is higher than of rare species. Common and rare species in different vulnerability classes occur in somewhat different locations across the SAS and mainly constitute spatially incongruent centres with high species richness. Given our results, we propose that strategies for the effective conservation of SAS species are challenging and must be carefully designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton A Maciel
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Forni Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Natural Sciences, Maths, and Education, Centre for Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Anhanguera, SP 330, Km 174, 13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger Rodrigues Torres
- Natural Resources Institute (IRN), Federal University of Itajubá - UNIFEI, Itajubá, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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3
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Diele Viegas LM, Sales L, Hipólito J, Amorim C, Johnson de Pereira E, Ferreira P, Folta C, Ferrante L, Fearnside P, Mendes Malhado AC, Frederico Duarte Rocha C, M. Vale M. We're building it up to burn it down: fire occurrence and fire-related climatic patterns in Brazilian biomes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14276. [PMID: 36312759 PMCID: PMC9615963 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Terrestrial biomes in South America are likely to experience a persistent increase in environmental temperature, possibly combined with moisture reduction due to climate change. In addition, natural fire ignition sources, such as lightning, can become more frequent under climate change scenarios since favourable environmental conditions are likely to occur more often. In this sense, changes in the frequency and magnitude of natural fires can impose novel stressors on different ecosystems according to their adaptation to fires. By focusing on Brazilian biomes, we use an innovative combination of techniques to quantify fire persistence and occurrence patterns over time and evaluate climate risk by considering key fire-related climatic characteristics. Then, we tested four major hypotheses considering the overall characteristics of fire-dependent, fire-independent, and fire-sensitive biomes concerning (1) fire persistence over time; (2) the relationship between climate and fire occurrence; (3) future predictions of climate change and its potential impacts on fire occurrence; and (4) climate risk faced by biomes. Methods We performed a Detrended Fluctuation Analysis to test whether fires in Brazilian biomes are persistent over time. We considered four bioclimatic variables whose links to fire frequency and intensity are well-established to assess the relationship between climate and fire occurrence by confronting these climate predictors with a fire occurrence dataset through correlative models. To assess climate risk, we calculated the climate hazard, sensitivity, resilience, and vulnerability of Brazilian biomes, and then we multiplied the Biomes' vulnerability index by the hazards. Results Our results indicate a persistent behaviour of fires in all Brazilian biomes at almost the same rates, which could represent human-induced patterns of fire persistence. We also corroborated our second hypothesis by showing that most fire-dependent biomes presented high thermal suitability to fire, while the fire-independent biome presented intermediate suitability and fire-sensitive biomes are the least suitable for fire occurrence. The third hypothesis was partially corroborated since fire-dependent and independent biomes are likely to increase their thermal suitability to fire, while fire-sensitive biomes are likely to present stable-to-decreasing thermal suitability in the future. Finally, our fourth hypothesis was partially corroborated since most fire-dependent biomes presented low climate risk, while the fire-independent biome presented a high risk and the fire-sensitive biomes presented opposite trends. In summary, while the patterns of fire persistence and fire occurrence over time are more likely to be related to human-induced fires, key drivers of burned areas are likely to be intensified across Brazilian biomes in the future, potentially increasing the magnitude of the fires and harming the biomes' integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Maria Diele Viegas
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,Fórum Clima Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lilian Sales
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Juliana Hipólito
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Ferreira
- Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Portalegre, Portugal,Department of Economic Sciences and Organizations, Portalegre Polytechnic Institute, Portalegre, Portugal,Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, Institute for Research and Advanced Training, Universidade de Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Cody Folta
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Lucas Ferrante
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Philip Fearnside
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Mendes Malhado
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil,Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairao, Portugal
| | | | - Mariana M. Vale
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Zupo T, Gorgone‐Barbosa E, Ninno Rissi M, Daibes LF. Experimental burns in an open savanna: Greater fuel loads result in hotter fires. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Zupo
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Av. 24‐A 1515 13506‐900 Rio Claro Brazil
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV) Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955 Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Gorgone‐Barbosa
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Av. 24‐A 1515 13506‐900 Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Mariana Ninno Rissi
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Av. 24‐A 1515 13506‐900 Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe Daibes
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Av. 24‐A 1515 13506‐900 Rio Claro Brazil
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Silva PS, Nogueira J, Rodrigues JA, Santos FLM, Pereira JMC, DaCamara CC, Daldegan GA, Pereira AA, Peres LF, Schmidt IB, Libonati R. Putting fire on the map of Brazilian savanna ecoregions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113098. [PMID: 34225050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) is considered the most floristically diverse savanna in the world, home to more than seven thousand species. The region is a mosaic of savannas, grasslands and forests whose unique biophysical and landscape attributes are on the basis of a recent ecoregional map, paving the way to improved region-based strategies for land management actions. However, as a fire-prone ecosystem, Cerrado owes much of its distribution and ecological properties to the fire regime and contributes to an important parcel of South America burned area. Accordingly, any attempt to use ecoregion geography as a guide for management strategies should take fire into account, as an essential variable. The main aim of this study is to complement the ecoregional map of the Cerrado with information related to the fire component. Using remotely sensed information, we identify patterns and trends of fire frequency, intensity, seasonality, extent and scar size, and combine this information for each ecoregion, relying on a simple classification that summarizes the main fire characteristics over the last two decades. Results show a marked north-south fire activity gradient, with increased contributions from MATOPIBA, the latest agricultural frontier. Five ecoregions alone account for two thirds of yearly burned area. More intense fires are found in the Arc of Deforestation and eastern ecoregions, while ecoregions in MATOPIBA display decreasing fire intensity. An innovative analysis of fire scars stratified by size class shows that infrequent large fires are responsible for the majority of burned area. These large fires display positive trends over many ecoregions, whereas smaller fires, albeit more frequent, have been decreasing in number. The final fire classification scheme shows well defined spatially-aggregated groups, where trends are found to be the key factor to evaluate fire within their regional contexts. Results presented here provide new insights to improve fire management strategies under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S Silva
- Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana Nogueira
- Institut für Landschaftsökologie, Westfälische Wilhelms (WWU) - Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Julia A Rodrigues
- Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Filippe L M Santos
- Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Clima e Ambiente (CLIAMB), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) e Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - José M C Pereira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos C DaCamara
- Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Gabriel A Daldegan
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Suite 600, Arlington, VA, USA.
| | - Allan A Pereira
- Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais, 37890-000, Muzambinho, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo F Peres
- Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Isabel B Schmidt
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Renata Libonati
- Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
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6
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Garcia LC, Szabo JK, de Oliveira Roque F, de Matos Martins Pereira A, Nunes da Cunha C, Damasceno-Júnior GA, Morato RG, Tomas WM, Libonati R, Ribeiro DB. Record-breaking wildfires in the world's largest continuous tropical wetland: Integrative fire management is urgently needed for both biodiversity and humans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112870. [PMID: 34052615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the Brazilian Pantanal, wildfire occurrence has increased, reaching record highs of over 40,000 km2 in 2020. Smoke from wildfires worsened the situation of isolated, as well as urban communities, already under an increasing toll of COVID-19. Here we review the impacts and the possible causes of the 2020 mega-fires and recommend improvements for public policies and fire management in this wetland. We calculated the amount of area burnt annually since 2003 and describe patterns in precipitation and water level measurements of the Paraguay River. Our analyses revealed that the 2020 wildfires were historically unprecedented, as 43% of the area (over 17,200 km2) had not been burnt previously in the last two decades. The extent of area affected in 2020 represents a 376% increase compared to the annual average of the area burnt annually in the last two decades, double than the value in 2019. Potential factors responsible for this increase are (i) severe drought decreased water levels, (ii) the fire corridor was located in the Paraguay River flood zone, (iii) constraints on firefighters, (iv) insufficient fire prevention strategy and agency budget reductions, and (v) recent landscape changes. Climate and land use change will further increase the frequency of these extreme events. To make fire management more efficient and cost-effective, we recommend the implementation of an Integrated Fire Management program in the Pantanal. Stakeholders should use existing traditional, local ecological, and scientific knowledge to form a collective strategy with clear, achievable, measurable goals, considering the socio-ecological context. Permanent fire brigades, including indigenous members, should conduct year-round fire management. Communities should cooperate to create a collaborative network for wildfire prevention, the location and characteristics (including flammability) of infrastructures should be (re)planned in fire-prone environments considering and managing fire-catalysed transitions, and depending on the severity of wildfires. The 2020 wildfires were tackled in an ad-hoc fashion and prioritisation of areas for urgent financial investment, management, protection, and restoration is necessary to prevent this catastrophe from happening again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Couto Garcia
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Judit K Szabo
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, BA, Brazil; College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Fabio de Oliveira Roque
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Catia Nunes da Cunha
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Do Pantanal, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Áreas Úmidas, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Libonati
- Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bandini Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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7
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Giles AL, Costa PDB, Rowland L, Abrahão A, Lobo L, Verona L, Silva MC, Monge M, Wolfsdorf G, Petroni A, D'Angioli AM, Sampaio AB, Schimidt IB, Oliveira RS. How effective is direct seeding to restore the functional composition of neotropical savannas? Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Giles
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Britto Costa
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
- School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter U.K
| | - Anna Abrahão
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology Department University of Hohenheim Emil‐Wolff‐Strasse Stuttgart 27 Germany
| | - Luisa Lobo
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Larissa Verona
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Mateus Cardoso Silva
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter U.K
| | - Marcelo Monge
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
- HUFU‐Herbarium, Institute of Biology Federal University of Uberlândia UFU Uberlândia MG 38400‐902 Brazil
| | - Gabriel Wolfsdorf
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Amanda Petroni
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - André M. D'Angioli
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology P.O. Box: 6109, University of Campinas – UNICAMP 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brazil
- School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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